Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
President of Argentina
In office 10 December 2007 – 09 December 2015
Vice President	Julio Cobos Amado Boudou
Preceded by	Néstor Kirchner
Succeeded by	Mauricio Macri
First Lady of Argentina
In office 25 May 2003 – 10 December 2007
Preceded by	Hilda de Duhalde
Succeeded by	Néstor Kirchner (First Gentleman)
National Senator of Argentina
In office 10 December 2005 – 28 November 2007
Constituency	Buenos Aires
In office 10 December 2001 – 9 December 2005
Constituency	Santa Cruz
In office 10 December 1995 – 3 December 1997
Constituency	Santa Cruz
National Deputy of Argentina
In office 10 December 1997 – 9 December 2001
Constituency	Santa Cruz
Personal details
Born	Cristina Elisabet Fernández (1953-02-19) 19 February 1953 La Plata, Argentina
Political party	Justicialist
Other political affiliations	Front for Victory (2003–present)
Spouse(s)	Néstor Kirchner (m. 1975; his death 2010)
Children	Máximo Florencia
Alma mater	National University of La Plata
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (Spanish pronunciation: [kɾisˈtina eˈlisaβet ferˈnandes ðe ˈkiɾʃneɾ]; born 19 February 1953), known as Cristina Kirchner^[1] and often referred to by her initials CFK,^{[2][3][note 1]} is an Argentine lawyer and politician.

She was the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015 and she is the widow of former president Néstor Kirchner. She was the second woman to serve as President of Argentina (after Isabel Martínez de Perón, 1974–76), the first directly elected female president and the first woman re-elected. A member of the Justicialist Party, Fernández served one term as National Deputy and three terms as National Senator for both Santa Cruz and Buenos Aires provinces.

Born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Fernández is a graduate of the National University of La Plata.^[6][7] She met her husband during her studies, and they moved to Santa Cruz to work as lawyers. In May 1991, she was elected to the provincial legislature. Between 1995 and 2007, she was repeatedly elected to the Argentine National Congress, both as a National Deputy and National Senator. During Kirchner's presidency (2003–07), she acted as First Lady. Fernández was chosen as the Front for Victory presidential candidate in 2007.

In the October 2007 general election, she obtained 45.3% of the vote and a 22% lead over her nearest rival, avoiding a runoff election. She was inaugurated on 10 December 2007, and was re-elected to a second term in the first round of the October 2011 general election, with 54.1% and 37.3% over the next candidate, Hermes Binner. Kirchner's critics have claimed her administration exhibits numerous cases of corruption, crony capitalism, falsification of public statistics, harassment of Argentina's independent media, and use of the tax agency as a censorship tool and use of public funds to attack political opponents.^{[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]}

Early life and education

Fernández was born on February 19, 1953,^[4] in Tolosa, a suburb west of La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She is a daughter of Eduardo Fernandez (1925-1981), a bus driver, and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm (1930); her 4 grandparents were born in Europe: 3 in northern Spain (specifically Galicia and Asturias), and 1 in Germany.^[16][17][18] She studied Law at the National University of La Plata during the 1970s and became active in the Peronist Youth.^[19]

Along with former President and husband Néstor Kirchner, Cristina sympathized with the Peronist Youth during her university studies. However, the two never joined the Montoneros (a guerrilla organization with close ties to the Peronist Youth during the period 1970–1976), nor engaged in any notable political activism during that time. When Isabel Perón was deposed by the 1976 Argentine coup d'état, they left La Plata for Río Gallegos and worked as lawyers.^[18][20] Cristina began her political career in the late 1980s^[4] when she was elected to the Santa Cruz Provincial Legislature in 1989, a position to which she was re-elected in 1993.

Political career

In 1995, Fernández was elected to represent Santa Cruz in the Senate. She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1997 and returned to the Senate in 2001. Fernández helped with her husband's successful campaign for the presidency in 2003, but without making joint public appearances.^[21] In the first round of the presidential election on 27 April 2003, former president Carlos Saúl Menem won the greatest number of votes (25%), but failed to win an overall majority. A second-round run-off vote between Menem and runner-up Néstor Kirchner was scheduled for 18 May. Feeling certain that he was about to face a sound electoral defeat, Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy, thus automatically making Kirchner the new president, with 22% of the votes. This was the lowest number in the history of the country.^[22]

During her husband's term, Fernández de Kirchner was First Lady of the country. In that role, she worked as an itinerant ambassador for his government. Her highly combative speech style polarized Argentine politics, recalling the style of Eva Perón. Although she repeatedly rejected the comparison later, Fernández de Kirchner once said in an interview that she identified herself "with the Evita of the hair in a bun and the clenched fist before a microphone" (the typical image of Eva Perón during public speech) more than with the "miraculous Eva" of her mother's time, who had come "to bring work and the right to vote for women".^[23][24][25]

At the October 2005 legislative elections, Fernández de Kirchner was her party's main candidate for Senator in the Province of Buenos Aires district. She ran a heated campaign against Hilda González de Duhalde; they were the wives of the sitting president Néstor Kirchner and the former president Eduardo Duhalde.^[26]

Presidential campaigns

2007 presidential campaign

With Fernández leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers were trying to force her into a run-off. A candidate needs either more than 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10 percentage points over the nearest rival, to win outright without a run-off.^[27] She won the election decisively in the first round with nearly 45% of the vote, followed by 23% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition) and 17% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna.^[28] Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor, while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class.^[29] Kirchner lost the election in the large cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario.^[29]

On 14 November the president-elect announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the twelve ministers appointed, seven had been ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time. The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Néstor Kirchner.^[30]

She began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, facing challenges including inflation, poor public security, international credibility, a faulty energy infrastructure and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30% on export taxes.^[30] Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, after Isabel Martínez de Perón but, unlike Perón, Kirchner was elected to the office, whereas Isabel Perón was elected as vice president of Juan Perón, and automatically assumed the presidency on his death.^[29] The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either. Néstor Kirchner stayed active in politics despite not being the president, and worked alongside his wife, Cristina. The press developed the term "presidential marriage" to make reference to both of them at once. Some political analysts as Pablo Mendelevich compared this type of government with a diarchy.^[31]

2011 presidential campaign

When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re-election in 2007, and proposed Cristina Kirchner instead, it was rumored that the couple may attempt to run for the presidency in alternate periods, to skip the constitutional limit of a single re-election. The death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010 derailed such a plan.^[32] She had a low positive image, below 30%.^[32] On 21 June 2011, Cristina Kirchner announced she would run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced that her economic minister Amado Boudou would run for vice-president on her ticket. This selection was an unexpected one, as Boudou usually acts like a rock star instead of a politician.^[33] She personally chose most of the candidates for deputy in the Congress, favoring members of the Cámpora.

The elections took place on October 23. She was re-elected by the 54% of the vote, followed by socialist Hermes Binner, 37 points behind her. The opposition was divided in several candidates, and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed among voter's concerns over corruption and cronysm.^[32] It was the highest victory in national elections since 1983. The Peronist party also won eight of the nine governor elections held that day, increased their number of senators and got the majority of the chamber of deputies, including the number of legislators needed for quorum. The Kirchners had lost that majority in the 2009 elections. She invited kids to the stage during the celebrations, and vice president Amado Boudou played an electric guitar. As in 2007, she gave a conciliatory speech.^[34]

Presidency (2007–2015)

Domestic policy

Economic policy

On 29 October 2009 she launched a universal child benefit plan (Spanish: Asignación Universal por Hijo)^[36] as a way to fight poverty with the goal to reach approximately five million children and youths. Since its creation, the program has been lauded for having boosted school attendance rates and reduced poverty among families.^[37]

The 2010 year began with controversy surrounding the president's order that a US$6.7 billion escrow account be opened at the Central Bank for the purpose of retiring high-interest bonds, whose principal is tied to inflation. The move met with the opposition of Central Bank president Martín Redrado, who refused to implement it, and following an impasse, he was dismissed by presidential decree on 7 January 2010.^[38] Redrado refused to abide by the initial decree removing him from the presidency of the Central Bank, however, and petitioned for a judicial power to keep him in office. Accordingly, the president enacted another decree for his dismissal, citing misconduct on Redrado's part.^[39] The legitimacy of this new decree was questioned as well, as his dismissal would deny Redrado due process. Congress was in recess period at the time, but most of its opposition members considered returning to override the decrees through an extraordinary session.^[40] The session became a source of controversy as well: Kirchner considered that, according to the 63rd article of the Constitution, only the President may call for an extraordinary session while the Congress is in recess. Cobos replied instead that all regulations concerning decrees require the immediate advice and consent of Congress, that the body's by-laws (56 and 57) allow extraordinary sessions called by any member, and that the commission formed for that purpose functions at all times, even during recess.^[41]

The planned use of foreign exchange reserves through a Necessity and Urgency Decree was itself questioned by several opposition figures, who argued that such a decree may not meet a threshold of "necessity" and "urgency" required by the Constitution of Argentina for its enactment.^[40] Judge María José Sarmiento handed down a ruling preventing said use of reserves, and the Government reacted by appealing the ruling.^[42] President Kirchner defended the policy as a cost-saving maneuver, whereby government bonds paying out 15 percent interest would be retired from the market.^[43] The move, however, also provided numerous vulture funds (holdouts from the 2005 debt restructuring who had resorted to the courts in a bid for higher returns on their defaulted bonds) a legal argument against the central bank's independence, thus facilitating a judgment lien on 12 January against a central bank account in New York.^[44] Judge Sarmiento also annulled the decree that removed Redrado and reinstated him as President of the Central Bank the following day. The ruling refuted claims of misconduct cited by president Cristina Kirchner to justify his removal.^[45] International media described the attempted removal of Redrado as authoritarian, while criticizing the planned use of reserves for debt retirement, as well as accelerating spending growth, as fiscally irresponsible. Opposition Congresswoman Elisa Carrió, a candidate in the 2011 presidential campaign, has raised the possibility of impeachment procedures against Cristina Kirchner.^[46][47][48] At the start of February 2010, one of Fernández de Kirchner's private assessors resigned his post due to the claims of "illicit gain". Just two weeks afterwards, another of her private assessors, Julio Daniel Álvarez, resigned for the same reason.^[49]

In June 2010, her administration completed the debt swap (which had been started by former president Néstor Kirchner in 2005) clearing 92% of the bad debt left from its sovereign default of 2001.^[50] Argentina's external debt now represented 30% of the country's GDP,^[51] whilst the Central Bank foreign reserves reached US$49 billion,^[52] more than the amount that was available when the decision to pay foreign debt earlier in the year was taken. Also in June 2010, she gave a speech at the International Trade Union Confederation (CSI) Global Summit, held in Vancouver, Canada, where she asserted "many Euro-zone countries today have applied the same policies that led Argentina to disaster (in 2001)", stating "it's an inescapable responsibility of the government to intervene in the financial system".^[53]

Following the death of her husband, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner resumed activities and went to Asia for the G20 Seoul summit. Upon her return, she announced the Paris Club agreed to debt talks without International Monetary Fund intervention as had been proposed by Argentina since 2008. These negotiations settled the last portion of the sovereign debt 2001 crisis remaining after the restructuring of debts in 2005 and 2009.^[54] In November she took part in the UNASUR Summit at Guyana, followed by hosting the XX Ibero-American Summit at Mar del Plata.

In 2012, the government tightened currency controls, allowing access to other currencies to only those people who traveled outside the country.^[55] The blockade of other currencies affected financial activities and led to a black market in currencies.^[56] On 15 May, The governor of the Buenos Aires province Daniel Scioli voiced his intention to run for the presidency in 2015.^[57] On 11 July, Fernández criticized the administration of the Buenos Aires province because the provincial government didn't have money to pay their workers wages. The province requested a transfer of funds from the federal government but were initially denied by the President. On 20 July, the federal government agreed to transfer funds to the province.^[58] Moyano claimed the denial to transfer funds was to harm Scioli's image, as Scioli has the highest rate of approval of any governor in the nation.^[59][60] A similar step was done with Mauricio Macri, by refusing to mediate in a subway strike that lasted for ten days, generating huge traffic delays in Buenos Aires.^[61] Cristina backed away from both actions after noticing that she was more harmed by them than Scioli and Macri.^[62][63]

Energy policy

As part of the 2006 civilian nuclear-power reactivation program, Fernández de Kirchner reopened the Pilcaniyeu uranium enrichment plant, put on hold in the 1990s, due to shortages of natural gas.^[64]

Fernández also supported the nationalization of YPF.^[65]

Conflict with the agricultural sector

In March 2008, Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, effectively raising levies on soybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement.^[66] This led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations, starting on 12 March, with the aim of forcing the government to back down on the new taxation scheme. They were joined on 25 March by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and in front of the presidential palace.

Protests extended across the country. In Buenos Aires there were violent incidents between government supporters and opponents, to which the police was accused of wilfully turning a blind eye.^[67] The media was harshly critical of Luis D'Elía, a former government official who took part in the incidents, with some media sources and members of the opposition (notably Elisa Carrió), claiming he and his followers had disrupted the protest pursuant to the government's orders.^[68][69] On 1 April, a government-organized demonstration was attended by thousands of pro-government protesters, who marched through downtown Buenos Aires in support of the bill increasing Argentina's export taxes on the basis of a sliding scale.

The large majorities in the Argentine Congress held by the Front for Victory (FPV) could not ultimately guarantee a legislative blank check: on 16 July 2008, the presidentially sponsored bill met with deadlock, and was ultimately defeated by the tie-breaking negative vote of vice-president Julio Cobos. The controversy cost the FPV 16 Congressmen and 4 Senators by way of defections. This put an end to the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, though it cost Cobos influence within the Kirchner's administration. Despite of the cold relation between Cobos and Cristina since that event, he completed his term as vice president.

A poll result published in El País, Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper, revealed that following the protests, Fernández's approval rating had "plummeted" from 57.8% at the start of her administration^[70] to an unprecedented 23%.^[71]

Once recovered from the conflict with agrarian interests, Fernández de Kirchner's job approval ratings rose by 30% (Poliarquía, 22 August 2008). Her inflexible handling of the protests and reluctance to review the policies that sparked the protest have led to speculation that her late husband, predecessor in office and leader of the Justicialist Party, Néstor Kirchner, controlled her administration. The British weekly newspaper The Economist has described this situation as Kirchner "paying the price for her husband's pig-headedness". On 20 October 2008, Fernández proposed the transfer of nearly US $30 billion in private pension holdings to the social security system, a law that was passed by Congress in late November 2008. President Cristina Kirchner is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.^[72]

Other protests

In 2012 labor leader and Secretary General of the CGT Hugo Moyano organized a protest at Plaza de Mayo, with 30,000 people, requesting the abolition of capital gains tax.^[73]

Several other political scandals came to light in 2012, such as the liberation of sentenced prisoners for government-organized demonstrations,^[74] political advocacy of The Cámpora at elementary and high schools,^[75] and the creation of paramilitary units in Jujuy, led by Milagro Sala. More than 200,000 people in many cities of the country took part in a protest against Kirchner in September 2012;^[76] the protest was followed by a protest of the gendarmeria and another of the CTA.^[77] The largest demonstration was the 8N, which took place on 8 November.

Buenos Aires and La Plata suffered floods in April, with more than 70 deaths. Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed that the national government prevents the city from taking international loans, which did not allow for infrastructure improvements.^[78] A week later, Kirchner announced an amendment of the Argentine judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposes to limit the injunctions against the state, the second to include people selected in national elections at the body that appoints or accuses judges, and the third to create a new court that would limit the number of cases treated by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered that those bills attempt to control the judiciary.^[79] The 2013 season of the investigative journalism program Periodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption, named "The Route of the K-Money", which generated a huge political controversy.^[80] Both things led to a huge cacerolazo on 18 April, known as the 18A.^[81]

Corruption scandals

During the first days of Fernández's presidency, Argentina's relations with the United States deteriorated as a result of allegations made by an Assistant United States Attorney of illegal campaign contributions, in a case known as the maletinazo (suitcase scandal). According to these allegations, Venezuelan agents tried to pressure Venezuelan American citizen Guido Antonini Wilson to lie about the origin of US$790,550 in cash found in his suitcase on 4 August 2007 at a Buenos Aires airport. U.S. prosecutors allege the money was sent to help Kirchner's presidential campaign.^[82] Fernández de Kirchner and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez called the allegations "a trashing operation" and part of a conspiracy orchestrated by the US to divide Latin American nations. On 19 December 2007, she restricted the US ambassador's activities and limited his meetings to Foreign Ministry officials; a treatment reserved for hostile countries, in the opinion of a former US Assistant Secretary of State.^[83][84] However, on 31 January in a special meeting with Kirchner, the US Ambassador to Argentina, Earl Anthony Wayne, clarified that the allegations "were never made by the United States government", saying that the prosecutors making the charges are part of the independent judicial branch of the US government, and the dispute cooled down.^[85] Elisa Carrió and María Estenssoro, both high-ranking members of the main opposition parties, have claimed that the Argentine government's response to the allegations and its criticism of the US are a "smokescreen"; that the US involvement in the affair was merely symptomatic, and the root cause of the scandal is corruption in the Argentine and Venezuelan governments.^[86]

Allegations of impropriety have contributed increasingly to the Kirchners' decline in approval. The couple's own, latest federal financial disclosure in July 2009 revealed an increase in their personal assets by seven times since Néstor Kirchner's 2003 inauguration. The increase was partly the product of land deals in El Calafate, a scenic, Santa Cruz Province town where the couple had long vacationed and owned property (including 450 acres (1.8 km²) of land and two hotels).^[87]

Following charges of embezzlement filed by a local attorney, Enrique Piragini, on 29 October, Federal Judge Norberto Oyarbide ordered an accounting expert to investigate the origin of the Kirchners' wealth. Public records show that since their arrival to power in 2003, the declared assets of the Kirchners increased by 572%. A preliminary report on the investigation by the Argentine Anti Corruption Office (OA) established that the official figures provided by the Kirchners "don't stack up".^[88] The investigation was suspended by Judge Oyarbide on 30 December, though a week later, Piragini appealed the ruling.^[89]

The Vice President Amado Boudou got involved in a political scandal, suspected of favoring the Ciccone currency printing business.^[90]

Fernández’s net worth increase has been subject to controversy.^[91] She claims that her net worth has been influenced by her successful law firm.^[92] Fernandez' net worth dropped in 2010 because 50 percent of Kirchner's assets were inherited by his sons after Nestor's death.

The firm Hotesur, which belongs to Cristina Kirchner, manages her hotels in El Calafate. The deputy Margarita Stolbizer pointed that it had not paid taxes in years, that there are no people at its legal address, and that it did not report its annual balances or its currect authorities to the IGJ as all such firms are expected to do. Those hotels are hired by the businessman Lázaro Báez, who makes public works, but the rooms stay empty most of the time.^[93] Báez is, in turn, accused of money laundering in The Route of the K-Money scandal.^[94] The IGJ had not requested Hotesur to fix its situation, and refuses since 2012 to provide information about it to the press.^[95]

Human rights

On 17 October 2009 Fernández de Kirchner proposed the compulsory submission of DNA samples in cases related to the dirty war, in a move lauded by the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, but excoriated by opposition figures as a political move against Clarín Media Group Chairperson Ernestina Herrera de Noble, who is in litigation over the Noble siblings case and whose previous cordial relations with Kirchnerism had recently soured.^[96]

Relationship with the media

It is estimated that the Kirchner government controls nearly 80% of the Argentine media, either directly or indirectly.^[97] TV Pública Digital, the state-owned TV channel, was turned into a government-propaganda vehicle.^[97] Soccer broadcasting was nationalized in the program Fútbol para todos, and then filled with pro-government advertisements.^[98] On the other hand, the Clarín group publishes the Clarín newspaper, the largest selling one in the country, which is not aligned with them.^[97]

The Kirchner government made a campaign against the Clarín group, which included over 450 legal and administrative acts of harassment, as reported by the Global Editors Network. One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising, to benefit the media aligned with the government.^[97]

The government tries to enforce a controversial media law that would force Clarín to sell most of the assets and lose licences. The law was initially sanctioned as a competition law for the media, but critics point out that it is only used to further the campaign against Clarín.^[97] The government had little interest to enforce measures of the law that were not related to Clarín.^[99] Clarín launched a constitutional challenge on some articles of the law at the judiciary; and the government released an advertisement against Clarín, claiming that they refused to obey the law and that they may be subverting democracy.^[100] The conflict even led to disputes with the judiciary, as the minister Julio Alak said that benefiting Clarín with an extended injunction during the trial would be an insurrection, and it was rumored that judges that did not rule as the government wanted may face impeachment.^[99]

Cristina Kirchner claims that journalistic objectivity does not exist, and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests.^[100] She also justified the lack of press conferences, arguing that it is not important for her administration.^[100]

Anthony Mills, deputy director of the International Press Institute, compared the harassment against the press in Argentina with the cases of Venezuela and Ecuador. He considered unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism, and pointed that the freedom of the press may be declining in Argentina.^[100]

2009 midterm elections

Following the 28 June 2009, mid-term elections, the ruling FPV's party list lost its absolute majority in both houses of Congress, shedding a further 24 seats in the Lower House (including allies) and 4 in the Senate. They lost in the four most important electoral districts (home to 60% of Argentines), and among these, the loss was narrow only in the Province of Buenos Aires. The FPV obtained a very narrow victory, overall, as a percentage of the national vote, and retained their plurality in Congress which was reflected in strengthened opposition alliances, notably the center-right Unión Pro, the centrist Civic Coalition and the left-wing Proyecto Sur, when elected candidates in both chambers took office on 11 December 2009.^[101]

2013 midterm elections

The Front for Victory had plans for a new re-election of Cristina Kirchner in 2015, which would require an amendment to the constitution of Argentina. Cristina Kirchner never commented on those plans herself, which were always proposed by other politicians from her party. Although the Front for Victory had the majority in both houses of the Congress since 2011, it did not have the supermajority required for such an amendment. Sergio Massa, mayor of Tigre and a former chief of cabinet of Cristina Kirchner, was the main opposition figure. Argentina lacked a big opposition party since the collapse of the Radical Civic Union in 2001; Massa created instead an alternative party that also stood for Peronism.^[102]

Foreign policy

She said in a speech at the United Nations that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant jihadist group may be trying to kill her, and later that there could be a conspiracy against her led by the US; Elisa Carrió dismissed such threats as mere conspiracy theories.^[103] In her speech, she accused the "vulture funds" of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them "economic terrorists".^[104][105]

Latin America

In March 2010, Fernández de Kirchner made a historic trip to Peru to make amends, a country with whom relations had been adversely affected following the Carlos Menem administration's illegal sale of weapons to Ecuador in the 1990s.^[106]

On 19 April, she was invited to the bicentenary of the independence celebrations in Venezuela, where she was the main speaker in front of the National Assembly.^[107] She signed 25 trade agreements with Venezuela relating to food, technology and energy.^[108]

On 30 September, she hosted the UNASUR presidents' emergency summit at Buenos Aires due to the Ecuador crisis. She then began an official visit to Germany the next day in order to participate as a Guest of Honor at the Frankfurt Book Fair and meet Chancellor Angela Merkel. In October she inaugurated the Three News Agencies World Congress held in Bariloche.^[109]

United States

Fernández received a visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Buenos Aires, where she received great support for the way her administration was managing its foreign debt^[110] and emphasized the positive relationship between the two countries^[111] something which was not reported by local major news media.^[112]

She also had a major dispute with the United States after seizing an American military airplane, accusing the U.S. of smuggling in undeclared firearms, surveillance equipment, and morphine for ulterior motives.^[113]

United Kingdom

On 22 February 2010 (2010-02-22),^[114] British oil explorer Desire Petroleum started drilling exploration wells some 100 kilometres (60 mi) north of the disputed Falkland Islands, despite strong opposition from Argentina which took the issue to the Latin America and Caribbean presidents summit where it received unanimous support.^[115] According to geological surveys carried out in 1998, there could be 60 billion barrels (9.5×10^⁹ m³) of oil in the area around the islands but the initial 2010 drilling produced poor results.^[116] As a result, Desire's share price plummeted and the company announced further drilling could begin later in 2010.^[117]

Middle East

Her administration sought to increase bilateral relations with Angola and Iran. Since there is suspected Iranian involvement in the 1994 AMIA bombing, Kirchner's relations with the Argentine Jewish community deteriorated.^[118] Fernández gave her United Nations General Assembly speech where she again criticized Britain over the Falklands (Malvinas) issue, and Iran for the 1994 AMIA bombing while giving her support for an Israeli-Palestinian dialogue and an eventual Palestinian state.^[119]

Argentina signed an accord with Iran in relation to the Amia bombing. According to it, the Iranian suspects will be interrogated in Iran, under Iranian law. Not all suspects would be interrogated, but only those with a "red alert" arrest order from Interpol. This accord was rejected by the opposition parties and the Jewish community, who deemed it unconstitutional.^[120]

In 2004, Alberto Nisman was appointed as a special prosecutor in charge of the AMIA bombing investigation in which 85 people were killed. He produced an indictment for seven Iranian officials, including a former Iranian President and Hezbollah’s senior military commander. In 2013, Kirchner signed a deal establishing a “truth commission” permitting Argentine judges to travel to Tehran and interview the suspects. On January 14, 2015, Nisman accused the President of engaging in a criminal conspiracy to bury the AMIA case. On January 18, 2015 Nisman died. Initially, Kirchner declared his death a suicide, but reversed herself days later, saying that Nisman had been murdered in a conspiracy to frame her. Most of Argentina believes that Nisman was murdered and half the country believes that Kirchner's government was involved.^{[121][122][123][124]}

China

In July 2010, she traveled to the People's Republic of China with the goal of strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries.^[125] In 2015, during a trip to China, she tweeted a message replacing the letter 'r' with the letter 'l' so as to write in Spanish, "lice and petloleum," instead of 'rice and petroleum,' seemingly mocking the accent of the Chinese hosts. Another message was released shortly afterwards apologising for the initial message.^[126][127]

Cabinet

On 14 November 2007, the president-elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the 12 ministers appointed, seven were already ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time.^[30] Three other ministries were created afterwards.

Source:^[128]

Chief of Cabinet and Ministers of Cristina Kirchner's Government
Office	Name	Term
Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers	Alberto Fernández Sergio Massa Aníbal Fernández Juan M. Abal Medina, Jr Jorge Capitanich Aníbal Fernández	10 Dec 2007 – 23 Jul 2008 24 Jul 2008 – 7 Jul 2009 8 Jul 2009 – 10 Dec 2011 10 Dec 2011 – 20 Nov 2013 20 Nov 2013 – 26 Feb 2015 26 Feb 2015 - 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Interior and Transport	Florencio Randazzo	10 Dec 2007 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship (Chancellor)	Jorge Taiana Héctor Timerman	10 Dec 2007 – 18 Jun 2010 18 Jun 2010 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Defense	Nilda Garré Arturo Puricelli Agustín Rossi	10 Dec 2007 – 15 Dec 2010 15 Dec 2010 – 3 Jun 2013 3 Jun 2013 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Economy	Martín Lousteau Carlos Fernández Amado Boudou Hernán Lorenzino Axel Kicillof	10 Dec 2007 – 24 Apr 2008 25 Apr 2008 – 7 Jul 2009 8 Jul 2009 – 10 Dec 2011 10 Dec 2011 – 20 Nov 2013 20 Nov 2013 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services	Julio de Vido	10 Dec 2007 –10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Justice, and Human Rights	Aníbal Fernández Julio Alak	10 Dec 2007 – 7 Jul 2009 8 Jul 2009 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Security	Nilda Garré Arturo Puricelli María Cecilia Rodríguez	15 Dec 2010 – 3 Jun 2013 3 Jun 2013 – 4 Dec 2013 4 Dec 2013 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Work, Labour and Social Security	Carlos Tomada	10 Dec 2007 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Health and Environment	Graciela Ocaña Juan Luis Manzur Daniel Gollán	10 Dec 2007 – 30 Jun 2009 1 Jul 2009 – 26 Feb 2015 26 Feb 2015 -10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Social Development	Alicia Kirchner de Mercado	10 Dec 2007 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Education	Juan Carlos Tedesco Alberto Sileoni	10 Dec 2007 – 20 Jul 2009 20 Jul 2009 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation	Lino Barañao	10 Dec 2007 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Industry	Débora Giorgi	26 Nov 2008 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Agriculture	Julián Domínguez Norberto Yahuar Carlos Casamiquela	1 Oct 2009 – 10 Dec 2011 10 Dec 2011 – 20 Nov 2013 20 Nov 2013 – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Tourism	Carlos Enrique Meyer	28 Jun 2010[129] – 10 Dec 2015
Ministry of Culture	Teresa Parodi	7 May 2014 – 10 Dec 2015

Post presidency

Cristina Kirchner intended to remain an influential figure over Argentine politics after her presidency, to eventually return in the 2019 elections. Her son Máximo Kirchner, leader of La Cámpora, said that "we may hand the government, but not the power". She counted with wealthy businessmen such as Lázaro Báez, ten thousand of members of La Cámpora working at the ministries, legislators that would reject all bills that Cambiemos may send to the Congress, and control of the Santa Cruz Province. However, her leadership is resisted in the Justicialist Party, who blame her for the defeat in the 2015 elections, and consider that her intransigence may be a liability for the party.^[130] As a result, a group of legislators broke away from the Front for Victory bloc and started a non-kirchnerite bloc in the Congress.^[131] Without a steady supply of money from the government, Báez soon got near bankruptcy. Macri fired a huge number of state employees that did not do actual jobs, and Santa Cruz got in an economic crisis.^[132]

Public image

The media aligned with the government is used to promote the figures of both Cristina and Néstor Kirchner, who are described as the leaders of a popular left-wing revolution waged against foreign enemies. This advocacy is usually called the "Relato K" (Spanish: K Narrative).^[133] Politicians, public people and institutions are treated as "good" or "evil" according to the political needs of the moment.^[134] The demonstrations against the government and the criticisms of other political parties are usually described as attempts to make a coup d'état against Cristina Kirchner,^[135] as well as the actions of the Vulture funds.^[136] The "Relato K" is based on the premise that there are no facts or absolute truths, and that any assertion would be true or false according to the political stance of the speaker towards the government.^[137]

The magazine Forbes ranked her as thirteenth in the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world in 2008, at the start of her presidency.^[138] She gradually lowered her positions, and as of 2014, she is listed as the #19th.^[139]

Cristina Kirchner used widow clothings since the death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010. As this style benefited her personal image among the society,^[140] she kept using it for over three years.^[141]

Personal life

In 1973, during her studies at the National University of La Plata, she met her future spouse, Néstor Kirchner. They were married on 9 May 1975, and had two children: Máximo (1977) and Florencia (1990).^[18] Néstor Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 after suffering a heart attack.^[142]

Health

On 27 December 2011, presidential spokesman Alfredo Scoccimarro announced that Fernández had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer on 22 December and that she would undergo surgery on 4 January 2012. However, it was later released that she had been misdiagnosed and did not have cancer.^[143] On 5 October 2013, doctors ordered Fernández to rest for a month after they found blood on her brain, due to a head injury she received on August 8, 2012.^[144] Fernández was re-admitted to hospital and had successful surgery on 8 October 2013 to remove blood covering her brain.^[145]

Increasingly long periods without public appearances have led to media speculation regarding her health.^[146]

In December 2014 she was hospitalised after she broke her ankle.^[147]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

8. Francisco Fernández de O Campo[148] b. Spain                       4. Pascasio Fernández Gómez[148] b. 27 Feb 1862 A Fonsagrada, Galicia, Spain                             9. Isabel Gómez Díaz[148] b. Spain                       2. Eduardo Fernández b. 1921 Argentina                                   5. Amparo Fernandez b. Asturias, Spain                             1. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner[149] b. 19 Feb 1953 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina                                         6. Carlos Wilhelm                             3. Ofelia Esther Wilhelm b. circa 1930[150] Argentina                                   7. María Vicenta Pulido Plaza b. Madrid, Spain

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

• Skard, Torild (2014). "Cristina Fernández de Kirchner". Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 9781447315780. 
• Di Marco, Laura (2012). La Cámpora. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3798-2. 
• Gelb, Joyce; Lief Palley, Marian (2009). Women & Politics around the world. United States: ABC Clio, Inc. ISBN 978-1-85109-988-7. 
• Mendelevich, Pablo (2013). El Relato Kirchnerista en 200 expresiones [The Kirchnerite speech in 200 words] (in Spanish). Argentina: Ediciones B. ISBN 978-987-627-412-8. 
• McCloskey, Erin (September 2011). Argentina. England: The Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-84162-351-1. 

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (category)

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

• (Spanish) Official site of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
• (Spanish) Senate of the Argentine Republic website
• (Spanish) Extensive biography by CIDOB Foundation
• Cristina Fernández de Kirchner at the Internet Movie Database

Honorary titles
Preceded by Hilda de Duhalde	First Lady of Argentina 2003–2007	Succeeded by Néstor Kirchner as First Gentleman of Argentina
Political offices
Preceded by Néstor Kirchner	President of Argentina 2007–2015	Succeeded by Mauricio Macri

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Presidency Events Conflict with the agricultural sector Argentine currency controls Argentine debt restructuring Maipu Treaty Renationalization of YPF Elections 2007 general elections 2009 legislative elections 2011 general elections 2013 legislative elections Laws Same-sex marriage in Argentina Universal allocation per child Demonstrations September 2012 cacerolazo 8N 18A 13N 18F Advocacy Kirchnerism La Cámpora Carta Abierta Nunca menos Unidos y organizados Scandals The Route of the K-Money Hotesur scandal 2011 Argentina–United States diplomatic crisis 2013 Buenos Aires train crash Police revolts Conflicts with the media Boudougate 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster Murder of Mariano Ferreyra Maletinazo Noble siblings case Schoklender scandal Family Néstor Kirchner Alicia Kirchner Máximo Kirchner Other Public image

Cabinet of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2011) President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2011) Vice president Julio Cobos (2007–2011) Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers Alberto Fernández (2007–2008) Sergio Massa (2008–2009) Aníbal Fernández (2009–2011) Ministry of Interior Florencio Randazzo (2007–2011) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship Jorge Taiana (2007–2010) Héctor Timerman (2010–2011) Ministry of Defense Nilda Garré (2007–2010) Arturo Puricelli (2010–2011) Ministry of Economy Martín Lousteau (2007–2008) Carlos Rafael Fernández (2008–2009) Amado Boudou (2009–2011) Ministry of Education Juan Carlos Tedesco (2007–2009) Alberto Sileoni (2009–2011) Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services Julio de Vido (2007–2011) Ministry of Labour Carlos Tomada (2007–2011) Ministry of Health Graciela Ocaña (2007–2009) Juan Luis Manzur (2009–2011) Ministry of social welfare Alicia Kirchner (2007–2011) Ministry of Justice Aníbal Fernández (2007–2009) Julio Alak (2009–2011) Minister of Science Lino Barañao (2007–2011) Minister of Industry Débora Giorgi (2007–2011) Minister of Agriculture Julián Domínguez (2007–2011) Minister of Tourism Carlos Enrique Meyer (2007–2011) Minister of Security Nilda Garré (2010–2011)

Cabinet of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2011–2015) President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2011–2015) Vice president Amado Boudou (2011–2015) Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers Juan Manuel Abal Medina (2011–2013) Jorge Capitanich (2013–2015) Aníbal Fernández (2015) Ministry of Interior Florencio Randazzo (2011–2015) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship Héctor Timerman (2011–2015) Ministry of Defense Arturo Puricelli (2011–2013) Agustín Rossi (2013–2015) Ministry of Economy Hernán Lorenzino (2011–2013) Axel Kicillof (2013–2015) Ministry of Education Alberto Sileoni (2011–2015) Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services Julio de Vido (2011–2015) Ministry of Labour Carlos Tomada (2011–2015) Ministry of Health Juan Luis Manzur (2011–2015) Daniel Gollán (2015) Ministry of social welfare Alicia Kirchner (2011–2015) Ministry of Justice Julio Alak (2011–2015) Ministry of Science Lino Barañao (2011–2015) Ministry of Industry Débora Giorgi (2011–2015) Ministry of Agriculture Norberto Yauhar (2011–2013) Carlos Casamiquela (2013–2015) Ministry of Tourism Carlos Enrique Meyer (2011–2015) Ministry of Security Nilda Garré (2011–2013) Arturo Puricelli (2013) María Cecilia Rodríguez (2013–2015) Ministry of Culture Teresa Parodi (2014–2015)

Heads of state of Argentina May Revolution and Independence War Period up to Asamblea del Año XIII (1810–1814) Primera Junta Junta Grande First Triumvirate Second Triumvirate Supreme Directors of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1814–1820) Gervasio Antonio de Posadas Carlos María de Alvear Juan José Viamonte José Rondeau Ignacio Álvarez Thomas Antonio González de Balcarce Juan Martín de Pueyrredón José Rondeau Juan Pedro Aguirre Unitarian Republic – First Presidential Government (1826–1827) Bernardino Rivadavia Vicente López y Planes Pacto Federal and Argentine Confederation (1827–1862) Manuel Dorrego Juan Manuel de Rosas Juan Ramón Balcarce Juan José Viamonte Manuel Vicente Maza Juan Manuel de Rosas Justo José de Urquiza Santiago Derqui Juan Esteban Pedernera National Organization – Argentine Republic (1862–1880) Bartolomé Mitre Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Nicolás Avellaneda Generation of '80 – Oligarchic Republic (1880–1916) Julio Argentino Roca Miguel Juárez Celman Carlos Pellegrini Luis Sáenz Peña José Evaristo Uriburu Julio Argentino Roca Manuel Quintana José Figueroa Alcorta Roque Sáenz Peña Victorino de la Plaza First Radical Civic Union terms, after secret ballot (1916–1930) Hipólito Yrigoyen Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear Hipólito Yrigoyen Infamous Decade (1930–1943) José Félix Uriburu Agustín Pedro Justo Roberto María Ortiz Ramón Castillo Revolution of '43 military dictatorships (1943–1946) Arturo Rawson Pedro Pablo Ramírez Edelmiro Julián Farrell First Peronist terms (1946–1955) Juan Domingo Perón Revolución Libertadora military dictatorships (1955–1958) Eduardo Lonardi Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Fragile civilian governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966) Arturo Frondizi José María Guido Arturo Umberto Illia Revolución Argentina military dictatorships (1966–1973) Juan Carlos Onganía Roberto M. Levingston Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Return of Perón (1973–1976) Héctor José Cámpora Raúl Alberto Lastiri Juan Domingo Perón Isabel Martínez de Perón National Reorganization Process military dictatorships (1976–1983) Jorge Rafael Videla Roberto Eduardo Viola Leopoldo Galtieri Reynaldo Bignone Return to democracy (1983–present) Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Carlos Saúl Menem Fernando de la Rúa Adolfo Rodríguez Saá Eduardo Duhalde Néstor Kirchner Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Mauricio Macri Portal:Argentina Politics of Argentina President of Argentina List of heads of state of Argentina

Front for Victory Presidents of Argentina Néstor Kirchner Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Member parties Justicialist Party Broad Front Communist Party of Argentina Humanist Party Radicales K Party wings La Cámpora (youth wing) Related Kirchnerism

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 84263748 LCCN: no2005003172 ISNI: 0000 0003 7431 2755 GND: 133818780 SUDOC: 092178618 BNF: cb16671609g (data) NKC: js20070907004 BNE: XX5236896