Constitution Island

Constitution Island

Constitution Island, NY as seen looking east from Merritt Road, on West Point

Location within New York

Nearest city Cold Spring, New York
Coordinates 41°24′20″N 73°57′15″W / 41.40556°N 73.95417°W / 41.40556; -73.95417Coordinates: 41°24′20″N 73°57′15″W / 41.40556°N 73.95417°W / 41.40556; -73.95417

Constitution Island is located in the Hudson River, just south of Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York. Formerly known as "Martelaer's Rock", It is the site of the earliest Revolutionary War fortifications in the Hudson Valley. The island was given to the United States of America in 1909, and since then has been administered by the United States Military Academy.

Martelaer's Rock

Between Cold Spring and West Point lay a large rocky island connected to the eastern shore by a reedy marsh. Dutch Navigator's called it Martelaer's Island and the part of the river between it and Storm King Mountain, Martelaer's Rack, or Martyr's Reach. The word "martyr" signified "struggling", as vessels coming up the river with a fair wind would frequently find themselves, immediately after passing the point of the island into the reach, contending with the wind ahead.[1]

Fort Constitution

Constitution Island seen from US Route 9W

The strategic importance of the ability to control navigation along the Hudson River was obvious to both the Americans and the British from the outbreak of open hostilities. The Hudson was the major means for transportation of supplies and troops throughout a large portion of the northeast. On May 25, 1775 the Continental Congress resolved to build fortifications in the Hudson highlands for the purpose of protecting and maintaining control of the Hudson River.

General George Washington was appointed by the Continental Congress to work with the New York Provincial Congress to draft plans as to how the Hudson River should be fortified against the British. Local residents James Clinton and Christopher Tappan were sent to scout appropriate locations. The initial site chosen was Martlaer's Island, across from West Point. Located on a strategic curve in the Hudson River, engineer Bernard Romans, was appointed to begin the construction of a large fort on the island which was to be named “Fort Constitution".[2]

Historical marker across the river at West Point

Plans for the fort called for four bastions. Construction of the fortifications began in the summer of 1775, and the island was soon known as Constitution Island. By November it had 70 cannon. However, difficulties in construction and management of the original plan of fortifications, together with escalating costs, led to abandonment of that project. A site at Popolopen Creek across from Anthony's Nose was proposed, and in January 1776, the materials and resources from Fort Constitution were redirected to the construction at the new site.[3] The building of Fort Constitution was suspended while the militia concentrated their efforts on building Forts Clinton, Montgomery and Independence south of the island in the hope of containing the British further downstream.[4] The earthworks at Fort Constitution were unfinished when British troops destroyed them in 1777.[5]

In 1778 Polish engineer Thaddeus Kosciusko began designing Fortress West Point as a series of forts and redoubts on both sides of the river. On Constitution Island, a barracks, three redoubts, and a water battery were constructed.[5]

Chain

The island is perhaps best known as the eastern anchor-point for the Great Chain, a massive iron structure that stretched across the narrow bend in the Hudson between the island and the mainland at West Point. The chain was intended to prevent British naval vessels from navigating freely along the Hudson. This was the second attempt to string a chain across the Hudson River in an effort to prevent the British from taking control of the Hudson thereby splitting the American colonies. The first chain, which weighed 35 tons and was 1650 yards long stretched between the base of Fort Montgomery and the rock at Anthony's Nose. That chain failed to stop the British forces when they attacked Forts Montgomery and Clinton. That chain was dismantled by the British.[4]

The Great Chain remained in place (except during months when ice blocked the river) from 1778 to 1782. After the war, Constitution Island returned to civilian use.[6]:17-18,25-27

Tadeusz Kościuszko along with Thomas Machin designed a capstan for reeling in the chain. Kosciuszko also added the Lanthorn Battery at Gee's Point and the Knox Battery to cover the South Dock. The original iron chain, with one and a half inch thick links, was replaced in 1778 with links two and a quarter inches thick, which were two feet long and weighed 140 pounds. Made by Peter Townsend's Stirling Iron Works in Warwick, New York, the 1500 foot long chain weighed 186 tons. Kept afloat on huge logs, forty men removed the chain in winter.[7]:55,58

Warner House

The Warner House is a National Historic Landmark located on Constitution Island, administered by the United States Military Academy. The Warner family owned the island and lived in the house from 1838 to 1915. Sisters Susan Bogert Warner and Anna Bartlett Warner were popular, prolific novelists whose works sold millions of copies in the United States, England and elsewhere. The Warner sisters are recognized as among the most significant American women writers of the nineteenth century. In 1908, seven years before her death, Anna Warner sold the island to Mrs. Margaret Sage, widow of the financier Russell Sage. The terms of the deed included a covenant running with the land that "nothing herein contained ... shall prevent the dedication or conveyance of the premises, or any part thereof, for the purpose of a State or National Park...." The deed of gift from Mrs. Sage to the United States, in 1909, specifically incorporated that covenant. These deeds are on file at the Putnam County, NY Archive, Brewster, NY, Liber 98 and Liber 101. Both sisters are buried at West Point Cemetery.[6]:78-79,163-164

The Constitution Island Association, a not-for-profit organization, traditionally provided historic and cultural tours for visitors to the island and maintained the extensive gardens surrounding the Warner House. Since 2007, however, the Warner House has been closed to visitors because the structure had become unsafe. The garden and grounds are open for visiting on certain days in the summer. The Military Academy has made improvements to the site including upgrades to the roadways, drainage, support facilities and trails. The West Point Association of Graduates has begun a capital campaign to raise funds to rehabilitate the Warner House.

See Also

Reference

  1. ↑ Lossing, Benson John. The Hudson, from the Wilderness to the Sea, New York, Virtue and Yorston, 1866
  2. ↑ "The Revolutionary War", Constitution Island Association
  3. ↑ "Fort Constitution", New York State Military Museum
  4. 1 2 Wade, William. Virtual Trip up the Hudson, 1846
  5. 1 2 "Consitution Island", Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area
  6. 1 2 Dunwell, F.F., 1991, The Hudson River highlands, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231070438
  7. ↑ Storozynski, A., 2009, The Peasant Prince, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 9780312388027

External links


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