Agricultural land

Agricultural land is typically land devoted to agriculture,^[1] the systematic and controlled use of other forms of life—particularly the rearing of livestock and production of crops—to produce food for humans.^[2][3] It is thus generally synonymous with farmland or cropland.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and others following its definitions, however, also use agricultural land or agricultural area as a term of art, where it means the collection of:^[4][5]

• "arable land" (aka cropland): here redefined to refer to land producing crops requiring annual replanting or fallowland or pasture used for such crops within any five-year period
• "permanent cropland": land producing crops which do not require annual replanting
• permanent pastures: natural or artificial grasslands and shrublands able to be used for grazing livestock

This sense of "agricultural land" thus includes a great deal of land not actively or even presently devoted to agricultural use. The land actually under annually-replanted crops in any given year is instead said to constitute "sown land" or "cropped land". "Permanent cropland" includes forested plantations used to harvest coffee, rubber, or fruit but not tree farms or proper forests used for wood or timber. Land able to be used for farming (traditionally called arable land but here described as "arable land" and "permanent cropland" together) is called "cultivable land". Farmland, meanwhile, is used variously in reference to all agricultural land, to all cultivable land, or just to the newly restricted sense of "arable land". Depending upon its use of artificial irrigation, the FAO's "agricultural land" may be divided into irrigated and non-irrigated land.

In the context of zoning, agricultural land or agriculturally-zoned land refers to plots that are permitted to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. The Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia, for instance, requires approval from its Agricultural Land Commission before its lands can be removed or subdivided.^[6]

Area

Under the FAO's definitions above, agricultural land covers 38.4% of the world's land area as of 2011. Permanent pastures are 68.4% of all agricultural land (26.3% of global land area), arable land (row crops) is 28.4% of all agricultural land (10.9% of global land area), and permanent crops (e.g. vineyards and orchards) are 3.1% (1.2% of global land area).^[7][8]

• Total of land used to produce food: 49,116,227 square kilometers or 18,963,881 square miles
• Arable land: 13,963,743 square kilometers or 5,391,431 square miles
• Permanent crops: 1,537,338 square kilometers or 593,570 square miles
• Permanent pastures: 33,585,676 square kilometers or 12,967,502 square miles

Globally, the total amount of agricultural land according to FAO has been in decline since 1998,^[9] although it should be noted that this does not account for gross conversion (e.g. land is being extensively cleared for agriculture in some areas, while converted from agriculture to other uses such as urban elsewhere) and more detailed analyses have sometimes found the FAO data to be inaccurate. For example, Lark et al. 2015 found that in the United States cropland increased by 2.98 million acres from 2008-2012 (comprising 7.34 million acres (29,700 km²) converted to agriculture, and 4.36 million acres (17,600 km²) converted from agriculture);^[10] the FAO shows that during this period U.S. agricultural land declined by 16.56 million acres (67,000 km²).^[7]

Agricultural Land Area ('000 km²)

	2008	2009	2010	2011
USA	4,044	4,035	4,109	4,113
Germany	169	169	167	167

Source: Helgi Library,^[11] World Bank, FAOSTAT

Russia

The cost of Russian farmland is as little as €1,500-2,000/ha (£1,260-1,680/ha).^[12] Farmland can be available in France for roughly €10,000/ha, but this is a bargain; for quality soil, realistic prices vary between €50,000-100,000/ha . Farmland has been seen to be available on the Spanish market for as little as €10,000/ha, but this is non-irrigated land.

The average Russian farm measures 150ha.^[12] The most prevalent crops in Russia are wheat, barley, corn, rice, sugar beet, soy beans, sunflower, potatoes and vegetables.^[12] The Krasnodar region in Russia has 86,000ha of arable land.^[12] Russian farmers harvested roughly 85-90 million tonnes of wheat annually in the years around 2010.^[12] Russia exported most to Egypt, Turkey and Iran in 2012; China was a significant export market as well.^[12] The average yield from the Krasnodar region was between 4 and 5 tonnes per ha, while the Russian average was only 2t/ha.^[12] The Basic Element Group, which is a conglomerate owned by Oleg Deripaska, is one of Russia's leading agricultural producers, and owns or manages 109,000ha of Russian farmland, out of 90m actual and 115m total (0.12% actual).^[12]

Ukraine

In 2013, Ukraine was ranked third in corn production and sixth in wheat production.^[13] It was the main supplier of corn, wheat, and rape to Europe,^[13] although it is unclear whether the internal supply from countries like France were accounted in this calculation. Ukrainian farmers achieve 60% of the output per unit area of their North American competitors.^[13] UkrLandFarming PLC produces from 1.6m acres corn wheat barley sugar beet and sunflowers.^[13] Until 2014, the chief Ukrainian export terminal was the Crimean port of Sebastopol.^[13]

See also

• English land law
• Land grabbing

External links

• Agricultural land: statistics by country

References