Croatian European Union membership referendum, 2012

Croatian European Union membership referendum, 2012
Approves accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union, as required prior to the Croatian Parliament ratifying the EU Accession Treaty
Results
Votes Of total
Yes 1,299,008 66.67%
No 649,490 33.33%
Valid votes 1,948,498 99.4%
Invalid or blank votes 11,733 0.6%
Total votes 1,960,231 100.00%
Voter turnout 43.51%
Electorate 4,504,765
Results by county
  Yes 55%–60%
  Yes 60%–65%
  Yes 65%–70%
  Yes 70%–75%
  Yes >75%
Source: State Election Committee[1]
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A referendum on the EU accession of the Republic of Croatia was held on 22 January 2012. Croatia finished accession (membership) negotiations on 30 June 2011 and signed the Treaty of Accession on 9 December 2011, setting it on course to become the bloc's 28th member state. The Constitution of Croatia requires that a binding referendum be held on any political union reducing national sovereignty, such as via European Union membership. On 23 December 2011 the Croatian Parliament made a preliminary decision on EU accession and determined that the referendum would be held on 22 January 2012. The 2012 Croatian EU accession referendum was the first referendum held in Croatia since the Croatian independence referendum held more than 20 years earlier, in 1991.

The Croatian EU accession referendum campaign officially began on 3 January 2012; a yes vote was supported by both the political parties in government and the larger opposition parties in Croatia. The largest parties' joint support of EU membership existed since 2005, when the Alliance for Europe (Croatian: Savez za Europu) was set up as an informal alliance aimed at achieving membership as a strategic goal of Croatian foreign policy. Opposition to Croatian EU accession was voiced by non-parliamentary parties only. The pro-membership and informational campaign – which included television promotional videos, addresses by leading government and opposition politicians, and information booklets mailed to every household in Croatia – was announced to have cost 4.8 million kuna (c. €640,000). Opinion polling was regularly carried out by three different agencies; since May 2011, percentages supporting EU membership ranged between 55% and 63%. The Croatian State Election Committee was in charge of vote organization, ballot counting and result publication.

The EU accession referendum passed with 66.27% votes cast in support, 33.13% against the proposed joining of the EU and 0.60% invalid or blank votes; it also passed in all Croatian counties. The greatest support for the referendum was recorded in Međimurje and Brod-Posavina counties, at 75.73% and 72.61% respectively. The lowest support for EU accession was recorded in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, where 42.22% of votes were cast against the proposal. The average official turnout for the referendum was 43.51%; the highest official turnouts were recorded in the city of Zagreb and in Varaždin County at 55.13% and 53.66% respectively. The result was binding on the Croatian Parliament; as a consequence, it ratified the accession treaty on 9 March 2012. The outcome was welcomed by all political parties represented in Croatia's parliament; some right-wing politicians objected to the low turnout and what they consider a loss of independence.

Background

Croatia applied for European Union (EU) membership in 2003, the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate in early 2004, and the European Council granted candidate country status to Croatia in mid-2004. Accession negotiations, while originally set for March 2005, began in October of that year. Croatia completed the accession negotiations on 30 June 2011; on 9 December 2011 it signed the Treaty of Accession, changing its status from a candidate to an acceding country as it prepared to become the 28th EU member state.[2][3] The ratification process by the Parliaments of all 27 current EU member states was expected to be concluded by the end of June 2013, and Croatia's accession to the EU was expected to take place on 1 July 2013.[4][5] In addition to ratification by the current EU member states, Article 142 of the Constitution of Croatia requires that a binding referendum be held on sovereignty issues such as Croatian EU membership.[6]

Voting issues

The Croatian Parliament tasked the Croatian State Election Committee with referendum voting organization, ballot counting, and result publication. The committee scheduled the referendum vote for 22 January 2012 starting at 07:00 and lasting until 19:00, at regular polling stations in Croatia, in Croatian military units, in Croatian diplomatic missions abroad, on Croatian-flagged vessels and in prisons: 6,750 polling stations in all.[7] For the referendum, all polling stations were grouped in a single district.[8] Voters traveling abroad were permitted to vote in the Croatian diplomatic missions as with Croatian presidential elections; however, the initial instructions by the Ministry of Public Administration did not allow voters within Croatia who were away from their place of residence to vote in the referendum, nor did it allow absentee ballots.[9] GONG, the Croatian election supervision NGO, requested that the authorities correct this.[10][11] One restriction was removed by 3 January, when voters were permitted to register to vote in Croatia away from their legal residence. Registration was possible until 7 January, in person, by fax, or by e-mail.[12][13] When the registration process completed in early January 2012 ahead of the referendum, there were 4,504,686 voters in the voter registry (the same one used in parliamentary and presidential elections).[7]

The State Election Committee defined the polling stations's appearance and their immediate surroundings up to 50 metres (160 feet) away, prohibiting campaigning and displaying of promotional materials there as with elections in Croatia.[14] Unlike Croatian elections, there is no mandatory halt to campaigning before a referendum.[15] GONG appointed approximately 300 observers to monitor the referendum voting.[16] The Election Committee announced that it would start publishing voting results on its web site two hours after the polling stations in Croatia closed, and it would expect to determine the referendum's outcome by midnight.[17] If a proposed question was supported by a simple majority of those voting, the proposal would be considered passed and the result binding on the Croatian Parliament pursuant to §87, paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Croatian Constitution.[18] Since the referendum passed, the Croatian Parliament was required to ratify the Croatian EU accession treaty.[19] Amendments (from 2010) to the constitution provide that referendums are valid regardless of actual turnout.[20] If the referendum proposal were to have failed, it could have been repeated in six months or a year. It is estimated that a referendum rejection would have cost Croatia approximately €1.6 billion in lost EU funding until 2014.[21]

Date

The referendum ballot question, in Croatian, was simply Jeste li za članstvo Republike Hrvatske u Europskoj uniji?[22] meaning "Are you in favour of the membership of the Republic of Croatia in the European Union?"

In November 2010, the Croatian Parliament decided to hold the EU accession referendum 30 days after the treaty was signed;[23] since the treaty was signed on 9 December 2011, the referendum was consequently (originally) scheduled for 9 January 2012.[24] In November 2010, the Croatian Government proposed to hold the EU accession referendum simultaneously with another referendum aimed at altering general referendum rules.[25]

Days after the 2011 parliamentary elections in early December 2011, it was suggested by Vesna Pusić – already recognized as the future Minister of Foreign and European Affairs – that the referendum should be postponed until March 2012 to allow better preparation for the poll.[26] The suggestion was soon followed by a similar request made by GONG that the referendum be postponed until mid-February or later; its request was also supported by five major trade unions.[27] GONG's request was made because of what they stated to be: poor information provided to citizens; undefined procedures for voter registration away from a voter's permanent residence; unclear directions for voting abroad; no legal provisions specifically defining the composition of ballot counting commissions; no provisions for referendum vote monitoring by partisan, non-partisan and foreign monitors; no legal provisions regarding referendum funding (since the 2011 state budget did not appropriate any funds to cover referendum expenses); no legal provisions funding the pro-referendum campaign or allowing the campaign itself; and the lack of restrictions against campaigning on the day of the referendum.[28] The union support for this request was due to the government's ultimately not putting forward the other referendum (altering the conditions for referendums from citizens by changing the number of petitioners required and the time allowed to gather their signatures), which they had earlier agreed to do.[29] Another request to postpone the election was made by more than a thousand signatories of a petition to the government, demanding that the referendum be postponed until after the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) returned the final verdict in the case against generals Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač. They cited concerns over EU support for the ICTY, which they describe as biased; they therefore questioned if the EU favoured some nations over others.[30]

On 23 December 2011, the Croatian Parliament made a preliminary decision on EU membership and determined that the EU accession referendum would be held on 22 January 2012.[31] Furthermore, no other referendum question would be presented at that time. The preliminary accession decision was supported by 129 MPs, with the 6 Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja (HDSSB) MPs abstaining. During the debate that preceded the vote, the HDSSB MPs requested that the EU accession referendum be postponed for three to six months in order to allow a broader discussion on EU accession. Their specific concern was that Croatia might lose elements of its statehood and sovereignty, and the postponement was requested to present to the voters the effects of the Treaty of Lisbon on Croatia before the referendum was held.[32] The parliamentary decision to hold the referendum on 22 January 2012 was supported by 124 MPs, with 6 HDSSB MPs and 6 Croatian Labourists – Labour Party MPs voting against the decision. The Labour party advocated postponing the referendum until 12 February in order to give more time to provide information on the consequences of EU membership.[33] The referendum question was announced by the newly elected Prime Minister designate Zoran Milanović as "simple and bare":[34] "Are you for the membership of the Republic of Croatia in the European Union?"[22] The 2012 Croatian EU accession referendum was the first referendum held in Croatia since the Croatian independence referendum in 1991.[35]

Campaign

Stylized EU letters
"Tu pripadamo" (We belong here): government referendum campaign logo[36]

The Croatian EU accession referendum campaign officially started on 3 January 2012, with a declaration that it was aimed at providing to Croatian citizens clear, concise and transparent information on the EU accession negotiations and EU membership. The campaign included television promotions and addresses by leading politicians such as: the President of Croatia, Ivo Josipović; the prime minister, Zoran Milanović; the foreign minister, Vesna Pusić; other government members, such as Milanka Opačić, Radimir Čačić, Neven Mimica and Željko Jovanović; and former prime minister and opposition leader Jadranka Kosor. (All of these supported the referendum in their addresses.) A telephone information hotline was also set up, and 2.15 million EU information booklets were prepared for mailing to every household in the country. Finally, summaries of the accession treaty, negotiation documents and governmental report on the EU accession negotiations were published online, as were the original documents. It was announced that the campaign cost 4.8 million kuna (c. €640,000).[37]

The leading parliamentary political parties in Croatia have jointly supported EU accession since 2005, when a group called the Alliance for Europe (Croatian: Savez za Europu) was set up as an informal alliance aimed at achieving EU membership as a strategic goal of Croatian foreign policy.[38][39] Opposition to the referendum was voiced by the Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, a political party holding a single seat in the Croatian Parliament, claiming too little information provided to the voters, rather than the party being eurosceptic.[40] Further opposition was voiced by several non-parliamentary parties. The most substantial opposition to the accession came from the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), which demanded that the government fund its television campaign against EU membership. HSP also printed leaflets advocating rejecting EU accession.[41] The party also organized other activities at 150 locations in the country aimed at the referendum proposal's rejection.[42] During the 2011 parliamentary election campaign, HSP declared itself as the only party advocating rejection of Croatian EU accession;[43] it failed to win a single seat, receiving 3% of the votes.[44] Further opposition to the Croatian EU membership came from a group of non-parliamentary political parties organized as the Alliance for Croatia (Croatian: Savez za Hrvatsku) claiming that the move jeopardizes Croatian independence,[45] but the alliance's December 2011 protest in Zagreb drew only 150 people.[46]

The government's campaign was criticized as having poor promotional videos, especially lacking in informational value.[47] The final days of the campaign were marked by events in support of and opposition to joining the EU, as the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs set up an EU information event in Zagreb,[48] while a protest against EU accession at the main city square drew 200 (some arrests occurred).[49][50] The Croatian Bishops' Conference called on citizens to vote in the referendum, reminding Croatians that Croatia is a part of European culture while refraining from directly advocating either position.[51] The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts also supported joining the EU with 93 academicians in favour, 2 against and 1 abstention; they said that the event represents a great opportunity for Croatia.[52] In contrast to EU accession opponents' request to postpone the referendum until Generals Gotovina and Markač were released by the ICTY,[53] Gotovina himself urged citizens of Croatia to vote in the referendum and said that he would vote in favour of joining the EU.[54]

Opinion polls

2008–2012 results of Croatian EU membership opinion polling

Opinion polling regarding Croatian EU membership was regularly carried out by the CRO Demoskop, Ipsos Puls and Mediana Fides agencies. Since 2008, these polls overall indicated support for Croatian EU membership; in May 2011 and after, support ranged between 55% and 63%. The highest support since 2008 was 64% in the first half of November 2010.[55] The lowest level of EU membership support (between 23% and 38%) was reported on 15–16 April 2011 in the wake of the ICTY's guilty verdict for Generals Gotovina and Markač.[56][57]

In early January 2012, an NGO advocating voting against the referendum called the "Council for Croatia – NO TO EU" (Croatian: Vijeće za Hrvatsku – NE U EU) reported that they had contracted a Canadian company (one unknown to the Croatian public) called the "Business Knowledge Corporation" to conduct their own poll on the issue; they stated that with 1,942 polled, 57.2% were against the referendum while 41% declined to answer the poll question. The NGO said that the apparent gross disparity between these results and the results of all other recent polls was due to government manipulation.[58]

Poll source Date(s) administered/published Sample size For/Favour Against/Oppose Undecided/No answer
Ipsos Puls for the MVEP[59] 20 January 2012 840 61% 28% 11%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[60] 19 January 2012 960 60% 31% 9%
Ipsos Puls[61] 18 January 2012 1,000 56% 33% 11%
CRO Demoskop[62] 3 and 4 January 2012 1,300 55.1% 33.3% 11.6%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[63] 27 December 2011 1,000 60% 33% 7%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[64] 25 November 2011 1,000 61% 32% 7%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[65] 25 October 2011 1,000 57% 36% 7%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[66] 26 September 2011 1,000 58% 31% 11%
CRO Demoskop[67] 12 September 2011 1,300 56.1% 33.8% 10.1%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[68] 25 July 2011 1,000 60% 33% 7%
CRO Demoskop[69] 1 and 2 July 2011 1,300 62.2% 30.5% 7.3%
Hendal for HRT[70] 28 June 2011 ? 56% 34.2% 9.8%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[71] 25 May 2011 1,000 56% 39% 5%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[56] 16 April 2011* 600 38% 52% 10%
Mediana Fides for Jutarnji list[57] 15 and 16 April 2011* 700 23% 49.8% 26.4%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[72] 24 March 2011 1,000 55% 38% 7%
Mediana Fides for Jutarnji list[73] 21 March 2011 ? 56.3% 37.3% 6.4%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[74] 12 March 2011 600 51% 37% 12%
CRO Demoskop[75] 4 March 2011 1,300 48.9% 41% 10.1%
CRO Demoskop[76] 7 February 2011 1,300 49.4% 40.3% 10.2%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[77] 25 December 2010 1,000 47% 40% 12%
CRO Demoskop[78] 30 November and 1 December 2010 1,300 49.2% 39.1% 11.7%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[79] 25 November 2010 1,000 53% 35% 12%
Ipsos Puls[55] 1–15 November 2010 1,000 64% 29% 7%
CRO Demoskop[80] 2 and 3 November 2010 1,300 49.6% 39.8% 10.6%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[81] 29 October 2010 1,000 50% 35% 15%
CRO Demoskop[82] 4 and 5 October 2010 1,300 50.5% 39.4% 10.1%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[83] 28 July 2010 1,000 55% 42% 7%
CRO Demoskop[84] 3 and 4 May 2010 1,300 51.1% 39% 9.9%
CRO Demoskop[84] 31 March and 1 April 2010 1,300 50.8% 39.9% 9.3%
CRO Demoskop[85] 3 February 2010 1,300 48.4% 40.1% 11.5%
CRO Demoskop[86] 4 and 5 January 2010 1,300 48.9% 39.9% 11.2%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[87] 31 December 2009 ? 43% 43% 13%
CRO Demoskop[88] 30 November and 1 December 2009 1,300 49.1% 39.1% 11.8%
CRO Demoskop[89] 31 September and 1 October 2009 1,300 50.9% 39.5% 9.6%
CRO Demoskop[90] 3 September 2009 1,300 47% 42.6% 10.4%
CRO Demoskop[91] 1 and 2 July 2009 1,300 47.8% 41.9% 10.3%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[92] 31 March 2009 1,000 50% 39% 11%
Ipsos Puls for Nova TV[93] 28 February 2009 1,000 51% 36% 13%
CRO Demoskop[94] 5 February 2009 1,300 51.8% 39.2% 9%
CRO Demoskop[95] 3 and 4 October 2008 1,300 57.3% 33.2% 9.5%
CRO Demoskop[96] 31 July and 1 August 2008 1,300 55.5% 36.7% 7.8%
CRO Demoskop[97] 4 July 2008 1,300 54.7% N/A N/A
CRO Demoskop[98] 2 May 2008 1,300 53.9% N/A N/A
CRO Demoskop[99] 4 February 2008 1,300 49% N/A N/A
CRO Demoskop[100] 7 January 2008 1,300 49.6% N/A N/A
*Note: On 15 April 2011, the ICTY sentenced Ante Gotovina to 24 years in prison;[101] Mladen Markač was sentenced to 18 years in prison. (A third defendant, Ivan Čermak, was cleared.)[102]

Results

The EU accession referendum passed with 66.27% of votes cast in support and 33.13% against EU membership for Croatia. There were 0.6% blank or invalid votes. Even though all Croatian citizens were voting in a single constituency for the referendum's purposes, the State Election Committee published the results by individual counties, cities, and municipalities. The referendum passed in all Croatian counties. The greatest support for the referendum was recorded in Međimurje and Brod-Posavina counties at 75.73% and 72.61% respectively. The lowest support for the EU accession was recorded in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, where 42.22% votes were cast against the proposal. The Croatian diaspora voted 83.13% in support.[1] Only 18 out of 556 cities or municipalities in Croatia voted against the referendum proposal. Of those, six are in Split-Dalmatia County, four in Koprivnica-Križevci County, two in Zagreb and Dubrovnik-Neretva counties each, and a single municipality in Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Šibenik-Knin and Zadar counties each.[103]

The average turnout at the referendum was 43.51%. The figure includes the voters living abroad, whose turnout was only 3.51%; they comprise more than 9% of the total Croatian electorate. The highest turnouts were recorded in the city of Zagreb and in Varaždin County, at 55.13% and 53.66% respectively, while the lowest turnout in Croatia was recorded in Lika-Senj County at just 34.52%.[1] There is no turnout threshold for a referendum to be legally valid.[20]

The low turnout was attributed in part to poor voter registry maintenance. The registry allegedly contains up to 900,000 nonexistent voters due to poor database maintenance, especially in updating the registry using death certificates and change of residence records. This allegation was supported by the 2011 census.[104][105] The poor voter records were subsequently cited as the cause of the low formal turnout, which would otherwise have exceeded 50%.[106] It was later estimated that the actual turnout in Croatia itself, without the diaspora, was 61%.[107]

County Electorate Turnout % For % Against % Invalid %
Bjelovar-Bilogora 113,642 51,820 45.60% 32,242 62.22% 19,299 37.24% 279 0.54%
Brod-Posavina 155,416 65,735 42.30% 47,729 72.61% 17,580 26.74% 426 0.65%
Dubrovnik-Neretva 115,996 53,708 46.30% 30,574 56.93% 22,674 42.22% 460 0.85%
Istria 199,746 98,235 49.18% 67,189 68.40% 30,363 30.91% 683 0.69%
Karlovac 133,333 61,074 45.81% 40,731 66.69% 19,904 32.59% 439 0.72%
Koprivnica-Križevci 101,050 49,904 49.39% 30,178 60.47% 19,474 39.02% 252 0.51%
Krapina-Zagorje 114,920 54,742 47.63% 34,748 63.48% 19,616 35.83% 378 0.69%
Lika-Senj 57,032 19,689 34.52% 13,912 70.66% 5,618 28.53% 159 0.81%
Međimurje 100,640 52,133 51.80% 39,479 75.73% 12,364 23.72% 290 0.55%
Osijek-Baranja 291,205 131,720 45.23% 88,980 67.55% 42,003 31.89% 737 0.56%
Požega-Slavonia 78,335 34,529 44.08% 24,218 70.14% 10,092 29.23% 219 0.63%
Primorje-Gorski Kotar 287,202 144,104 50.18% 99,156 68.81% 44,198 30.67% 750 0.52%
Sisak-Moslavina 177,950 73,952 41.56% 50,034 67.66% 23,443 31.70% 475 0.64%
Split-Dalmatia 430,299 197,783 45.96% 115,795 58.55% 80,515 40.71% 1,473 0.74%
Šibenik-Knin 122,901 45,546 37.06% 29,033 63.74% 16,150 35.46% 363 0.80%
Varaždin 153,037 82,117 53.66% 57,399 69.90% 24,259 29.54% 459 0.56%
Virovitica-Podravina 83,699 37,055 44.27% 24,253 65.45% 12,589 33.97% 213 0.58%
Vukovar-Syrmia 179,929 69,501 38.63% 47,970 69.02% 21,000 30.22% 531 0.76%
Zadar 182,680 70,458 38.57% 43,330 61.50% 26,574 37.72% 554 0.78%
Zagreb County 284,793 150,403 52.81% 97,756 65.00% 51,934 34.53% 713 0.47%
City of Zagreb 728,332 401,529 55.13% 272,246 67.80% 127,455 31.74% 1,828 0.46%
Voting abroad 412,628 14,494 3.51% 12,056 83.18% 2,386 16.46% 52 0.36%
TOTAL 4,504,765 1,960,231 43.51% 1,299,008 66.27% 649,490 33.13% 11,733 0.60%
Source: State Election Committee[1]

Reactions

Domestic

After the result's announcement, President Josipović commented that the day was of great significance to Croatia, defining the nation as one with a European future. Prime Minister Milanović welcomed the decision as historic and as the first such decision made by Croatians alone; he also said that the referendum represented a turning point for Croatia. Croatian Parliament Speaker Boris Šprem said that a new chapter of Croatian history and better fortune for the nation was dawning.[108] The Croatian Minister of the Economy, Radimir Čačić, concluded that Croatia's credit rating would have been downgraded if the referendum had not passed. He also stated that, since the referendum passed, it was a good opportunity to upgrade the rating. Minister of Finance Slavko Linić stated that he was pleased with the result, but not with the voter turnout. He disagreed with Čačić that the credit rating could be saved by this result, since everybody had already counted on Croatian entry to the EU. Foreign and European Affairs Minister Vesna Pusić commented that the result was good news for Europe, which faced internal problems. Former Speaker Vladimir Šeks said that the low turnout was caused by external factors – the debt crisis in Europe and a loss of confidence in Croatian political parties and institutions.[109] Luka Bebić, also a former speaker of the Parliament, added that it was good that Croats had voted to join the EU. Former Croatian foreign minister Gordan Jandroković commented that the result is especially important for the nation's youth, and former Croatian President Stjepan Mesić stated that Croatia should be competitive and use EU funds, adding that it is not enough to be happy with entering the EU. He also commented on claims that joining the EU was tantamount to entering a new Yugoslavia, saying that "only idiots think that Yugoslavia should be renewed".[109]

On the other side, the HSP president Daniel Srb argued that the referendum was illegitimate since 71% of Croatian voters had not taken part in the referendum or had voted against the entry of Croatia into the EU, and warned that only 28% of Croatian voters had supported joining the EU. Srb also added that Croatian citizens had shown distrust of the Croatian Government.[110] Željko Sačić, a right-wing politician, stated that the government destroyed the concept of Croatian citizens and created an impression that Croatia was unable to govern itself. Sačić stated that the government had brought Croatia into a decaying organization in an illegitimate way, adding that the referendum result was a defeat of Croatian independence and they would challenge its validity in court.[111] By the 3 March 2012 deadline, the Constitutional Court of Croatia received 22 appeals challenging the referendum's legality; it ruled against them all.[112]

International

Supranational bodies
States

Aftermath

Pursuant to the referendum's outcome, the Croatian parliament ratified the accession treaty unanimously (with 136 votes in favour) on 9 March 2012.[121]

See also

Notes

a. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has been recognised as an independent state by 108 out of 193 United Nations member states.These states include Croatia.[122][123]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Službeni nepotpuni rezultati državnog referenduma" [Official incomplete referendum results]. State Election Committee. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  2. ↑ "EU closes accession negotiations with Croatia". European Commission. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  3. ↑ "Croatia signs treaty to join EU in middle of 2013". BBC News. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  4. ↑ "EU Summit: Accession Treaty with Croatia to be signed in 2011". eu2011.hu. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  5. ↑ Bruno Lopandić (9 December 2011). "Potpisan pristupni ugovor: budućnost EU-a i u hrvatskim je rukama" [Accession Treaty Signed: EU Fortune is in Croatian Hands too]. Vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  6. ↑ "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" [Constitution of the Republic of Croatia]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 9 July 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  7. 1 2 "Broj glasačkih mjesta na državnom referendumu 22. siječnja 2012./Državni referendum 2012. – Broj birača" [Number of polling stations at the state referendum of 22 January 2012/State referendum 2012 – Number of voters] (PDF) (in Croatian). State Election Committee. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  8. ↑ "Provedba referenduma – redoslijed radnji i tijek rokova" [Carrying out the referendum – sequence of operations and sequence of deadlines] (PDF) (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  9. ↑ Linda Perić (1 December 2011). "Sanader može birati u zatvoru, ali bolesnici s Firula – ne mogu" [Sanader can vote in prison, but patients in Firule [hospital] cannot]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  10. ↑ Neven Šantić, Tihomir Ponoš (22 December 2011). "Vjerovali ili ne: Riječanin na referendumu o EU može glasati u Londonu, ali ne u Zagrebu" [Believe it or not: A resident of Rijeka may vote in the EU referendum in London, but not in Zagreb]. Novi list (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  11. ↑ "GONG: Referendum za Europsku uniju diskriminira hrvatske građane" [GONG: The European Union referendum discriminates against Croatian citizens]. index.hr. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  12. ↑ "Kako glasati na referendumu izvan mjesta prebivališta" [How to vote outside place of residence] (in Croatian). index.hr. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  13. ↑ Tina Kosor (6 January 2012). "Referendum: Jeste li se prijavili?" [Referendum: Did you register?]. Nova TV (Croatia) (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  14. ↑ "O načinu uređenja glasačkog mjesta za provedbu državnog referenduma" [About the set-up of polling stations for the referendum] (PDF) (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  15. ↑ "O referendumskoj šutnji" [About referendum silence] (PDF) (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  16. ↑ "300-tinjak GONG-ovih promatrača nadzirat će referendum" [Approximately 300 GONG monitors to observe the referendum]. Nova TV (Croatia) (in Croatian). 19 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  17. ↑ "Prvi rezultati referenduma 22. siječnja od 21 sat na webu DIP-a" [The first referendum results from the State Election Committee at 9 pm on 22 January] (in Croatian). HINA. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  18. ↑ "Zakon o referendumu i drugim oblicima osobnog sudjelovanja u obavljanju državne vlasti i lokalne samouprave" [Referendum and Other Forms of Personal Involvement in Execution of State Authority and Local Self-government Act]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 30 April 1996. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  19. ↑ Davor Gjenero (17 December 2011). "Referendum o pristupanju EU: šansa za razvoj društva" [EU accession referendum: A chance for the society to develop]. Vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  20. 1 2 "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" [Constitution of the Republic of Croatia] (PDF) (in Croatian). Constitutional Court of Croatia. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  21. ↑ "Pusić: "Ne" na referendumu stajat će nas 1,6 milijardi eura" [Pusić: "No" vote at the referendum will cost us 1.6 billion euro]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 4 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  22. 1 2 "Referendum" [Referendum] (in Croatian). Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia). Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  23. ↑ "Sabor: Referendum o ulasku u EU nakon potpisivanja pristupnog ugovora" [Parliament: EU accession referendum to follow accession treaty signing]. Poslovni dnevnik (in Croatian). 26 November 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  24. ↑ Valentin Nikolić (14 November 2011). "Zbog Kosor Poljaci pomaknuli datum potpisivanja ugovora s EU" [Poles moved the treaty signing date because of Kosor]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  25. ↑ "Referendum o referendumu i Europskoj uniji – istovremeno" [Referendum on referendums and the European Union to be held simultaneously]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 23 November 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  26. ↑ "Nova Vlada odgađa referendum o EU do ožujka?" [New government postpones EU referendum until March?] (in Croatian). Nacional (weekly). 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  27. ↑ "I sindikati za odgodu referenduma o EU" [Trade unions favour postponing the EU accession referendum] (in Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  28. ↑ "GONG: Referendum o EU treba odgoditi do sredine veljače" [GONG: EU accession referendum should be postponed until the middle of February]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 20 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  29. ↑ "GONG: udruge i sindikati za odgodu referenduma o EU". 23 December 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  30. ↑ "Intelektualci traže odgodu referenduma o EU do pravomoćne presude generalima u Haagu" [Intellectuals demand EU referendum delay until after the final verdict on the generals in the Hague] (in Croatian). Nova TV (Croatia). 4 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  31. ↑ "Odluka o raspisivanju državnog referenduma o pristupanju Republike Hrvatske Europskoj Uniji" [Decision on calling of the state referendum on Croatian accession to the European Union] (PDF) (in Croatian). State Election Committee. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  32. ↑ "Referendum o EU ipak 22. siječnja" [EU referendum to be held on 22 January after all]. Nacional (weekly) (in Croatian). 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  33. ↑ "Referendum za ulazak u EU 22. siječnja; protiv HDSSB-a i Hrvatski laburisti" [EU accession referendum on 22 January; HDSSB and Croatian Labourists opposed]. Novi list (in Croatian). 23 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  34. ↑ "Referendum o EU 22. siječnja; pitanje "jednostavno i ogoljeno": "Jeste li za članstvo Hrvatske u EU? Za-Protiv"" [EU accession referendum on 22 January; question "simple and bare": "Do you support membership of Croatia in the EU? Support-Oppose"]. Novi list (in Croatian). 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  35. ↑ "Referendum o ulasku u EU je milenijska odluka za Hrvatsku" [EU accession referendum is a millennial decision for Croatia]. Nova TV (Croatia) (in Croatian). 29 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  36. ↑ "Kosor: Nakon Grčke, RH je prva koja u EU ulazi sama!" [Kosor: After Greece, the Republic of Croatia is the first to accede to the EU on its own!]. danas.hr (in Croatian). 1 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  37. ↑ Nikolina Šajn (3 January 2012). "I službeno POČELA KAMPANJA ZA EU! Pogledajte VIDEO spotove za EU. Pusić: Odlučujemo pripada li Hrvatska i politički Europi" [EU campaign officially starts! See promotional videos for the EU. Pusić: We decide if Croatia also politically belongs to Europe]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  38. ↑ "Sanader za Jutarnji: Savez za Europu je strateški cilj a ne koalicija" [Sanader for Jutarnji [list]: Alliance for Europe is a strategic goal and not a coalition] (in Croatian). index.hr. 28 January 2005. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  39. ↑ Irena Frlan (3 January 2012). "I Jadranka Kosor će u vladinom spotu pozivati građane da glasuju za EU" [Jadranka Kosor will also appeal to the citizens in a government's video to vote for the EU]. Novi list (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  40. ↑ Tea Romić (17 January 2012). "HSP. dr. A. Starčević: Zaokružite protiv jer nismo spremni" [HSP. dr. A. Starčević: Vote against because we are not ready]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  41. ↑ "HSP traži emitiranje: Ovo su spotovi protiv ulaska Hrvatske u EU" [HSP demands airing of videos against Croatian EU accession] (in Croatian). Nova TV (Croatia). 4 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  42. ↑ "Prema HSP-ovoj anketi 68 posto Slavonaca protiv ulaska u EU" [According to HSP's poll 68 percent of Slavonians oppose the EU accession]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 24 November 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  43. ↑ "HSP: Mi smo jedina stranka koja se zalaže protiv ulaska u EU" [HSP: We are the only party advocating against the EU accession]. Vjesnik (in Croatian). 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  44. ↑ "Konačni službeni rezultati izbora zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor" [Final and official results of election of representatives to the Croatian Parliament] (PDF) (in Croatian). State Election Committee of the Republic of Croatia. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  45. ↑ Vlatka Polšak Palatinuš (5 October 2011). "Savez za Hrvatsku protiv veleizdajnika i Europske unije" [Alliance for Croatia against those committing grand treason and the European Union] (in Croatian). t-portal. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  46. ↑ Dragan Matić (8 December 2011). "U Zagrebu održan prosvjed protiv ulaska u EU" [A protest against the EU accession held in Zagreb]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  47. ↑ Petra Maretić Žonja, Sandra Veljković (14 January 2012). "Kampanja za ulazak u EU izgleda kao loša propaganda iz 50-ih" [EU accession campaign comes off like bad 1950s propaganda]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  48. ↑ "Info-štand na Cvjetnom trgu" [Info-desk at Cvjetni square]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 21 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  49. ↑ "Uhićenja na prosvjedu protiv EU-a" [Arrests at a protest against the EU]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 21 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  50. ↑ "Zagreb: 200 demonstranata protiv EU" [Zagreb: 200 protesters against the EU]. B92 (in Serbian). 21 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  51. ↑ Irena Frlan (18 January 2012). "HBK: I Papa zagovara pristup Hrvatske EU" [CBC: The Pope also supports Croatian EU accession]. Glas Slavonije (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  52. ↑ "Akademici: Ulazak u EU povijesni trenutak" [Academicians: EU accession is a historic moment]. Croatian Radiotelevision (in Croatian). 19 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  53. ↑ Petra Maretić Žonja (21 January 2012). "Ne ulazimo u EU dok ne oslobode hrvatske generale" [We will not join the EU until Croatian generals are set free]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  54. ↑ Davor Ivanković (21 January 2012). "General Gotovina: Ja ću glasati za EU, tamo civilizacijski pripadamo" [General Gotovina: I will vote for the EU, we belong there civilizationally]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 January 2012.
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  56. 1 2 Mislav Bago (16 April 2011). "Nakon presude generalima dramatično pala potpora ulasku u EU" [EU accession support falls dramatically after the verdict to the generals]. Nova TV (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  57. 1 2 Davor Butković (16 April 2011). "Samo 23% Hrvata za ulazak u EU! Čak 95% smatra presudu nepravednom" [Only 23% of Croats support EU accession! As many as 95% consider the verdict unjust]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 January 2012.
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  65. ↑ "Istraživanje: Gotovo dvostruka prednost Kukuriku koalicije!" [Survey: Kukuriku lead nearly double]. Nova TV (in Croatian). 25 October 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  66. ↑ "Može li HDZ sustići 17 posto prednosti Kukuriku koalicije?" [Can HDZ close 17 percent gap to Kukuriku coalition?]. Nova TV (in Croatia). 26 September 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  67. ↑ "Porasla potpora hrvatskih građana ulasku u EU" [Croatian citizens' support to the EU accession increases] (in Croatian). t-portal. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  68. ↑ "Istraživanje: HDZ za vratom SDP-u, Kosor popravila imidž" [Survey: HDZ closing gap to SDP, Kosor improves her image]. Nova TV (in Croatian). 25 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  69. ↑ "Samo 10-ak posto građana ne bi izišlo na referendum o EU!" [Only about 10 percent of citizens would not vote in the EU referendum!] (in Croatian). t-portal. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
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  72. ↑ "Ekskluzivno: Dramatičan pad i HDZ-a i SDP-a!" [Exclusive: Dramatic decline of both HDZ and SDP!]. Nova TV (in Croatian). 24 March 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  73. ↑ Goran Matić (21 March 2011). "Veliko istraživanje Jutarnjeg: Hrvati žele ući u EU, iako misle da Unija nije pravedna prema nama" [Great Jutarnji list survey: Croats want to join the EU even though they think it is unfair to us]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  74. ↑ "Ekskluzivno istraživanje za Dnevnik Nove TV: Građani izbore žele odmah" [Exclusive Nova TV survey: Citizens want elections right away]. Nova TV (in Croatian). 12 March 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
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  77. ↑ "SDP najjači, potpora Jadranki Kosor pala za 44 posto" [SDP on top, approval of Jadranka Kosor drops 44 percent]. Nova TV (in Croatian). 25 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
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  102. ↑ "Croat generals jailed for war crimes in Krajina". BBC News Online. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  103. ↑ Tomislav Krasnec (23 January 2012). "Analiza kako je glasovala Hrvatska – protiv EU bilo 18 općina" [Analysis of Croatia's vote – 18 municipalities voted against the EU]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  104. ↑ Šenol Selimović (15 January 2012). "Referendum će nadzirati samo zagovornici Unije" [The referendum only monitored by proponents of the Union]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  105. ↑ Nikola Sever Šeni (30 June 2011). "Popis stanovništva u Hrvatskoj otkrio: Pola milijuna birača je višak!" [Croatian census reveals: A half million voters extra!]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  106. ↑ Vlatka Polšak Palatinuš (23 January 2012). "Agresivna kampanja izazvala je kontraefekt" [Aggressive campaign backfires] (in Croatian). t-portal. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  107. ↑ M. Špoljar, A. Bernardić, B. Bradarić (24 January 2012). "Stvarno stanje: U Hrvatskoj je glasalo 61, a ne 43,5 posto građana" [Actual situation: In Croatia 61 percent voted and not 43.5 percent]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  108. ↑ "Josipović: Veliko europsko "DA" je rečeno; Milanović: Povijesnu odluku donijeli smo sami" [Josipović: Great European "YES" is said; Milanović: We made the historic decision ourselves]. Novi list (in Croatian). 22 January 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  109. 1 2 Petar Vidov; Jelena Šimac (22 January 2012). "Reakcije iz Sabora: Prolaz na referendumu ne znači da smo spasili kreditni rejting" [Reactions in Sabor: Referendum success does not mean we saved the credit rating]. index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  110. ↑ Sajler Garmaz, Maja (23 January 2012). "Srb: Građani na referendumu iskazali nepovjerenje prema vlasti" [Srb: Citizens displayed distrust towards the government at the referendum]. Vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  111. ↑ "Protivnici ulaska u EU: Referendum nije legitiman, osporit ćemo ga pravnim putem" [Opponents of EU membership: The referendum is not legitimate, we will resort to legal actions against it]. Vjesnik (in Croatian). 22 January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  112. ↑ "Sabor ratificira pristupni ugovor u petak" [Sabor to ratify the accession treaty on Friday]. Novi list (in Croatian). 5 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  113. ↑ Alen Legović (23 January 2012). "EU pozdravlja rezultate referenduma u Hrvatskoj" [EU welcomes Croatian referendum results] (in Croatian). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
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  116. ↑ "Tánaiste congratulates Croatian people on referendum on EU accession". MerrionStree.ie. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  117. ↑ "Tadić: Čestitam Hrvatskoj, ovo je pozitivan signal za cijelu regiju" [Tadić: I congratulate Croatia, this is a positive signal to the entire region]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 22 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  118. ↑ "Hoxhaj praises Croats for successful referendum on EU membership". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  119. ↑ "Pahor: Kao dio Europe sudjelovat ćete u donošenju važnih odluka" [Pahor: You will take part in important decision-making as a part of Europe]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 22 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  120. ↑ "Britanski ministar pozdravlja hrvatsku odluku na referendumu" [British minister welcomes Croatian referendum decision] (in Croatian). Dnevno.hr. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  121. ↑ "Pristupni ugovor potvrđen jednoglasno" [Accession treaty confirmed unanimously] (in Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  122. ↑ "U Zagrebu otvoreno veleposlanstvo Republike Kosovo" [Kosovo embassy opens in Zagreb]. Večernji list (in Croatian). 19 February 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
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