Intercontinental Cup (football)

Intercontinental Cup
European/South American Cup
Toyota Cup

The European-South American Cup trophy
Founded	1960 1980 (in its last format)
Abolished	2004
Region	Europe (UEFA) South America (CONMEBOL)
Number of teams	2
Last champions	Porto (2nd title)
Most successful club(s)	Peñarol Nacional Milan Real Madrid Boca Juniors (3 titles each)

The Intercontinental Cup, known earlier as European/South American Cup, and as Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker, was an official international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL),^[1][2] contested between representative clubs from these confederations, usually the winners of the European Champions' Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League), and the South American Copa Libertadores.

Despite being chronologically the fourth international competition created to define "the best team in the world" after Lipton Trophy, Copa Rio and Pequeña Copa del Mundo due to Fédération Internationale de Football Association's inability to organize club competitions,^[3] it is considered by that international governing body the sole predecessor^[4] to the FIFA Club World Cup, held for the first time in 2000.^[5]

From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was contested over a two legged tie, with a playoff if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due controversial events in the 1969 final,^[6] and some European Champions Club' winner teams withdrew.^[7] From 1980 until 2004, the competition was contested over a single match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy, the Toyota Cup.^[8]

All the winning teams are regarded as de facto "world club champions". The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid, defeating Uruguayan side Peñarol in 1960. The last winner was Portuguese side Porto, defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004.

History

Beginnings

Created in 1960 at the initiative of the European confederation (UEFA), with CONMEBOL's support, the European/South American Cup, known also as the Intercontinental Cup, was contested by the holders of the European Champion Clubs’ Cup and the winners of its newly established South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. FIFA failed to authorise the competition in the 1960s^[9] in 1961 prohibiting the competition from taking place unless the participants gave it a "private friendly match" status;^[10] however, the competition went on, being endorsed by both UEFA and CONMEBOL all over its history, from 1960 to 2004, and both UEFA and CONMEBOL consider all editions official by including them in their records.^[11][12][13] It was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realization of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930.^[14][15] Initially played over two legs, with a third match if required in the early years (when goal difference did not count), the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition was Spanish club Real Madrid. Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0-0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5-1 in Madrid to become the first winners of the competition.^[16][17][18] After the victory of Real Madrid in the first edition of the Intercontinental Cup, Barcelona newspaper El Mundo Deportivo hailed the Madrid team as the First World Champion Club, on the one hand pointing out that the competition "did not include Africans, Asians and other countries part to FIFA", on the other hand expressing doubt that these regions might present football of the same high quality of Europe and South America.^[19] The Spaniards titled themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected; citing that the competition did not include any other champions from the other confederations, FIFA stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition played between two organizations.^[20] Peñarol would appear again the following year and come out victorious after beating Portuguese club Benfica on the playoff; after a 1-0 win by the Europeans in Lisboa and a 5-0 trashing by the South Americans, a playoff at the Estadio Centenario saw the home side squeeze a 2-1 win to become the first South American side to win the competition.^[21][22][23]

In 1962 the tournament grew more in worldwide attention after it was swept through the sublime football of a Santos team led by Pelé, considered by some the best club team of all times.^[24] Os Santásticos, also known as O Balé Branco (or white ballet), which dazzled the world during that time and containing stars such as Gilmar, Mauro, Mengálvio, Coutinho, and Pepe, won the title after defeating Benfica 3-2 in Rio de Janeiro and thrashing the Europeans 2-5 in their Estádio da Luz.^[25][26][27] Santos would successfully defend the title in 1963 after being pushed all the way by Milan. After each side won 4-2 at their respective home legs, a playoff match at the Maracanã saw Santos keep the title after a tight 1-0 victory.^[25][28] The competition had attracted the interest of other continents. The North and Central America condeferation, CONCACAF, had asked, unsuccessfully, to participate.^[27][29] Milan's fierce rivals, Inter Milan, would go on to win the 1964 and 1965 editions, beating Argentine club Independiente on both occasions.^{[30][31][32][33][34]} Peñarol gain revenge for their loss in 1960 by crushing Real Madrid 4-0 in aggregate in 1966.^[23][35][36]

Rioplatense violence

However, as a result of the violence often practised in the Copa Libertadores by Argentine and Uruguayan clubs during the 1960s,^[37] disagreements with CONMEBOL, the lack of financial incentives and the violent, brutal and controversial way the Brazilian national team was treated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup by European teams, Brazilian football - including its club sides - declined to participate in international competitions in the late 1960s, including the Copa Libertadores and consequently the Intercontinental Cup. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play.^[38] Calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organizing it at all.

The 1967 edition between Argentina's Racing Club and Scotland's Celtic was a violent affair, with the third decisive game being dubbed "The Battle of Montevideo" after three players from the Scottish side and two the Argentine side were sent off. A fourth Celtic player was also dismissed, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on.^{[39][40][41][42]}

A.C. Milan's Nestor Combin was left bloodied and unconscious after a brutal series against Estudiantes de La Plata.

The following season, Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata faced England's Manchester United in which the return leg saw Estudiantes come out on top of a bad-tempered series.^[43][44][45] But it was the events of 1969 which damaged the competition's integrity.^[46] After a 3-0 win at San Siro, Milan went to Buenos Aires to play Estudiantes at La Bombonera.^[47][48][49] Estudiantes' players booted balls at the Milan team as they warmed up and hot coffee was poured on the Italians as they emerged from the tunnel by Estudiantes' fans. Estudiantes resorted to inflicting elbows and allegedly even needles at the Milanese team in order to intimidate them. Pierino Prati was knocked unconscious and continued for a further 20 minutes despite suffering from a mild concussion. Estudiantes goalkeeper Alberto Poletti also punched Gianni Rivera, but the most vicious treatment was reserved for Nestor Combin-an Argentinean-born striker, who had faced accusations of being a traitor as he was on the opposite side of the intercontinental match.^[46][50][51]

Combin was kicked in the face by Poletti and later had his nose and cheekbone broken by the elbow of Ramón Aguirre Suárez. Bloodied and broken, Combin was asked to return to the pitch by the referee but fainted. While unconscious, Combin was arrested by Argentine police on a charge of draft dodging, having not undertaken military service in the country. The player was forced to spend a night in the cells, eventually being released after explaining he had fulfilled national service requirements as a French citizen.^[46] Estudiantes won the game 2-1 but Milan took the title on aggregate.^{[46][49][50][51]}

Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport dubbed it "Ninety minutes of a man-hunt". The Argentinean press responded with "The English were right" - a reference to Alf Ramsey's famous description of the Argentina national football team as "animals" during the 1966 FIFA World Cup.^[46][50][51] The Argentinean Football Association (AFA), under heavy international pressure, took stern action. Argentina's President, military dictator Juan Carlos Onganía, summoned Estudiantes delegate Oscar Ferrari and demanded "the severest appropriate measures in defence of the good name of the national sport. [It was a] lamentable spectacle which breached most norms of sporting ethics".^[46][50][51] Poletti was banned from the sport for life, Suarez was banned for 30 games, and Eduardo Manera for 20 with the former and latter serving a month in jail.^[46]

Degradation

Due to the brutality in these editions, FIFA was called into providing penalties and regulating the tournament. However, FIFA stated that it could not stipulate regulations in a competition that it did not organize. Though the competition was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL as an official competition, René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote an article shortly afterwards stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a "European-South American friendly match".^[52] Courte's statement was endorsed by then FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous, who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match.^{[53][54][55][56]} Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that, though the Intercontinental Cup was not officially endorsed by FIFA, it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, therefore being an "intercontinental jurisdiction" cup.^[57] However, with the Asian and North-Central American club competitions in place, FIFA opened the idea of supervising the competition if it included those confederations, which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations, UEFA and CONMEBOL. According to Stanley Rous, CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested their participation in the Intercontinental Cup, which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL.^{[58][59][60][61][62][63]} Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.^[64]

Estudiantes would face Dutch side Feyenoord the following season, which saw the Europeans victorious. Oscar Malbernat ripped off Joop van Daele's glasses and trampled on them claiming that he was "not allowed to play with glasses."^{[65][66][67][68]} Dutch side Ajax, European champions of 1971, would decline to face Uruguay's Nacional due to the latter side's reputation for violent play, which resulted in European Cup runners-up, Greek side Panathinaikos, participating.^[69][70][71] Nacional's Luis Artime ended up breaking Yiannis Tomaras' leg in two places in the first leg as Nacional won the series 3-2 on aggregate.^{[69][70][71][72]}

Ajax participated in 1972 against Independiente.^[73][74][75] The team's arrival at Buenos Aires was extremely hostile: Johan Cruyff received several death threats from Independiente's local fan firms.^[76] Due to the indifference from the Argentine police, Ajax manager Ştefan Kovács appointed an organized emergency security detail for the Nederlandse meester, headed by himself and team member Barry Hulshoff, described as a big and burly man.^[76] In the first leg, Cruyff opened the scoring in Avellaneda at the 5th minute. As a result, Dante Mircoli retaliated with a vicious tackle a couple of minutes later; Cruyff was too injured to continue and the Dutch team found themselves being assaulted with tackles and punches.^[73][74][75] Kovács had to convince his team to play on during half-time as his players wanted to withdraw.^[73][74][75] Ajax squeezed a 1-1 tie and followed up with a 3-0 trounce in Amsterdam to win the Cup.^{[73][74][75][77]} Although Ajax were the defending champions, they again declined to participate a year later after Independiente won Libertadores again, leaving it to Juventus, European Cup runners-up, to play a single-match final won by the Argentines.^{[74][75][78][79]} That same year, French newspaper L'Equipe, who helped bring about the birth of the European Cup, volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe, South America, Central and North America and Africa, the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974 with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes.^{[64][64][80][81][82]} The proposal, supported by the South Americans,^[64] was dismissed due to the negativity of the Europeans.^[82]

German club Bayern Munich also declined to play in 1974 as Independiente again qualified to participate.^{[83][84][85][86]} European Cup runners-up Atlético Madrid from Spain won the competition 2-1 on aggregate.^[83][84] Once again, Independiente qualified to participate in 1975; this time, both finalists of the European Cup declined to participate and the competition was not played.^[87] That same year, L'Equipe tried, once again, to create a Club World Cup, in which the participants would have been: the four semifinalists of the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African and Asian champions. However, UEFA declined once again and the proposal failed.^[88]

In 1976, when Brazilian side Cruzeiro won the Copa Libertadores, the European champions Bayern Munich willingly participated, with the Bavarians winning 2–0 on aggregate. In an interview with Jornal do Brasil, Bayern's manager Dettmar Cramer denied that Bayern's refusal to dispute the 1974 and 1975 Intercontinental Cups were a result of the rivals being Argentine teams. He claimed it was a scheduling impossibility, rather, which kept the Germans from participating. He also stated that the competition was not economically rewarding due to the team's fan base's disinterest in the Cup. To cover the costs of playing the first leg in Munich's Olympiastadion, the organizers needed to have a minimum of 25,000 spectators. However, due to heavy snow and cold weather, only 18,000 showed up. Because of this deficit, Cramer stated that if Bayern were to win the European Cup again, they would decline to participate as it held no assurances of income.^[89]

Argentine side Boca Juniors qualified for the 1977 and 1978 editions, for which the European champions, English club Liverpool, declined to participate on both occasions. In 1977, Boca Juniors defeated European Cup runners-up, German club Borussia Mönchengladbach, 5-2 on aggregate.^{[90][91][92][93]} Boca Juniors declined to face Belgian club Brugge in 1978 leaving that edition undisputed.^[87] Paraguay's Olimpia won the 1979 edition against European Cup runners-up, Swedish side Malmö FF, after winning both legs.^{[94][95][96][97]} However, the competition had greatly declined in prestige. After the 0-1 win of the South Americans in the first leg at Malmö, which saw fewer than 5000 Swedish fans turn up, Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo called the Cup "a dog without an owner", adding:^[64]

According to Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, the deal for the establishment of the Interamerican Cup was made in 1968 by CONMEBOL and CONCACAF, and established that the Interamerican Cup champion club would be entitled to represent the American continent in the Intercontinental Cup.^[98] According to the Mexican newspapers, after winning the 1977 and 1980 editions of the Interamerican Cup, Mexican clubs America and PUMAS Unam, and the Mexican Football Association, demanded, unsuccessfully, to participate in the Intercontinental Cup.^{[99][100][101]}

Rebirth in Japan

Seeing the deterioration of the Intercontinental Cup, Japanese motor corporation Toyota took the competition under its wing. It created contractual obligations to have the Intercontinental Cup played in Japan once a year in which every club participating were obliged to participate or face legal consequences. This modern format breathed new air into the competition which saw a new trophy handed out along with the Intercontinental Cup, the Toyota Cup.

To protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate at the Intercontinental Cup, as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs' participation in the European Cup, or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota.^[102]

The first Toyota Cup was held in 1980 which saw Uruguay's Nacional triumph over Nottingham Forest. The 1980s saw a domination by South American sides as Brazil's Flamengo and Grêmio, Uruguay's Nacional and Peñarol, Argentina's Independiente and River Plate take the spoils once each after Nacional's victory in 1980. Only Juventus, Portugal's FC Porto and Milan managed to bring the trophy to the European continent. In that decade, the English Football Association tried organizing a Club World Cup sponsored by promoting company West Nally only to be shot down by UEFA.^[103]

The 1990s proved to be a decade dominated by European teams as Milan, Red Star Belgrade, Ajax, Juventus, Real Madrid, Manchester United and newcomers Borussia Dortmund of Germany were fueled to victory by its economic powers and heavy poaching of South American stars. Only three title went to South America as São Paulo and Argentina's Vélez Sársfield came out the winners, each of them defeating Milan with São Paulo's inaugural win being over Barcelona. The 2000s would see Boca Juniors win the competition twice for South America while European victories came from Bayern Munich, Real Madrid and Porto. The 2004 Intercontinental Cup proved to be the last edition as the competition was absorbed into the FIFA Club World Cup.

International partecipation

Despite being an interconfederation competition, due to the superiority at sporting level of the European and South American clubs to the rest of the world, reflected earlier in the tournament for national teams and its worldwide coverage–specially during 1980s and 1990s–, the tournament was widely regarded as a de facto worldwide competition.^{[4][104][105]} For that reason all the winning teams were recognised with the symbolic title of "world champion".^[106] The Intercontinental Cup, also be the sole forerunner of the FIFA Club World Cup, is official at confederation level, with both UEFA and CONMEBOL considering all editions of the competiton as part of their official honours.^{[107][108][109]}

Trophy

The competition trophy bears the words "Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine" ("European-South American Cup") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there is the round logo of UEFA and a map of South America in a circle.

Cup format

From 1960 to 1979, the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs. Between 1960 and 1968, the cup was decided on points only, the same format used by CONMEBOL to determine the winner of the Copa Libertadores final through 1987. Because of this format, a third match was needed when both teams were equal on points. Commonly this match was host by the continent where the last game of the series was played. From 1969 through 1979, the competition adopted the European standard method of aggregate score, with away goals.

Starting in 1980, the final became a single match. Up until 2001, the matches were held at Tokyo's National Stadium. Finals since 2002 were held at the Yokohama International Stadium, also the venue of the 2002 FIFA World Cup final.

Results

Year	Country	Winner	Score	Runner-up	Country	Venue	Location	Refs
1960	ESP	Real Madrid	0–0	Peñarol	URU	Estadio Centenario	Montevideo, Uruguay	[110]
	ESP	Real Madrid	5–1	Peñarol	URU	Santiago Bernabéu	Madrid, Spain
1961	URU	Peñarol	0–1	Benfica	POR	Estádio da Luz	Lisbon, Portugal	[111]
	URU	Peñarol	5–0	Benfica	POR	Estadio Centenario	Montevideo, Uruguay
	URU	Peñarol	‡2–1‡	Benfica	POR	Estadio Centenario	Montevideo, Uruguay
1962	BRA	Santos	3–2	Benfica	POR	Maracanã	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	[112]
	BRA	Santos	5–2	Benfica	POR	Estádio da Luz	Lisbon, Portugal
1963	BRA	Santos	2–4	Milan	ITA	San Siro	Milan, Italy	[113]
	BRA	Santos	4–2	Milan	ITA	Maracanã	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
	BRA	Santos	‡1–0‡	Milan	ITA	Maracanã	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1964	ITA	Inter Milan	0–1	Independiente	ARG	La Doble Visera	Avellaneda, Argentina	[114]
	ITA	Inter Milan	2–0	Independiente	ARG	San Siro	Milan, Italy
	ITA	Inter Milan	‡1–0‡	Independiente	ARG	Santiago Bernabéu	Madrid, Spain
1965	ITA	Inter Milan	3–0	Independiente	ARG	San Siro	Milan, Italy	[115]
	ITA	Inter Milan	0–0	Independiente	ARG	La Doble Visera	Avellaneda, Argentina
1966	URU	Peñarol	2–0	Real Madrid	ESP	Estadio Centenario	Montevideo, Uruguay	[116]
	URU	Peñarol	2–0	Real Madrid	ESP	Santiago Bernabéu	Madrid, Spain
1967	ARG	Racing	0–1	Celtic	SCO	Hampden Park	Glasgow, Scotland	[117]
	ARG	Racing	2–1	Celtic	SCO	El Cilindro	Avellaneda, Argentina
	ARG	Racing	‡1–0‡	Celtic	SCO	Estadio Centenario	Montevideo, Uruguay
1968	ARG	Estudiantes	1–0	Manchester United	ENG	Estadio Camilo Cichero	Buenos Aires, Argentina	[118]
	ARG	Estudiantes	1–1	Manchester United	ENG	Old Trafford	Manchester, England
1969	ITA	Milan	3–0	Estudiantes	ARG	San Siro	Milan, Italy	[119]
	ITA	Milan	1–2	Estudiantes	ARG	Estadio Camilo Cichero	Buenos Aires, Argentina
1970	NED	Feyenoord	2–2	Estudiantes	ARG	Estadio Camilo Cichero	Buenos Aires, Argentina	[120]
	NED	Feyenoord	1–0	Estudiantes	ARG	De Kuip	Rotterdam, Netherlands
1971	URU	Nacional	1–1	Panathinaikos#1	GRE	Karaiskakis Stadium	Piraeus, Greece	[121]
	URU	Nacional	2–1	Panathinaikos#1	GRE	Estadio Centenario	Montevideo, Uruguay
1972	NED	Ajax	1–1	Independiente	ARG	La Doble Visera	Avellaneda, Argentina	[122]
	NED	Ajax	3–0	Independiente	ARG	Olympic Stadium	Amsterdam, Netherlands
1973	ARG	Independiente	1–0	Juventus#2	ITA	Stadio Olimpico	Rome, Italy	[123]
	Second leg was not played. Independiente declared winner.
1974	ESP	Atlético Madrid#3	0–1	Independiente	ARG	La Doble Visera	Avellaneda, Argentina	[124]
	ESP	Atlético Madrid#3	2–0	Independiente	ARG	Vicente Calderón	Madrid, Spain
1975	Bayern Munich and Independiente did not find compatible schedule to play.							[125]
1976	FRG	Bayern Munich	2–0	Cruzeiro	BRA	Olympiastadion	Munich, West Germany	[126]
	FRG	Bayern Munich	0–0	Cruzeiro	BRA	Mineirão	Belo Horizonte, Brazil
1977	ARG	Boca Juniors	2–2	Borussia Mönchengladbach#4	FRG	La Bombonera	Buenos Aires, Argentina	[127]
	ARG	Boca Juniors	3–0	Borussia Mönchengladbach#4	FRG	Wildparkstadion	Karlsruhe, West Germany
1978	Liverpool and Boca Juniors declined to play each other.							[125]
1979	PAR	Olimpia	1–0	Malmö FF#5	SWE	Malmö Stadion	Malmö, Sweden	[128]
	PAR	Olimpia	2–1	Malmö FF#5	SWE	Defensores del Chaco	Asunción, Paraguay
1980	URU	Nacional	1–0	Nottingham Forest	ENG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[129]
1981	BRA	Flamengo	3–0	Liverpool	ENG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[130]
1982	URU	Peñarol	2–0	Aston Villa	ENG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[131]
1983	BRA	Grêmio	2–1 (aet)	Hamburg	FRG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[132]
1984	ARG	Independiente	1–0	Liverpool	ENG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[133]
1985	ITA	Juventus	2–2 (4–2 p)	Argentinos Juniors	ARG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[134]
1986	ARG	River Plate	1–0	Steaua București	ROU	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[135]
1987	POR	Porto	2–1 (aet)	Peñarol	URU	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[136]
1988	URU	Nacional	2–2 (7–6 p)	PSV Eindhoven	NED	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[137]
1989	ITA	Milan	1–0 (aet)	Atlético Nacional	COL	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[138]
1990	ITA	Milan	3–0	Olimpia	PAR	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[139]
1991	YUG	Red Star Belgrade	3–0	Colo-Colo	CHI	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[140]
1992	BRA	São Paulo	2–1	Barcelona	ESP	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[141]
1993	BRA	São Paulo	3–2	Milan#6	ITA	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[142]
1994	ARG	Vélez Sársfield	2–0	Milan	ITA	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[143]
1995	NED	Ajax	0–0 (4–3 p)	Grêmio	BRA	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[144]
1996	ITA	Juventus	1–0	River Plate	ARG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[145]
1997	GER	Borussia Dortmund	2–0	Cruzeiro	BRA	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[146]
1998	ESP	Real Madrid	2–1	Vasco da Gama	BRA	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[147]
1999	ENG	Manchester United	1–0	Palmeiras	BRA	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[148]
2000	ARG	Boca Juniors	2–1	Real Madrid	ESP	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[149]
2001	GER	Bayern Munich	1–0 (aet)	Boca Juniors	ARG	National Stadium	Tokyo, Japan	[150]
2002	ESP	Real Madrid	2–0	Olimpia	PAR	International Stadium	Yokohama, Japan	[151]
2003	ARG	Boca Juniors	1–1 (3–1 p)	Milan	ITA	International Stadium	Yokohama, Japan	[152]
2004	POR	Porto	0–0 (8–7 p)	Once Caldas	COL	International Stadium	Yokohama, Japan	[153]

Notes

• After the events of the 1969 Intercontinental Cup, many European Cup Champions refused to play in the Intercontinental Cup.^[154]
• ^#1 1970–71 European Cup finalists Panathinaikos replaced the champions Ajax who declined to participate.^[155]
• ^#2 1972–73 European Cup finalists Juventus replaced the champions Ajax who declined to contest the meeting in South America, officially for financial reasons.^[156][157]
• ^#3 1973–74 European Cup finalists Atlético Madrid replaced the champions Bayern Munich who declined to participate.^[158]
• ^#4 1976–77 European Cup finalists Borussia Mönchengladbach replaced the champions Liverpool who declined to participate.^[159]
• ^#5 1978–79 European Cup finalists Malmö FF replaced the champions Nottingham Forest who declined to participate.^[160]
• ^#6 1992–93 Champions League finalists Milan replaced the champions Marseille who were suspended due to a match fixing and bribery scandal.^[161]

Performances

The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:^[125][162]

Performance by club

Club	Winners	Runners-up	Winning years	Runner-up years
Milan	3	4	1969, 1989, 1990	1963, 1993, 1994, 2003
Peñarol	3	2	1961, 1966, 1982	1960, 1987
Real Madrid	3	2	1960, 1998, 2002	1966, 2000
Boca Juniors	3	1	1977, 2000, 2003	2001
Nacional	3	—	1971, 1980, 1988	—
Independiente	2	4	1973, 1984	1964, 1965, 1972, 1974
Juventus	2	1	1985, 1996	1973
Santos	2	—	1962, 1963	—
Inter Milan	2	—	1964, 1965	—
São Paulo	2	—	1992, 1993	—
Ajax	2	—	1972, 1995	—
Bayern Munich	2	—	1976, 2001	—
Porto	2	—	1987, 2004	—
Estudiantes	1	2	1968	1969, 1970
Olimpia	1	2	1979	1990, 2002
Grêmio	1	1	1983	1995
River Plate	1	1	1986	1996
Manchester United	1	1	1999	1968
Racing	1	—	1967	—
Feyenoord	1	—	1970	—
Atlético Madrid	1	—	1974	—
Flamengo	1	—	1981	—
Red Star Belgrade	1	—	1991	—
Vélez Sarsfield	1	—	1994	—
Borussia Dortmund	1	—	1997	—
Benfica	—	2	—	1961, 1962
Liverpool	—	2	—	1981, 1984
Cruzeiro	—	2	—	1976, 1997
Celtic	—	1	—	1967
Panathinaikos	—	1	—	1971
Borussia Mönchengladbach	—	1	—	1977
Malmö FF	—	1	—	1979
Nottingham Forest	—	1	—	1980
Aston Villa	—	1	—	1982
Hamburg	—	1	—	1983
Argentinos Juniors	—	1	—	1985
Steaua București	—	1	—	1986
PSV Eindhoven	—	1	—	1988
Atlético Nacional	—	1	—	1989
Colo-Colo	—	1	—	1991
Barcelona	—	1	—	1992
Vasco da Gama	—	1	—	1998
Palmeiras	—	1	—	1999
Once Caldas	—	1	—	2004

Performance by country

Country	Winners	Runners-up	Winning clubs	Winning years
Argentina	9	9	Boca, Independiente, Estudiantes, River, Racing, Vélez	1967, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2003
Italy	7	5	Milan, Juventus, Inter Milan	1964, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1996
Brazil	6	5	Santos, São Paulo, Grêmio, Flamengo	1962, 1963, 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993
Uruguay	6	2	Peñarol, Nacional	1961, 1966, 1971, 1980, 1982, 1988
Spain	4	3	Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid	1960, 1974, 1998, 2002
Germany	3	2	Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund	1976, 1997, 2001
Netherlands	3	1	Ajax, Feyenoord	1970, 1972, 1995
Portugal	2	2	Porto	1987, 2004
England	1	5	Manchester United	1999
Paraguay	1	2	Olimpia	1979
Yugoslavia	1	—	Red Star Belgrade	1991
Colombia	—	2	—	—
Scotland	—	1	—	—
Greece	—	1	—	—
Sweden	—	1	—	—
Romania	—	1	—	—
Chile	—	1	—	—

Performance by confederation

Coaches

• Carlos Bianchi won three editions as coach: one with Vélez Sársfield in 1994, and 2 with Boca Juniors in 2000 and 2003.
• Luis Cubilla and Juan Mujica won cups both as players and coaches:
  • Luis Cubilla (played for Peñarol in 1961 and for Nacional in 1971; then coached Olimpia in 1979)
  • Juan Mujica (played for Nacional in 1971; and coached it in 1980)

Players

• Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini played 5 times in the competition, all with Milan (1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003).
• Estudiantes (1968, 1969 and 1970) and Independiente (1972, 1973 and 1974) played 3 in consecutive years. Of these teams a few players played the three years, including Carlos Salvador Bilardo and Juan Ramón Verón.

All-time top scorers

• Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition having scored 7 goals in 3 matches.
  • In 1962, he scored 5 goals in 2 matches against Benfica, including a hat-trick in the second leg played in Lisbon (the only hat-trick in the competition's history).
  • In 1963, he scored 2 goals in 1 match (in the first leg played away to Milan).^{[163][164][165]}
• Only 6 players scored at least 3 goals in the Intercontinental Cup.^[166]

Player	Club	Goals	Apps	Years
Pelé	Santos	7	3	1962, 1963
Alberto Spencer	Peñarol	6	6	1960, 1961, 1966
Luis Artime	Nacional	3	2	1971
José Francisco Sasía	Peñarol	3	3	1961
Joaquim Santana	Benfica	3	4	1961, 1962
Alessandro Mazzola	Inter Milan	3	4	1964, 1965

Man of the Match

• Since 1980:^[167]

Year	Player	Club
1980	Waldemar Victorino	Nacional
1981	Zico	Flamengo
1982	Jair	Peñarol
1983	Renato Gaúcho	Grêmio
1984	José Percudani	Independiente
1985	Michel Platini	Juventus
1986	Antonio Alzamendi	River Plate
1987	Rabah Madjer	Porto
1988	Santiago Ostolaza	Nacional
1989	Alberigo Evani	Milan
1990	Frank Rijkaard	Milan
1991	Vladimir Jugović	Red Star Belgrade
1992	Raí	São Paulo
1993	Toninho Cerezo	São Paulo
1994	Omar Asad	Vélez Sársfield
1995	Danny Blind	Ajax
1996	Alessandro Del Piero	Juventus
1997	Andreas Möller	Borussia Dortmund
1998	Raúl	Real Madrid
1999	Ryan Giggs	Manchester United
2000	Martín Palermo	Boca Juniors
2001	Samuel Kuffour	Bayern Munich
2002	Ronaldo	Real Madrid
2003	Matías Donnet	Boca Juniors
2004	Maniche	Porto

References

External links

• International Clubs Cup – The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
• UEFA website

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