Copyright Alert System

The Copyright Alert System (CAS) is a private system for alerting, educating, and punishing subscribers of five major Internet service providers in the United States of America, based on accusations of the use of BitTorrent and peer-to-peer file sharing to infringe the copyrights of certain entertainment corporations by distributing, without authorization, those companies' intellectual property. The press has branded the CAS as a "six strikes" program.[1] The participating Internet service providers (ISPs) are AT&T, Cablevision, Time Warner Cable, Verizon and Comcast.

The CAS is intended to be a graduated response system wherein participating ISPs send up to six[2] electronic warnings notifying subscribers of alleged copyright infringement, as reported by a monitoring service working on behalf of participating copyright owners.[3] If copyright infringement is reported after a final warning, the ISPs have agreed to implement "mitigation measures", which can include penalties such as bandwidth throttling.[4][5]

The CAS framework was established on July 7, 2011 by the Center for Copyright Information (CCI), after 3 years in the making.[2] After multiple delays, ISPs began implementing it in late February 2013.[6][7]

Overview

The Center for Copyright Information employs the services of MarkMonitor (often doing business as DtecNet) to detect and monitor suspected copyright infringement activity.[8] Although MarkMonitor monitors many infringement venues, in early 2013 the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) said it appears that for purposes of the CAS, the company will only monitor peer-to-peer traffic from public BitTorrent trackers.[9] The Copyright Alert System does not use deep packet inspection.[10]:361

A review of MarkMonitor's system for the CAS stated that only uploads are monitored, with infringement being suspected when MarkMonitor's BitTorrent client successfully obtains pieces of known-infringing content from a peer in the swarm.[11] The pieces are compared to pieces from an already-downloaded copy of the content, which has already been matched to content samples supplied by the copyright owners.[11]

When suspected infringement is detected, the ISP for the IP address associated with the suspicious activity is notified. The ISP, in turn, notifies the subscriber to whom the IP address was assigned at the time of the alleged infringement, informing the subscriber that their account is suspected of being used to infringe copyright, and to warn of potential consequences. Users who continue to receive warnings may be issued up to six alerts in the form of pop-up messages and e-mails before stronger measures are taken by the ISP.

Intent

The Copyright Alert System is intended to be

“ a consumer-focused process for identifying and notifying residential wired Internet access service customers of the participating ISPs (other than dial-up subscribers) who receive multiple notifications of allegations of online infringement made via P2P networks and applications, in an effort to educate consumers, deter online infringement, and direct consumers to lawful online legitimate sources of content online.[12] ”

The Center for Copyright Information believes that the Copyright Alert System will be effective in reducing both intentional and unintentional copyright infringement. By providing willing infringers with information regarding the serious consequences of copyright infringement, the CCI hopes to steer would-be infringers to legal online content providers. The CCI hopes that unwitting infringers, such as those whose home networks have been hijacked by unauthorized users or the parents of children who are infringing, will use the knowledge that their account is being used for copyright infringement to force users of the account to curtail these activities. The CCI also hopes to increase parents' involvement in what their children are doing online by alerting misconduct and abuse of their accounts.[13]

The EFF claims the materials used to "educate consumers" are "more like propaganda", and that the framework violates the principle of presumption of innocence.[14]

Alerts

The system of alerts is as follows:

Mitigation measures may include: "temporary reductions of Internet speeds, redirection to a landing page until the subscriber contacts the ISP to discuss the matter or reviews and responds to some educational information about copyright, or other measures (as specified in published policies) that the ISP may deem necessary to help resolve the matter".[16] Mitigation measures vary by company. Verizon was the first to reveal their mitigation policy. Their policy specified that violators with more than 3 alerts would be directed to an online copyright law information. Upon a 5th or 6th alert, the user would experience a temporary speed reduction down to 256kbit/s (approximately the speed of dial-up internet access).[17] According to a leaked internal document, AT&T decided that after a 6th alert, a user's "access to many of the most frequently visited websites [would be] restricted" until they completed an "online educational tutorial on copyright".[18] However, AT&T later explained that it would not cut the user off the internet even though such measure appeared in the copyright warning letter. It gave a reason that the six strikes warnings are only allegations; therefore, if the alleged user is still suspected of illegal downloading after completion of the "online educational tutorial on copyright" and the six strikes warnings, unless the copyright owner takes legal action; nothing will happen.[19] Time Warner Cable, stated that it would not discontinue customers' service, but instead redirect users to educational pages on copyright law upon multiple violations.[20]

The CCI says that at no point in the process will the ISPs reveal customer information to the CCI, the monitoring service, or the copyright owners.[21]

The EFF says that because the system "will not identify those who take steps to anonymize their internet traffic using a VPN or Tor" it will not stop dedicated infringers.[9]

The EFF also argues that the mitigation measures to be undertaken by ISPs in response to alleged copyright infringement are overly harsh, as they may be used to deny consumers access to the Internet, which EFF maintains is as fundamental a right in the digital era as is access to other utilities such as electricity.[22] Annemarie Bridy wrote that although temporary suspension is a possible mitigation measure, market pressure would discourage ISPs from using it, instead relying on more educational measures.[23]:39–40 Mueller, Kuehn, and Santoso attributed the ISPs' adoption of the Copyright Alert System to its voluntary nature and the fact the ISPs are not required to terminate accounts under the Copyright Alert System.[10]:361

Appeal process

The CAS process does not allow alerts to be challenged until a mitigation measure is about to be imposed.[24] At that time, the subscriber may request, through a special link provided by their ISP, a special arbitration proceeding.[24] The proceeding will be administered by the American Arbitration Association (AAA),[24] and the arbitrator will be selected by the AAA.[23]:33 The process is "automated to the maximum extent practicable",[23]:33 with the intent of resolving the dispute within thirty days of filing.[23]:37

The appeal must be requested within 14 days of the alert triggering the mitigation measure.[24] The subscriber must pay a $35 filing fee, unless the fee is waived by the AAA.[24] According to CCI Executive Director Jill Lesser, the $35 fee "defrays a small part of the cost of the appeal and is intended to discourage frivolous appeals".[25] In order to prevail, the subscriber must successfully challenge a specified number of alerts (possibly more than one) to block the mitigation measure and receive a refund of the filing fee.[24]

Subscribers may only challenge alerts on one or more of the following pre-defined grounds:[24][26]

In an appeal, the burden of proof is on the subscriber to demonstrate the elements of one of the above grounds for challenging an alert.[23]:34

The choice of defenses allowed in an appeal has been criticized. The defense of unauthorized use of account is not allowed if the user was a member of the subscriber's household or an invitee, and after the first assertion of this defense, the subscriber must demonstrate by "clear and convincing evidence" that the subscriber "took reasonable steps to secure the account following the first occurrence of unauthorized use".[23]:35 Bridy writes that this creates an obligation for subscribers to secure their Internet connection even when they have no legal or contractual obligation to do so.[23]:35–36 In an Ars Technica article, Cyrus Farivar said that the responsibility placed on the subscriber by the CAS for copyright infringement that occurs using the subscriber's connection would harm the availability of open Wi-Fi that small businesses make available to their customers.[1] In a CCI blog post, Jill Lesser responded that many businesses with open Wi-Fi have business accounts, which are not subject to the CAS. Lesser also said that businesses offering open Wi-Fi through residential accounts would be subject to the CAS, but those accounts, like others subject to the CAS, would not be subject to termination.[27] The defense of publication before 1923 is the only allowable challenge to the copyright status of a work, even though a work may be out of copyright protection for other reasons.[9][23]:36 LaFrance criticizes the presence of the "work published before 1923" defense but not other factual challenges to the copyright status of the work that she says could just as easily be resolved through the appeal process.[28]:178

The subscriber's personal information is not shared with the copyright holder in the appeal process unless the subscriber asserts the defense of authorization and the arbitrator deems disclosure necessary for the copyright holder to respond to the defense.[23]:50 Bridy favorably compares the privacy of an appeal proceeding to the previous system of "mass John Doe litigation".[23]:51 The appeals process involves no hearings and no discovery, although the arbitrator may demand additional information from either party.[23]:54

The CCI says that subscribers may also challenge alerts or mitigation measures in court;[24] Bridy presumes that such a challenge could be made in the form of a request for declaratory judgment that the subscriber did not infringe.[23]:55 Mary LaFrance writes that the system prevents any party from introducing a decision from the appeal process into any judicial proceeding.[28]:175 According to the CCI, the failure of a subscriber to appeal a copyright alert under the Copyright Alert System "will not be construed as an admission or waiver in any other proceeding".[29]

Bridy writes that the copyright law applied in independent reviews will be determined by an expert commissioned by the American Arbitration Association and approved by CCI, who is required to hear "prevailing legal principles" of copyright law as viewed by copyright owners.[23]:55 Bridy suggests that the legal standards in an independent review will call into question the fairness of the independent review proceeding, citing what she says are inaccurate statements from the RIAA on copyright.[23]:56 Bridy also says that the lack of written decisions in the independent review process will make it difficult to determine what the rules are for independent review or whether they are being followed.[23]:57

The EFF says that the mitigation measures may be imposed without any due process, placing the burden of proof on consumers to show that allegations of copyright infringement are unfounded. The organization recommends that, in the absence of copyright infringement detection systems which have been demonstrated to be entirely accurate, the burden of proof must be on the content providers to show copyright infringement prior to the mitigation measures. Bridy writes that IP address collection and content identification methods should be held to a much higher standard (including review by an independent expert with no contractual obligations to the CCI nor non-disclosure obligations), especially since an alert itself can trigger a sanction.[23]:53

The EFF argues that the procedure for objecting to an alert is unfairly burdensome to the consumer and biased towards the media companies.[22] Bridy says that because the Copyright Alert System arises from a mass consumer contract, the potential for the repeat-player effect to jeopardize the neutrality of the arbitrators is present.[23]:55 However, Bridy writes that the independent review process is optional, and users are free to go to court to remove alerts or challenge mitigation measures, unlike in other consumer contracts where arbitration is mandatory. Although Bridy says that few subscribers will go to court owing to the possibility of a large damages award, this alternative allows for full due process safeguards.[23]:55

According to a May 2014 report by the Center for Copyright Information, from the implementation of the Copyright Alert System through the end of 2013, there were 265 appeals, representing 0.27% of the alerts triggering a mitigation measure for which the appeal process was available.[30]:2 Of the appeals, 47 (17.7%) were successful, the "vast majority" of which involved the "unauthorized use of account" defense.[31][30]:2 In none of the appeals was it determined that an account or copyrighted work was misidentified.[30]:10

History

The Copyright Alert System framework was devised by the following companies and organizations:[15]

New York Governor Andrew Cuomo is credited with helping the parties negotiate and create the Copyright Alert System.[10]:361[32] In April 2013, IFPI CEO Frances Moore indicated that the role of the United States Government was greater than previously acknowledged in bringing content owners and ISPs togethers to fight copyright infringement. Specifically she claimed Vice President Joe Biden and "Copyright Czar" Victoria Espinel, were critical players in "pushing the parties to come to some type of agreement". [33]

The negotiating parties completed a Memorandum of Understanding in July 2011 and amended it in August 2011 and October 2012.[12] The agreement establishes the framework for the Copyright Alert System, establishing the roles and expectations of the ISPs, the copyright owners, and the monitoring services.

The Copyright Alert System launched in late February 2013.[6]

The EFF cites a number of problems with the Memorandum of Understanding.[22] Firstly, the EFF criticizes the lack of subscriber representation in the CCI, noting that the establishment of the CCI involved only large media corporations and ISPs, but left out representatives of the subscribers who purchase these companies' products. Further, the CCI only allows for a three-person advisory board from consumer interest groups, while the executive board is composed of six representatives from the media companies and ISPs, an arrangement which the EFF believes to be inadequate for consumer representation.

Technology review

The CCI contracted with Stroz Friedberg, a global digital risk management and investigations firm, to conduct an analysis of MarkMonitor's system for monitoring, verifying, and enforcing online copyright infringement on P2P file sharing networks.[11] Stroz Friedberg assessed the efficacy of MarkMonitor's methodologies to monitor, identify, collect evidence, and generate notices to P2P infringers[11] The contractor published the findings in a confidential report to the CCI in November 2012 (i.e., before the system launched), concluding that the methodologies were "well developed and robust", though not without room for improvement.[11]

The publicly released version of the report contains a number of redactions of various details.[11] Among the report's conclusions were the following claims:[11]

Although both the CCI and Stroz Friedberg claimed the review was independent, the CCI didn't release the Stroz Friedberg report until after media reports surfaced that Stroz Friedberg was an RIAA lobbying organization from 2004 to 2009.[8][34] The firm's sole lobbyist for the RIAA (and, briefly, Universal Music Group)[34][35] was Beryl A. Howell, the company's executive vice president,[36] executive managing director,[37] and general counsel.[37] Howell was previously involved in crafting numerous pieces of legislation for the investigation and prosecution of computer crime and copyright infringement.[34][38][39]

In response to the "questions" raised, the CCI issued a statement reaffirming confidence in Stroz Friedberg's propriety and announcing the public release of the report, but also conceding,

“ we are, however, sensitive to any appearance that Stroz lacks independence, and so CCI has decided to have another expert review Stroz's initial evaluation of the content community's processes. We will be selecting the additional expert promptly and will make that information available.[40] ”

The CCI also hired Stroz Friedberg to review the accuracy of the system by which ISPs match the IP addresses of suspected infringers to the ISPs' subscribers. The results of that review have not yet been publicly released.[8]

In August 2013, the CCI announced it had hired Avi Rubin's high-tech litigation consulting firm Harbor Labs to conduct a follow-up review.[41] In March 2014, Harbor Labs completed a limited review of MarkMonitor's system, concluding that the technical design was generally sound, but that the company needs to improve its safeguards against human error and internal malfeasance.[42] The existence of the report was publicly disclosed when the CCI posted the report's executive summary eight months later. The report itself will not be released because it contains confidential information.[43]

Reception and controversy

The White House supported the Memorandum of Understanding, calling it "a positive step and consistent with our strategy of encouraging voluntary efforts to strengthen online intellectual property enforcement and with our broader Internet policy principles, emphasizing privacy, free speech, competition and due process".[44]

However, the CAS has been criticized for a perceived lack of public input, perverse incentives between media corporations and ISPs, harsh mitigation measures, and reversal of burden of proof standards.[45] The EFF has made particularly detailed criticisms.[46]

In March 2013, a Freedom of Information Act related to the White House's role in the policy was denied by a Washington D.C. federal court.[47] Chris Soghoian, a policy analyst at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), submitted the request to obtain information about the interaction in creating the policy.[47] It was denied in a summary judgement by Judge Royce C. Lamberth.[47] Lamberth's judgement rests on an exemption for drafts and "...reducing the possibility of misleading the public by disclosing documents that suggest certain reasons for a future decision that do not ultimately bear upon that decision".[47]

In 2012, the California ISP Sonic.net CEO told TorrentFreak that his ISP will not be participating in the Copyright Alert System, saying that ISPs are not equipped to police the actions of individuals, and that the MPAA and RIAA have not invited small, independent ISPs to participate.[48] Similarly a representative of Cox Communications told TorrentFreak that they "have decided not to participate for internal reasons".[49] Before the CAS' launch, concern existed that data collected for the CAS would be used for more than just the stated "educational" purposes. In the first draft of the CCI's Memoradum of Understanding, it was stated that upon that ISPs would be responsible for providing information collected under the CAS program to Content Owners "if it elects to initiate a legal action against the subscriber". The final agreed Memorandum of Understanding replaced the term "legal action" with "copyright infringement action". [footnote 12 – MOU Art 4 g iv.] Two months after the CAS's implementation, Verizon was subpoenaed to provide a third party plaintiff with information on its users which it recorded for CAS purposes. The plaintiff, Malibu Media argued that "DMCA notices and six strike alerts are relevant because these notices may prove a pattern of infringement and/or notice that infringement is occurring could be used to show a pattern of infringing behaviour". [50] The Northern District Court of Texas agreed and compelled Verizon to give Malibu Media this information. With this information, Malibu Media was able to successfully litigate the first bittorrent copyright infringement case in American legal history which concluded with a verdict.[51]

Open Wireless Networks

Tech law professor Derek Bambauer of the University of Arizona, told Ars Technica that the Copyright Alert System "is fundamentally flawed". Bambauer says that injustice could result in the case where a user legally downloads an entire work under the doctrine of fair use, but the CAS still treats the user as an infringer.[52]

The EFF says that the CAS will hinder the Open Wireless Movement's goals. Jill Lesser, Executive Director of the Center for Copyright Information, said that the CAS will affect small businesses that use a residential connection for open Wi-Fi: "Depending on the type of Internet service they subscribe to, very small businesses like a home-office or a local real estate office may have an Internet connection that is similar from a network perspective to a residential connection... The practical result is that if an employee of the small business, or someone using an open Wi-Fi connection at the business, engages in infringing activity the primary account owner would receive alerts".[53]

Effects Since Implementation

Distribution of the number of copyright alerts received by accounts during the first ten months of implementation of the Copyright Alert System.

According to Jill Lesser, the Executive Director of the CCI, the CAS's first year was successful as the CAS is "intended to be education based".[54] Lesser indicated that changes for 2014 might include expanding the program to more Internet service providers and also start including other forms of copyrighted media, such as software. In the first year of the CAS's existence, US traffic to The Pirate Bay increased by 31%.[55] In June 2013 Warner Brothers Studios began sending warning to users whose internet service was provided by an entity other than one of the five ISP partners of the CCI.[56] In August, Variety revealed that engineers at Comcast and NBC Universal were developing technology designed to recognize the illegal downloading of copyrighted material by its users and launch a pop-up window with links to legal access to such content.[57] This was not a CCI-backed initiative, but rather was viewed as a potential supplement to the CAS as Comcast had begun approaching other content owners and ISPs to explore the concept with them. In the CAS's first year, Comcast, the nation's largest ISP, sent out 625,000 warnings to its users.[58] Largely seen as another supplement to the CAS, in September 2013, AT&T applied for a patent for technology that would allow the company to "prevent bandwidth abuse" by tracking the content its users are sharing via Bitorrent and other P2P networks in order to charge its users for excessive bandwidth use.[59]

Further reading

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Farivar, Cyrus (2013-01-14). ""Six strikes" program could affect businesses too, even if infringer is unknown". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  2. 1 2 Brimmeier, Khristyn. Music, Film, TV, and Broadband Collaborate to Curb Online Content Theft, RIAA, July 2011.
  3. ↑ Bruno, Antony. Labels Reach Deal With ISPs on Antipiracy Effort, billboard.biz, July 07, 2011.
  4. ↑ Anderson, Nate (July 7, 2011). "Major ISPs agree to "six strikes" copyright enforcement plan". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  5. ↑ Engleman, Eric (July 7, 2011). "AT&T Joins Verizon in Fight Against Web Piracy of Movies, Music". Bloomberg.
  6. 1 2 Farivar, Cyrus (Feb 25, 2013). ""Six strikes" enforcement policy debuts". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  7. ↑ Lesser, Jill. "Copyright Alert System Set to Begin". Center For Copyright Information. Center For Copyright Information. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 "U.S. Copyright Surveillance Machine About To Be Switched On, Promises of Transparency Already Broken". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 15 Nov 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/02/six-strikes-copyright-alert-system-faq
  10. 1 2 3 Mueller, Milton; Andreas Kuehn and Stephanie Michelle Santoso (2012). "Policing the Network: Using DPI for Copyright Enforcement". Surveillance & Society 9 (4): 348–364. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stroz Friedberg, LLC (November 1, 2012). "Independent Expert Assessment of MarkMonitor AntiPiracy Methodologies [Redacted]" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  12. 1 2 Memorandum of Understanding; Aug. 2011 amendment; Oct. 2012 amendment.
  13. ↑ Joe Flint, "Entertainment giants and broadband providers team up on piracy effort", Los Angeles Times, July 6, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  14. ↑ "U.S. Copyright Surveillance Machine About To Be Switched On, Promises of Transparency Already Broken". Electronic Frontier Foundation. November 15, 2012.
  15. 1 2 About the Center for Copyright Information
  16. ↑ Center for Copyright Information FAQs.
  17. ↑ Smith, Kevin. "LEAKED: Verizon's New Anti-Piracy Measure Will Give Offenders 6 Chances". Business Insider. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  18. ↑ Stone, Jeff. "AT&T Could Block Facebook, The Pirate Bay And Others When 'Six Strike' Program Begins Next Month". Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  19. ↑ Bort, Julie. "AT&T Promises (Again) Not To Disconnect Your Account If It Suspects You Of Illegal Downloading". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  20. ↑ McCullagh, Declan. "Cable companies say they won't disconnect accused pirates". CNET. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  21. ↑ "Copyright Alert System FAQs". The Copyright Alert System. Center for Copyright Information. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  22. 1 2 3 McSherry, Corynne and Goldman, Eric, "The "Graduated Response" Deal: What if Users Had Been At the Table?", Electronic Frontier Foundation, July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Bridy, Annemarie (2012). "Graduated Response American Style: "Six Strikes" Measured Against Five Norms". Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal 23: 1–66. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "What Do I Do if I Think the Alert Was Wrongly Sent". The Copyright Alert System. Center for Copyright Information. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  25. ↑ Congressional Internet Caucus Meets on Copyright and Piracy. C-SPAN. 2013-03-08. Event occurs at 19:52. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
  26. ↑ "What are the Grounds for Requesting a Review?". Center for Copyright Information. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
  27. ↑ Lesser, Jill (2013-01-31). "CAS Will Not Harm Public Wi-Fi". Center for Copyright Information. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  28. 1 2 LaFrance, Mary (2012). "Graduated Response by Industry Compact: Piercing the Black Box" (PDF). Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 30: 165–186.
  29. ↑ "Independent Review FAQs". The Copyright Alert System. Center for Copyright Information. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  30. ↑ Kravets, David (2014-05-28). "ISPs sent 1.3M copyright infringement notices to US customers last year". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  31. ↑ "Music, Movie, TV and Broadband Leaders Team to Curb Online Content Theft", Recording Industry Association of America, July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Joe Biden Pushed For "Six Strikes" Anti-Piracy Plan, IFPI Says". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 6 March 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  33. 1 2 3 Anderson, Nate (Mar 28, 2011). "RIAA lobbyist becomes federal judge, rules on file-sharing cases". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  34. ↑ Stroz Frieberg lobbying data (public record) as published by OpenSecrets.org for 2005
  35. ↑ "Practicing at the Intersection of Law, Policy and Technology". Science and Technology newsletter. Bryn Mawr College. October 2003. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  36. 1 2 "Beryl Howell". Center for Democracy and Technology. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  37. ↑ "Statement Of Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), Chairman, Senate Judiciary Committee, On The Nomination Of Beryl Howell To Be A United States District Court Judge For The District Of Columbia". July 28, 2010. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  38. ↑ "Stroz Friedberg LLC - Professionals - Howell, Beryl A.". Stroz Friedberg, LLC. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
  39. ↑ Lesser, Jill. "CCI Recommits to Independent Evaluation of Content Methodology". Center for Copyright Information. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  40. ↑ "Six Strikes Anti-Piracy System Gets New Evidence Review". August 17, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Evaluation of the MarkMonitor AntiPiracy System" (PDF). March 3, 2014.
  42. ↑ "US Copyright Alert System security could be improved, report finds". TorrentFreak. November 21, 2014.
  43. ↑ Espinel, Victoria (July 7, 2011). "Working Together to Stop Internet Piracy". White House.
  44. ↑ Masnick, Mike, "Major US ISPs Agree To Five Strikes Plan, Rather Than Three", Techdirt.com, July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  45. ↑ Phillips, Abigail, "The Content Industry and ISPs Announce a "Common Framework for Copyright Alerts": What Does it Mean for Users?", Electronic Frontier Foundation, July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  46. 1 2 3 4 "Federal court: Obama admin doesn't need to release more "six strikes" documents". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Has Your ISP Joined the US "Six Strikes" Anti-Piracy Scheme?". TorrentFreak. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  48. ↑ "MPAA / RIAA PONDER SUING PERSISTENT BITTORRENT PIRATES". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 6 March 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  49. ↑ "Malibu Media LLC v. Verizon Online LLC.,". Case 6:13-mc-0005-C. Northern District of Texas. 2013. p. 7. Retrieved 6 March 2014. Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  50. ↑ "The Bellwether Trial (Malibu Media v. Does) – What Have We Learned? My Five Takeaways From the Trial". Philly Law Blog.
  51. ↑ Weber, Peter. "The anti-piracy Copyright Alert System: Is the Napster era finally dead?". The Week Publications. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  52. ↑ Kamdar, Adi. "Don't Be Fooled: "Six Strikes" Will Undoubtedly Harm Open Wireless". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  53. ↑ Tummarello, Kate (February 24, 2013). "'Six strikes' thwarting piracy, leader says". The Hill. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  54. ↑ Ernesto (September 3, 2013). "SIX-STRIKES FAILS TO HALT U.S. PIRATE BAY GROWTH". Torrent Freak. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  55. ↑ Newman, Jared. "Warner Bros. fines file-sharers, even without six strikes". TechHives. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  56. ↑ Wallenstein, Andrew. "Comcast Developing Anti-Piracy Alternative to 'Six Strikes' (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  57. ↑ Morran, Chris. "COMCASTIC 3 Report: Comcast Sends Out Around 1,800 Copyright Alert Notices Each Day". Consumerist. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  58. ↑ Morran, Chris. "DISPATCH FROM THE DEATH STAR 1 AT&T Patents System That Could Charge File-Sharers Extra For Data". Consumerisst. Retrieved 6 March 2014.

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