Crossed field antenna
A crossed field antenna, or CFA, is a controversial type of radio antenna for long and mediumwave broadcasting, patented by F. M. Kabbary and M. C. Hately in 1986, which was claimed to have the same efficiency as a conventional antenna but only one-tenth the overall height. The invention was received with incredulity from experts in electromagnetics and antenna technology owing to the deficient theoretical justifications offered and the lack of viable experimental verification.[1] Although the antenna was installed in a few broadcasting stations in the 1990s, performance has not borne out the claims of the inventors.
Description
As with other low frequency antennas, the crossed field antenna is installed above a ground plane which may be the Earth. It consists of:
- A horizontal metal disc (or "D-plate") raised above and insulated from the ground plane;
- A vertical hollow metal cylinder (or "E-plate") of smaller diameter than the disc, which is mounted concentrically above and insulated from;
- A metal lattice funnel (or "extended conical section") radiating above and outward from and connected to the top of the cylinder.
The antenna's operation is described in its inventor's literature. In general, peer-reviewed journals have not accepted papers on CFAs, casting doubt on their claims.[1] An independent report by Trainotti[2] published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) suggested that the Crossed Field Antenna was no more efficient than a conventional antenna design of the same height. The data presented in figure 31 of the Trainotti report shows measured field values up to 15 dB lower than from a theoretical 100% efficient monopole (see External links below). The report also states that the presence of the D-plate always has a deleterious effect on the CFA's performance, meaning that removing the D-plate will improve the performance although the resulting antenna is not a CFA.
There are a handful of CFAs operating in Egypt, at powers ranging from 1 kW to 100 kW. These have been operational for over ten years and were developed by the engineering sector of the ERTU the Egyptian state broadcaster for their own use. Many CFA projects in other countries failed including those in Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Italy, Isle of Man and the UK.[3]
The last commercial CFA was installed in 2003. At the General Assembly of the DRM Consortium in Hangzhou China in April 2004, a Chinese manufacturer Zhongli made a demonstration with assistance from Thales SA and fed their new Crossed Field Antenna with 6 kW of DRM power. (RadioNews Issue15 Spring2004). Results of the test are unavailable.
References
- 1 2 Hansen, Robert C. Hansen (2006). Electrically small, superdirective, and superconducting antennas. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 62–64. ISBN 0-471-78255-6.
- ↑ Trainotti, Valentino; Luis A. Dorado (21 August 2006). "On the crossed field antenna performance" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting (Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 52 (3): 299–317. doi:10.1109/TBC.2006.879858. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ↑ Stone, J.L. (2006). "Whatever Happened to the commercial CFA?". Antennex. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
External links
- PDF document published by KAT & Arqiva of field test results ending 2009 (pdf)
- Kabbary Antenna Technology - KAT Company
- MM279 Planning Inquiry - Written Statement by Brian Stewart, CFA Expert Witness (pdf)
- ‘On the Crossed Field Antenna Performance’ – V Trainotti, L Dorado (pdf)
- Four Egyptian MW Broadcast Crossed-Field-Antennas (NAB99)
- Hately (GB) / Kabbary (EG) - Radio Antennas (Patent 1989)
- Hately (GB) / Kabbary (EG) - Radio Antenna (Patent 1999)
- Hately (GB) - Radio Antennas (Patent 2003)
- Kai Borui (CN) - Cone-shaped crossed field emission antenna assembly (Patent 2004)
- Stone (US) - Editorial August 2006 in international antenna magazine