Copper-clad steel
Copper-clad steel (CCS), also known as copper-covered steel or the trademarked name Copperweld is a bi-metallic product, mainly used in the wire industry that combines the high mechanical resistance of steel with the conductivity and resistance to corrosion of copper.
It is mainly used for grounding purposes, drop wire of telephone cables,[1] and inner conductor of coaxial cables, including thin hookup cables like RG174, and CATV cable.
History
The first recorded attempt to make copper clad steel wire took place in the early 1860s, according to the Copper Clad Handbook, issued by the Duplex Metals Co., Chester, PA at the turn of the 20th century. Although for over 100 years people had been suggesting various ways of uniting copper and steel, it was not until the period mentioned that Farmer and Milliken tried wrapping a strip of copper about a steel wire. American engineers in 1883 and again in the 1890s made attempts to produce a copper-steel wire, in one instance at least, by electro-plating copper on steel.[1]
The Duplex Metals Co. traces its beginning to John Ferreol Monnot between 1900 and 1905. He had been very much interested in the work of Mr. Martin in Paris, and, as the Handbook says: "After several years devoted to experimenting, organized the Duplex Metals Company. Prior to his discovery of the process under which this company operates in producing its copper clad, probably almost every other possible way of welding copper and steel together had been tried by Mr. Monnot, but found useless for the purpose."[1]
Uses
Grounding, union of ground rods to metallic structures, meshes, substations, power installations and lightning arresters. Long term experience with the use for these purposes is available.
Copper coated welding wire has become common since wire welding equipment has become popular.
This wire is also sometimes used for power transmission, windings for motors or generators, instrumentation, etc. and by a few for making antennas, especially long wire antennas that need extra strength to withstand the tension without stretching excessively. These uses are limited, but very effective.
Properties
The main properties of these conductors include:
- Good corrosion resistance of copper
- High tensile strength of steel
- Resistance against material fatigue
Advantages
Since the outer conductor layer is low-impedance copper, and the center is higher impedance steel, the skin effect gives copper-clad RF transmission lines impedance at high AC frequencies similar to that of a solid copper conductor.
Tensile strength of copper-clad steel conductors is greater than that of ordinary copper conductors permitting greater span lengths than with copper.
Another advantage is that smaller diameter copper-clad steel conductors may be used in coaxial cables, permitting higher impedance and smaller cable diameter than with copper conductors of similar strength.
Due to the inseparable union of the two metals, it deters theft since copper recovery is impractical and thus has very little scrap value.
Installations with copper-clad steel conductors are generally recognized as fulfilling the required specifications for a good ground. For this reason it is used with preference by utilities and oil companies when cost is a concern.
See also
References
External links
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