List of Germanic languages
The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
The standard division of Germanic is into three branches,
They all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.
† denotes extinct languages.
West Germanic
Main article: West Germanic languages
Continental West Germanic
- High German languages
- Old High German †
- Upper German
- High Franconian
- Alemannic German
- Swabian German, including Stuttgart
- Low Alemannic German, including the area of Lake Constance and Basel German
- Central Alemannic
- High Alemannic German, including Zürich German and Bernese German
- Highest Alemannic German, including the Bernese Oberland dialects and Walliser German
- Austro-Bavarian German
- Old Austro-Bavarian†
- Middle Austro-Bavarian†
- Modern Austro-Bavarian
- Northern Austro-Bavarian (including Nuremberg)
- Central Austro-Bavarian (including Munich and Vienna)
- Southern Austro-Bavarian (including Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, and Bolzano, Italy)
- Modern Austro-Bavarian
- Middle Austro-Bavarian†
- Old Austro-Bavarian†
- Central German languages
- West Central German
- Ripuarian Franconian
- Moselle Franconian
- Rhine Franconian
- North Hessian
- Central Hessian
- East Hessian
- Pennsylvania German (spoken by the Amish and other groups in southeastern Pennsylvania)
- East Central German
- West Central German
- Hutterite German aka "Tirolean"
- Yiddish (with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew and other languages, and traditionally written in the Hebrew alphabet)
- Wymysorys (with a significant influence from Low Saxon, Dutch, Polish, and Scots)
- Upper German
- Old High German †
- Low German languages
- Old Saxon†
- West Low German (Low Saxon)
- East Low German
- Brandenburgisch
- Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
- Middle Pomeranian
- East Pomeranian
- Low Prussian
- Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German, used also in many other countries)
- Old Saxon†
- Low Franconian languages
- Old Frankish†
- Old Dutch†
- Middle Dutch†
- Modern Dutch
- West Flemish
- East Flemish
- Zeelandic
- Hollandic
- Brabantine
- East Dutch (Zuid-Gelders/Clevian)
- Limburgian
- Afrikaans (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
- Modern Dutch
- Middle Dutch†
- Old Dutch†
- Old Frankish†
North-Sea Germanic
- Anglo-Frisian
- Old Frisian†
- Frisian
- Stadsfries language
- West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
- Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
- Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
- Noardhoeks
- South Frisian (Súdhoeks)
- Southwest Frisian (Súdwesthoeksk)
- Schiermonnikoogs
- Hindeloopers
- Aasters
- Westers
- East Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- North Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- Mainland Frisian
- Island Frisian
- Frisian
- English group
- English language
- Old English†
- Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Early Modern English†
- Modern English
- British English (English English, including Northern English, East Midlands English, West Midlands English, Southern English, and others, Welsh English, Scottish English) and Irish English
- North American English (American English and Canadian English)
- Australian English and New Zealand English
- South African English
- South Asian English (Indian English)
- South-East Asian English (Philippine English, Singapore English, Malaysian English)
- West Indian English (Caribbean English)
- Modern English
- Early Modern English†
- Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Old English†
- Lowland Scots
- Early Scots†[1]
- Middle Scots†
- Modern Scots
- Northern Scots
- North Northern
- Mid Northern (North East Scots or the Doric)
- South Northern
- Central Scots
- North East Central
- South East Central
- West Central
- South West Central
- Southern Scots
- Insular Scots
- Ulster Scots
- Northern Scots
- Modern Scots
- Middle Scots†
- Early Scots†[1]
- Yola†
- English language
- Old Frisian†
North Germanic
Main article: North Germanic languages
- Proto-Norse †
- Old Norse †
- West Scandinavian
- Old West Norse †
- Old Norwegian †
- Middle Norwegian †
- Modern Norwegian (generally Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
- Bokmål (official written standard) / Riksmål (unofficial written standard) - see Danish
- Nynorsk (official written standard) / Høgnorsk (unofficial written standard) / Landsmål (unofficial written standard)
- Vestlandsk
- Østlandsk
- Vikvær Norwegian
- Middle East Norwegian
- Oppland Norwegian
- Østerdal Norwegian
- Midtlands og fjellbygdmål
- Gudbrandsdal Norwegian
- Valdres and Hallingdal
- Western Telemark Norwegian
- Eastern Telemark Norwegian
- Trøndersk
- Outer Trøndelag Norwegian
- Inner Trøndelag Norwegian
- Namdal Norwegian
- South-eastern Trøndersk
- Jamtlandic (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Herdalian (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Nordnorsk
- Helgeland Norwegian
- Nordland Norwegian
- Troms Norwegian
- Finnmark Norwegian
- Modern Norwegian (generally Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
- Old Faroese †
- Middle Faroese †
- Modern Faroese
- Gøtudanskt (Faroese Street Danish)
- Modern Faroese
- Middle Faroese †
- Norn †
- Caithness Norn †
- Orkney Norn †
- Shetland Norn †
- Middle Norwegian †
- Old Icelandic †
- Middle Icelandic †
- Modern Icelandic
- Middle Icelandic †
- Greenlandic Norse †
- Old Norwegian †
- Old West Norse †
- East Scandinavian
- Old East Norse †
- Old Danish †
- Middle Danish †
- Modern Danish
- Bornholmsk
- Island Danish
- Jutlandic/Jutish
- North Jutlandic
- East Jutlandic
- West Jutlandic
- South Jutlandic (Danish: Slesvig; German: Schleswig)
- Bokmål (official written standard in Norway) / Riksmål (unofficial written standard in Norway) - see Norwegian
- Modern Danish
- Middle Danish †
- Old Swedish †
- Modern Swedish
- Svealand Swedish
- Dalecarlian
- Elfdalian (considered a Swedish Sveamål dialect, but has official orthography and is, because of a lower degree of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists, see p. 6 in this reference)
- Dalecarlian
- Norrlandic
- Götish
- East Swedish/Finland Swedish
- South Swedish
- Gutnish
- Svealand Swedish
- Modern Swedish
- Old Danish †
- Old East Norse †
- West Scandinavian
- Old Norse †
Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages
East Germanic†
External links
References
- ↑ From early Northern Middle English (Aitken, A. J. and McArthur, T. Eds. (1979) Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh,Chambers. p. 87). McClure (1991) gives Northumbrian Old English in The Cambridge History of the English Language Vol. 5. p. 23. In the Oxford Companion to the English Language (p. 894) the 'sources' of Scots are described as "the Old English of the Kingdom of Bernicia" and "the Scandinavian-influenced English of immigrants from Northern and Midland England in the 12-13c [...]." The historical stages 'Older—Middle—Modern Scots' are used, for example, in the "Concise Scots Dictionary" (Robinson M. (ed.) (1985) the "Concise Scots Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh. p. xiii) and "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" (Dareau M., Pike l. and Watson, H (eds) (2002) "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" Vol. XII, Oxford University Press. p. xxxiv).
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