Demographics of Crimea

As of 2014, the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was at 2.248.400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485, Sevastopol: 395,000).[1] This is down from the 2001 Ukrainian Census figure, which was 2.376.000 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea: 2,033,700, Sevastopol: 342,451).[2]

History

The Crimean interior has been ethnically diverse throughout its recorded history, changing hands numerous times, while the south coast was held continuously for most of the last two millennia by various Roman (and Eastern Roman) states. The interior was dominated by a succession of Scytho-Sarmatian, Gothic, Hunnic, Turkic, Mongol and Slavic conquests. Its south coast was Greek speaking under the Romans (47 BC -330 AD) and their successor states, the Byzantine Empire (330 AD - 1204 AD), the Empire of Trebizond (1204 AD - 1461 AD), and the independent Principality of Theodoro (1461 AD - 1475 AD). In 1475 the region was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. During the late Middle Ages a few coastal cities were ruled by Italian city states.

The Crimean Tatars emerged as a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to Crimea in the early modern period, during the lifetime of the Crimean Khanate, and by the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire in 1783, they formed the clear majority of Crimean population. The colonization "New Russia" (the Novorossiysk Governorate, of which the later Taurida Governorate formed a part) at the end of 18th century was led by Prince Grigori Potemkin who was granted the powers of an absolute ruler over the area by Catherine the Great. The lands were generously given to the Russian dvoryanstvo (nobility), and the enserfed peasantry mostly from Ukraine and fewer from Russia were transferred to cultivate what was a sparsely populated steppe. Catherine the Great also invited European settlers to these newly conquered lands: Germans, Poles, Italians, and others. Crimea is geographically and demographically divided into three regions, the steppe interior, the mountains, and the coast. The Tatars were the predominant portion of the population in the mountainous area and about half of the steppe population, while Russians were concentrated most heavily in the Feodosiya district. Germans and Bulgarians settled in the Crimea at the beginning of 19th century, receiving a large allotment and fertile land. Wealthy colonists later bought substantial portions of land, mainly in Perekopsky and Yevpatoria districts.

Linguistic composition of uyezds (povits) of Taurida Governorate in 1897 (Russian Empire Census)

By the 1897 Russian Empire Census, Crimean Tatars continued to form a slight plurality (35%) of Crimea's still largely rural population, but there were large numbers of Russians (33%) and Ukrainians (11%), as well as smaller numbers of Germans, Jews (including Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites), Bulgarians, Belarusians, Turks, Armenians, and Greeks and Roma (gypsies).

The upheavals and ethnic cleansing of the 20th century vastly changed Crimea's ethnic situation. In 1944, 200,000 Crimean Tatars were deported from Crimea to Central Asia and Siberia, along with 70,000 Greeks and 14,000 Bulgarians and other nationalities.[3][4] By the latter 20th century, Russians and Ukrainians made up almost the entire population. However, with the fall of the Soviet Union, exiled Crimean Tatars began returning to their homeland and would become 10% of the population by the beginning of the 21st century.

Ethnicities and languages

According to the (2001 census), the ethnic makeup of Crimea's population consists of the following self-reported groups: Russians:1.18 million (58.3%), Ukrainians: 492,200 (24.3%), Crimean Tatars: 243,400 (12.0%), Belarusians: 29,200 (1.4%), other Tatars: 11,000 (0.5%), Armenians: 8,700 (0.4%).[5]

Ethnic
group		 1897 census [6][7] 1926 census [8] 1939 census [9] 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census [10] 1989 census [11] 2001 census 1 2014 cenus [12][13][14]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians 180,96333.11% 301,39842.2% 558,48149.6% 858,27371.4% 1,220,48467.3% 1,460,98066.9% 1,629,54267.0% 1,450,40060.4% 1,492,00065,3%
Ukrainians 64,70311.84% 77,40510.6% 154,12313.7% 267,65922.3% 480,73326.5% 547,33625.1% 625,91925.8% 576,60024.0% 344,50015,7%
Crimean Tatars (+ Tartars) 194,29435.55% 179,09425.1% 218,87919.4% 5,4220.2% 38,3651.6% 258,70010.8% 246,07312,2%
Belarusians 2,0580.38% 3,8420.5% 6,7260.6% 21,6721.8% 39,7932.2% 45,000 (e)2.1% 50,0452.1% 35,0001.5% 21,7000,9%
Armenians 8,3171.52% 10,7131.5% 12,9231.1% 3,0910.2% 2,7940.1% 10,0000.4% 11,0000,5%
Jews 24,1684.42% 45,9266.4% 65,4525.8% 26,3742.2% 25,6141.4% 17,3710.7% 5,5000.2%
Others 72,08913.19%
Total population 546,592 713,823 1,126,429 1,201,517 1,813,502 2,184,000 2,430,495 2,401,200 2,284,400
1 For comparison with prior censuses the results of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol were combined
Percentage of Crimean Tatars

Other minorities are Black Sea Germans, Roma, Bulgarians, Poles, Azerbaijanis, Koreans, Greeks and Italians. The number of Crimea Germans was 45,000 in 1941.[15] In 1944, 70,000 Greeks and 14,000 Bulgarians from the Crimea were deported to Central Asia and Siberia,[3] along with 200,000 Crimean Tatars and other nationalities.[4]

According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language, 11.4% – Crimean Tatar, and 10.1% – Ukrainian.[16] Of the Ukrainians in Crimea, 40% gave Ukrainian as their native language, with 60% identifying as ethnic Ukrainians while giving Russian as their primary language. 93% of Crimean Tatars gave Crimean Tatar as their native language, 6% were Russophone.[17] In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea only in around 15 schools at that point of time. Turkey has provided the greatest support to Ukraine, which has been unable to resolve the problem of education in the mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.[18] Ukrainian was until 2014 the single official state language countrywide, but in Crimea government business was carried out mainly in Russian. Attempts to expand the usage of Ukrainian in education and government affairs have been less successful in Crimea than in other areas of the nation.[19]

Currently two thirds of migrants into Crimea are from other regions of Ukraine; every fifth migrant is from elsewhere in the former Soviet Union and every 40th from outside of it. Three quarters of those leaving Crimea move to other areas in Ukraine. Every 20th migrates to the West.[16]

The number of Crimean residents who consider Ukraine their motherland increased sharply from 32% to 71.3% from 2008 through 2011; according to a poll by Razumkov Center in March 2011,[20] although this is the lowest number in all Ukraine (93% on average across the country).[20] Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that around 30% of Crimean residents claim to have retained a self-identified "Soviet identity".[21]

Since the independence of Ukraine in 1991, 3.8 million former citizens of Russia have applied for Ukrainian citizenship.[22]

In 2014 after Russian annexation of Crimea new authorities conducted a census. According to the census result the population of the Crimean Federal District is 2.2844 million people. The ethnic composition is as follows: Russians: 1.49 million (65.3%), Ukrainians: 0.35 million (15.1%), Crimean Tatars: 0.28 million (12.0%).[23][24] Oficial Ukrainian authorities and Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People claimed doubts that the results of population census in Crimea represent the facts.[25]

Trends

The population of the Crimean Peninsula has been consistently falling at a rate of 0.4% per year.[26] This is particularly apparent in both the Russian and Ukrainian ethnic populations, whose growth rate has been falling at the rate of 0.6% and 0.12% annually respectively. In comparison, the ethnic Crimean Tatar population has been growing at the rate of 0.9% per annum.[27]

The growing trend in the Crimean Tatar population has been explained by the continuing repatriation of Crimean Tatars, mainly from Uzbekistan.

Crimea also hosts a large population of refugees from eastern Ukraine, accounting for the growth in the number of Russians on the peninsula

Education

The 2001 Ukrainian census for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea cites the following figures for the population of "able-to-work age" (men 16–59 years, women 16–54 years):[28]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Crimea

The Crimean peninsula was Christianised at an early time, via Gothic Christianity, in the 4th century. In the 9th century, the Goths in Crimea turned to the Greek Orthodox Church, under the Metropolitanate of Gothia. In 988, Prince Vladimir I of Kiev also captured the Byzantine town of Chersonesos (presently part of Sevastopol) where he later converted to Christianity. Christianity was mostly swept away by the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1230s. Islam becomes the state religion of the Golden Horde in the early 14th century. The first mosque in Crimea was built by Ozbeg Khan in Eski Qırım in 1314. Christianity returned with the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Eastern Orthodox Russian Empire in 1783.

Today, the Crimean Tatars remain mostly Muslim (10% of total population), while the Slavic population (86% of total population) is mostly Orthodox Christian.

References

  1. ↑ http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People
  2. ↑ "Regions of Ukraine / Autonomous Republic of Crimea". 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
  3. 1 2 "The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union" (PDF)
  4. 1 2 "Crimean Tatars Divide Ukraine and Russia". The Jamestown Foundation. June 24, 2009.
  5. ↑ This combines the figures for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, listing groups of more than 5,000 individuals. "Autonomous Republic of Crimea". 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved 2014-03-24.; "Sevastopol". 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  6. ↑ These numbers exclude the population numbers for Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky Uyezds, which were on mainland. See the administrative divisions of the Taurida Governorate
  7. ↑ "The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897 - Taurida Governorate". http://demoscope.ru. Демоскоп. Retrieved 18 June 2014. External link in |website= (help)
    Taurida Governate Berdyansk District Dneiper District Melitopol District Crimea
    Russians 404,463 55,303 42,180 126,017 180,963
    Ukrainians 611,121 179,177 156,151 211,090 64,703
    Tatars 196,854 770 506 1,284 194,294
    Belarusians 9,726 1,323 3,005 3,340 2,058
    Armenians 8,938 201 47 373 8,317
    Jews 55,418 8,889 6,298 16,063 24,168
    Other 161,270 59,055 4,054 26,072 72,089
    Total Population 1,447,790 304,718 212,241 384,239 546,592
  8. ↑
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ Crimea - Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 73
  11. ↑ Crimea - Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 72
  12. ↑ http://en.krymedia.ru/nationality/3373760-Only-33-of-Crimeans-Mention-Ukrainian-as-Their-Native-Language
  13. ↑ http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=552E31B8AFC23
  14. ↑ https://eurasianstudies.wordpress.com/2015/03/19/russian-census-of-crimea-nationality-results/
  15. ↑ "A People on the Move: Germans in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union: 1763 – 1997". North Dakota State University Libraries.
  16. 1 2 "Results / General results of the census / Linguistic composition of the population / Autonomous Republic of Crimea". 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
  17. ↑ Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea. 2001 Ukrainian census
  18. ↑ Crimean Tatar language in danger, Avrupa Times, 02/19/2013
  19. ↑ Bondaruk, Halyna (March 3, 2007). "Yushchenko Appeals to Crimean Authority Not to Speculate on Language". Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  20. 1 2 Poll: Most Crimean residents consider Ukraine their motherland, Kyiv Post (11 April 2011)
  21. ↑ Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine:Understanding Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region by Taras Kuzio (23 August 2011)
  22. ↑ http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/among_foreigners_who_became_ukrainian_citizens_last_year_most_russians__state_migration_service_318186
  23. ↑ https://eurasianstudies.wordpress.com/2015/03/19/russian-census-of-crimea-nationality-results/
  24. ↑ http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/crimea-to-hold-first-census-since-russian-annexation/509401.html
  25. ↑ http://qha.com.ua/mejlis-doubts-preliminary-results-of-crimean-census-133367en.html
  26. ↑ Falling Population growth rate in Crimea (in Ukrainian)
  27. ↑ Population growth in Crimea (in Ukrainian)
  28. ↑ distribution of population by age and educational standard 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua
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