Crystal Tools

Crystal Tools is a game engine created and used internally by Square Enix. It combines standard libraries for elements such as graphics, sound and artificial intelligence, and provides game developers with various authoring tools. The target systems of Crystal Tools are the PlayStation 3, the Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows and the Wii, making cross-platform production more feasible. The idea for the engine sprung from Square Enix's desire to have a unified game development environment in order to effectively share the technology and know-how of the company's individual teams. Starting out as the code-named White Engine of the then PlayStation 3-exclusive Final Fantasy XIII, Crystal Tools entered development in August 2005. The decision to expand its compatibility to other game projects and systems marked the official project start for a company-wide engine. Development was carried out by the Research and Development Division specifically established for this purpose and headed by programmer Taku Murata. As Square Enix's biggest project to date, the creation of Crystal Tools caused substantial problems in the simultaneous production of several flagship titles.

Features

Crystal Tools is a unified Square Enix game engine that combines standard libraries for graphics rendering, physics processing, motion control, cinematics, visual effects, sound, artificial intelligence and networking.^[1][2] Its target systems are the PlayStation 3 (PS3), the Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows and the Wii.^[1] On the development side, the engine takes the form of various authoring tools focused on large-scale game projects.^[1][3] It encompasses a character viewer for 3D models, an effects and a cutscene editor, a previsualization tool and a sound maker.^[1][4] Usage of the third-party programs Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Softimage and Adobe Photoshop is supported via plug-ins. The individual authoring tools are connected over a communications server called GRAPE2 which reads all the different data formats, processes them and enables an instant preview of the final game.^[1] The engine is highly customizable and can be expanded with new functions and tools should the need for them arise. Although Crystal Tools allows for easier cross-platform development, the differences in the target systems' video memory and processor architecture still necessitate fine-tuning adjustments in the games, for example concerning texture sizes.^[1][5]

Versions

Version 1.0

Following the public's positive reaction to the graphics of the Final Fantasy VII Technical Demo for PS3 presented at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 2005, it was decided to release Final Fantasy XIII on the PlayStation 3 rather than the PlayStation 2 as originally planned.^[6] In August 2005, the Technology Division began working on the White Engine, a PlayStation 3 engine that was supposed to be exclusively used for Final Fantasy XIII.^[1][6][7] Eight months later, however, it was decided to repurpose the engine to additionally make it compatible with other projects such as the action RPG Final Fantasy Versus XIII (later renamed Final Fantasy XV) and the massively multiplayer online RPG Final Fantasy XIV.^[6][7][8] In order for the company to stay competitive in a multi-platform environment, support was extended from the PlayStation 3 to the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows, both of which were successful in Western markets.^[1][5] This marked the official development start of a company-wide engine for whose purpose the Technology Division was expanded into the Research and Development Division in September 2006.^[1][3] Murata remained the general manager and now had full-time staff members at his disposal.^[1]

During development of Crystal Tools, the Research and Development Division continually surveyed what type of tools were needed to create Square Enix's flagship titles. Among the most frequently requested features was an extensive use of character close-ups. This made the staff realize that the Final Fantasy series put great emphasis on the "anime-like coolness" of its characters. Consequently, the engine's developers focused on attractive visuals rather than on accurate physics. To achieve a stylized look, a post-processing filter for additional lighting, blur and visual effects was implemented. To accommodate Square Enix's large teams typically composed of industry veterans as well as rookie game developers, the graphical user interface of the engine became another main feature and was designed to be as intuitive as possible. The large investments into technology and human resources quickly made the White Engine the company's biggest project to date. After one year of work, version 1.0 of the engine was completed in September 2007.^[1]

Version 1.1 and later

After version 1.0 had been finished, the engine's code name White Engine was changed to the official title Crystal Tools.^[1][2][5] This was not only done to represent the company and its works better, but also due to the refractive effects of crystals that were meant to symbolize the flexibility of the engine.^[5] Over the next few months, the programmers advanced the engine to version 1.1 and added preliminary support for the Wii.^[1] In September 2011, Final Fantasy Versus XIII director Tetsuya Nomura announced that his team had replaced Crystal Tools with a proprietary action game engine that was supplemented by the lighting technology of the company's new Luminous Studio engine.^[9] Other teams, such as the staff behind Final Fantasy XIII-2, kept using and refining Crystal Tools.^[10] For Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII, the engine was adjusted to make it more suitable to games with an open world design.^[11]

Development

Origins

As a video game company with different production teams, Square had wished for its employees to efficiently share their know-how and technology even before the merger with Enix. The desire for a common development infrastructure and engine dates back to the 1997 role-playing game (RPG) Final Fantasy Tactics which was created in the transitional period from 2D to 3D game production. Back then, the artists asked programmer Taku Murata for a fast way to check how their work would look in the final game. With the development carried out on personal computers, the graphics on a monitor looked very different from the actual intended display unit of a PlayStation, a TV screen. Initially, a faithful preview was too time-consuming because all data had to be transferred from PC to console first. To evade this step, Murata created an instant preview tool and soon witnessed a boost in the artists' productivity and the quality of their work. For 2000's Vagrant Story, this tool was reused rather than programming a new one from scratch. Murata and his colleagues added new functions to create a unified preview and cutscene tool tailored to the game's fully polygonal 3D graphics. With 2001's PlayOnline service, the company then made its first foray into introducing a common software for all divisions.^[1]

After the Square Enix merger, however, the individual teams still continued to program and customize their own tools for each game, which would eventually go to waste as only the respective creators knew how to use them. With the amount of assets and tools required by the in-development Final Fantasy XII and the impending advent of the seventh console generation, a common data format for the company was proposed in 2004. It was to be developed in-house and to replace general-purpose formats such as FBX and COLLADA. Realizing this idea as an engine with a common set of tools proved to be difficult as many production teams wanted to further their own interests rather than those of the company as a whole. Select staff members from various divisions teamed up to work on the project on a voluntary basis, but the loose organization failed to yield results. Nevertheless, Murata considered this a first step into the right direction.^[1] In 2005, he was eventually appointed general manager of the newly formed Technology Division.^[3] Although this enabled Murata and his subordinates to talk about a company-wide engine more extensively, the lack of manpower again prevented any significant achievements.^[1]

Problems

While Final Fantasy XIII was in production, the development of Crystal Tools caused significant problems and delays. The programmers spent much time on taking all the demands by the game staff into account as they tried to adapt the engine to the needs of several projects. The virtual impossibility of doing so and the debates caused by this prevented the engine's specifications from being finalized.^[12] Furthermore, as separate groups were working on the individual tools of the engine, there was no comprehensive software documentation to ensure usability and compliance.^[13] The Final Fantasy XIII team had no choice but to begin creating assets to keep to the game's production schedule, but the lack of specifications resulted in them being incompatible with the engine. In the end, it was decided that Final Fantasy XIII was to be the principal focus of Crystal Tools and the game's team began cooperating with the Research and Development Division more closely to receive the required tools and specifications.^[12] Murata said that Square Enix might license the engine out to other companies at some point in the future, although the limited documentation and the impracticality of supporting licensees posed great problems in doing so.^[1][5]

Games using Crystal Tools

References