Concept album

A concept album is a studio album where all musical or lyrical ideas contribute to a single overall theme or unified story.^[1] In contrast, typical studio albums consist of a number of unconnected songs (lyrically and otherwise) performed by the artist. It has been argued^[2] that concept albums should refer only to albums that bring in themes or story lines from outside of music, given that a collection of love songs or songs from within a certain genre are not usually considered to be a "concept album."

History

1940s–1960s

Woody Guthrie's Dust Bowl Ballads (1940) is regarded as one of the first concept albums, consisting exclusively of semi-autobiographical songs about the hardships of American migrant labourers during the 1930s.^[3] Merle Travis' Folk Songs of the Hills (1947) can be considered a concept album as it exclusively features songs about working life on railroads and in coal mines.

In the early 1950s, before the mainstream breakthrough of rock and roll, concept albums were mostly prevalent in jazz music. Singer Frank Sinatra recorded several notable concept albums prior to the 1960s rock era, including In the Wee Small Hours (1955; songs about loneliness, heartache, introspection, and nightlife), Where Are You? (1957; songs about heartache), Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely (1958; songs about loneliness and heartache), Come Fly with Me (1958; songs about world travel), and No One Cares (1959; songs about loneliness and depression).^[4][5][6] Often credited as the innovator or originator of the concept album, Frank Sinatra's The Voice of Frank Sinatra (1946), Songs for Young Lovers (1954), and In the Wee Small Hours (1955) are generally considered among the first, if not the first, concept albums.^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]} Singer/pianist Nat King Cole's concept albums include After Midnight (1956; collaborations with jazz instrumentalists in the style of late-night jam sessions) and "Penthouse Serenade" (1955; songs detailing the "cocktail piano" era.).

After finding success with stand-alone singles, country icon Johnny Cash turned to themed albums, such as Songs of Our Soil (1959; songs about death and mortality), Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian (1961) and Blood, Sweat and Tears (1963; songs about blue-collar workers).

Early rock concept albums

Since Colorful Ventures (1961), The Ventures became known for releasing concept albums, including surf music, country, outer space, television themes, and psychedelic music.^[14] Bobby Vinton's Blue on Blue, a concept album containing all songs with the word "blue" in the title, produced two top-10 hits, the title track and "Blue Velvet."

In 1966, several albums were deemed as concept albums by their thematically-linked songs, and became inspiration for other artists to follow. The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds portrayed Brian Wilson's state of mind at the time, and was in turn a major inspiration to Paul McCartney. Album writers Brian Wilson and Tony Asher insist that the narrative was not intended, though Wilson has stated that the idea of the record being a "concept album" is mainly within the way the album was produced and structured.^[15] Later in 1966, Wilson began work on Smile, an intentional narrative, though it was scrapped and later revived in November 2011. Freak Out!, Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention's sardonic farce about rock music and America as a whole, and Face to Face by The Kinks, the first collection of Ray Davies's idiosyncratic character studies of ordinary people, are conceptually oriented albums. However, of the three, only Pet Sounds attracted a large commercial audience.

Save for a Rainy Day, by Jan & Dean, had a concept featuring all rain-themed songs. In between each song there is a sound of rain. Dean Torrence recorded this album in 1966 as Jan & Dean soon after Jan Berry had his car crash near Dead Man's Curve in California. Torrence posed with Berry's brother Ken for the album cover photos. Columbia Records released one single from the project ("Yellow Balloon") as did the song's writer, Gary Zekley, with The Yellow Balloon, but with legal wrangles scuttling Torrence's Columbia deal and Berry's disapproval of the project, Save for a Rainy Day remained a self-released album on the J&D Record Co. label (JD-101).^[16] Sundazed Records reissued Save for a Rainy Day in 1996 in CD and vinyl formats, as well as the collector's vinyl 7" companion EP, "Sounds For A Rainy Day," featuring four instrumental versions of tracks from the album.

The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, released in June 1967, would later bring about the notion of the concept album, with the earlier prototypes and examples from traditional pop music and other genres sometimes forgotten. Original reception described the album as a concept by select definitions of the term. There was, at some stage during the making of the album, an attempt to relate the material to firstly the idea of aging, then as an obscure radio play about the life of an ex-army bandsman and his shortcomings. These concepts were lost in the final production. While debate exists over the extent to which Sgt. Pepper qualifies as a true concept album, there is no doubt that its reputation as such helped inspire other artists to produce concept albums of their own, and inspired the public to anticipate them. Lennon and McCartney distanced themselves from the "concept album" tag as applied to that album.^[17]

Days of Future Passed, released the same year as Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, was fellow British musicians The Moody Blues' first concept album. Originally presented with an opportunity to rock out Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" by their new stereophonic label, the band instead forged ahead to unify their own orchestral-based threads of a day in the life of a common man.^[18]

The Who Sell Out by The Who followed with its concept of a pirate radio broadcast. Within the record, joke commercials recorded by the band and actual jingles from recently outlawed pirate radio station Radio London were interspersed between the songs, ranging from pop songs to hard rock and psychedelic rock, culminating with a mini-opera titled "Rael."^[19]

In October 1967, British psychedelic rock group Nirvana released their debut album, The Story of Simon Simopath, to moderate commercial success. The songs' lyrics depict the life and death of the titular hero, blending various mythological themes, such as the existence of centaurs and goddesses, with those of science fiction.

S.F. Sorrow by British group the Pretty Things, released in December 1968, is generally considered to be among the first creatively successful rock concept albums, in that each song is part of an overarching unified concept – the life story of the main character, Sebastian Sorrow.^[20]

The album Head by The Monkees, released in 1968, and the soundtrack to the movie of the same name, was their only concept album. It contains psychedelic songs that ventured away from their usual pop rock offerings such as "Porpoise Song". It also contains "Do I Have To Do This All Over Again" and "Can You Dig It", which are very different from their usual songs.

The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands was a facetious effort from The Turtles, who were at war with their record label White Whale Records. The album, released in November 1968, portrayed a battle of the bands between various widely varying fictional bands (all portrayed by the Turtles). It spawned two hits: "You Showed Me," written by members of The Byrds; and "Elenore," a spoof of their earlier hits and sarcastic response to White Whale (who had constantly pressured the band for more sunshine pop hits in the vein of their earlier work) that thanks to slick production became a hit in its own right.

The rock opera Tommy, released in April 1969, was composed by Pete Townshend and performed by The Who. This acclaimed work was presented over two LPs and it took the idea of thematically based albums to a much higher appreciation by both critics and the public. It was also the first story-based concept album of the rock era (as distinct from the song-cycle style album) to enjoy commercial success. The Who went on to further explorations of the concept album format with their follow-up project Lifehouse, which was abandoned before completion, and with their 1973 rock opera, Quadrophenia.^[21]

Five months after the release of Tommy, The Kinks released another concept album, Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) (September 1969), written by Ray Davies; though considered by some a rock opera, it was originally conceived as the score for a proposed but never realised BBC television drama. It was the first of several concept albums released by the band through the first few years of the 1970s. These were: Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One (1970), Muswell Hillbillies (1971), Preservation: Act 1 (1973), Preservation: Act 2 (1974), Soap Opera (1975) and Schoolboys in Disgrace (1976).^[22]

1970–1980

Pink Floyd in mid-performance of
The Dark Side of the Moon (1973)

Pink Floyd released four concept albums during the 1970s; The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), and The Wall (1979).^[23] In addition to Britain, bands from the European mainland were pushing the limitations of the three-minute song format, regularly requiring two sides of a single LP to complete a statement. Magma, from France, debuted in 1970 with an eponymous concept album, Magma, about refugees fleeing a doomed Earth to settle on the fictional planet Kobaïa. From Greece, Aphrodite's Child, helmed by keyboardist Vangelis, released 666 in 1972. The double album, based on various passages from The Bible, was controversial for its title and sleeve notes. Italy's Banco del Mutuo Soccorso released Darwin! in 1972, a success that lead to the band to signing with Emerson, Lake & Palmer's Manticore Records. Triumvirat, a German progressive rock band signed with EMI to produce several concept albums including Mediterranean Tales, Pompeii and in 1975, what is considered by many to be a masterpiece of the genre, Spartacus.The Americas also produced their share of concept albums during this period. From 1975 to 1979, Canadian progressive power trio Rush released three albums containing sidelong epics, regarded by some as concept albums (though not actually concept albums by strict definition of the term; that is, none of the other songs on the album have anything to do with each other or the 20-minute sidelong epic, so there is no pervasive concept or story). The first of these was released in 1975, titled Caress of Steel. The second was their breakthrough album, 2112, released the following year in 1976. Their third was released in 1978, Hemispheres.Concept albums were hardly the exclusive product of progressive rock bands in the 1970s. From Country to Glam, artists from all genres would embrace the popularity of the LP to explore broader concepts that the 45 would have made impossible.

Michael Nesmith blossomed creatively after quitting The Monkees, as an originator of what would become Country rock and in 1974 released the elaborately packaged concept album The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack. Willie Nelson is a pioneer of concept albums within country music.^[24] In 1974 he released Phases and Stages describing a divorce from the viewpoint of the woman on Side One and the man on Side Two. His 1975 album, Red Headed Stranger, about the fatal estrangement of a cowboy from his unfaithful wife, followed and would reach #1 on the American country charts.Dolly Parton's 1973 concept album My Tennessee Mountain Home told the story of her rural Appalachian childhood, culminating in the song "Down on Music Row", which detailed her departure at age 18 for Nashville to embark on her career; her 1981 album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (built around her hit song "Nine to Five"), was a concept album that focused on work and employment.

1980-1990

Genesis reinvented themselves as a sleek trio with the release of 1980's Duke. This tale of fame, wealth, success and lost love was arguably the band's first full LP concept since 1974's The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway. It was a huge commercial success, becoming their first UK number one album, and began a new, pop-oriented era for the band. "Turn It On Again" became the band's second UK top ten single.^[25] Whether Duke qualifies as a concept album is a matter of some confusion. It has been described as "in part a concept album, in part not".^[26] It has been said that "there does not seem to be a 'bigger picture' behind the songs, and it is uncertain whether there ever was an underlying concept".^[27] Inspired by The Wall, glam rock band Kiss recruited Lou Reed for lyrical assistance and released Music from "The Elder" in 1981. Due to the album's radical departure in musical style compared to Kiss's previous offerings, Music from "The Elder" became the group's poorest selling and charting album in their history. It has, however, grown in cult status since its release.

Although the progressive rock genre had begun to decline in popularity by the late 1970s, concept albums were still proving successful for well-established progressive rock bands, and a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, emerged in the 1980s.^[28] In 1985, the British neo-progressive rock band Marillion achieved their only UK number one album – and the best-selling album of their career – with Misplaced Childhood, a concept album featuring lyrics by frontman Fish which were partly autobiographical. The album was played as two continuous pieces of music on the two sides of the vinyl and produced the band's two biggest hit singles, "Kayleigh" and "Lavender".^[29] The band's follow-up in 1987, Clutching at Straws, has also been described as a concept album.^[30]

In 1988, British heavy metal band Iron Maiden released their only concept album to date, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which focused on concepts of prophecies, premonitions, good vs. evil and follows a vague story line of a boy who possess special powers due to his bloodline. The album has been highly praised critically and it debuted at No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart. This progressive metal style proved extremely influential and would later be copied by many other progressive metal bands.

Styx continued to have multiplatinum albums with their 1981 release Paradise Theater (a concept album about a decaying theater in Chicago which became a metaphor for childhood and American culture) and 1983's Kilroy Was Here (a science fiction rock opera about a future where moralists imprison rockers).^[31] The elaborate concept would produce two top ten hits in the U.S. with "Mr. Roboto" and "Don't Let It End", but arguments over the direction of the band toward increasingly dramatic concept productions led to a breakup in 1984.

1990-2000

In the 1990s neo-progressive rock had all but faded from popular music, but some bands, such as Marillion, still had a sizeable cult fanbase. Their 1994 concept album, Brave, was described as "the most complex Marillion release to date",^[32] and became the final Marillion album to reach the UK top ten.^[25] With the advent of alternative rock, however, a number of artists still continued to use the format within that genre. Other concept albums to then emerge not only from rock, but also from hiphop were to soon follow, especially in the mafioso themed, New York City-stylized music of acs including Mobb Deep, Capone-N-Noreaga, and other Wu-tang works.

2000s–present

Arcade Fire's 2010 concept album The Suburbs debuted at #1 and won Album of the Year at the 2011 Grammy Awards. Its themes focus on regret and lost youth.

Black Veil Brides album Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones is a concept album made in 2012 with some of the songs in a film called Legion of the Black.

All of Coheed and Cambria's studio albums (with the exception of their 2015 release The Color Before the Sun) are concept albums, but in their case the idea is taken a step further: their entire discography is putatively one grand conceptual interpretation of an epic story authored by lead singer Claudio Sanchez in graphic novels titled The Amory Wars.

Celldweller made two conceptual albums. Wish Upon a Blackstar was originally not intended to be a concept album, but as more tracks were written, the concept grew. It was later turned into a novel, under the title, Blackstar. End of an Empire was intentionally written with the idea of a concept in mind. The concept was later made into a 40-page comic called, "The Traveller."

The Smashing Pumpkins' album, Machina/The Machines of God, was released in 2000 and is considered a loose-concept album. The album's concept is loosely about 'a rock star gone mad'. Its sequel album, Machina II/The Friends and Enemies of Modern Music, is also considered a concept album, focusing on the themes of its predecessor. Machina II was released the same year as Machina/The Machines of God, with only 25 copies being made. Those 25 copies were either given to friends of the band or prominent fans of the band in the online community, with instruction to distribute the album for free. Machina received generally favourable reviews, though fared poorly in commercial performance. Due to Machina II's unusual release, very few professional reviews were published, the reviews that had surfaced however were unanimously positive.

Jay-Z's tenth studio album American Gangster, released November 6, 2007, is inspired by the movie American Gangster, and is considered to be a concept album. All throughout the album he raps about being a drug dealer and the life associated with that in the 70's, like the films main character Frank Lucas. With this release Jay-Z tied Elvis Presley for second most number-one albums. It was certified platinum and named by Rolling Stone as the third best album of the year.

Danny Brown's XXX, released in 2011, is considered a concept album about growing up, the fall of Detroit, and the impact of drugs on both.^[33] The album received critical acclaim, including being named SPIN's #1 rap album of 2011.^[34] Dream Theater's Octavarium is based on the human personality, and its connection to an octave, having eight 'bad' traits and 5 'good' traits. The title track details each of the band member's own struggle with the Octavarium. The album was released on January seventh, in 2005.

Blaze Bayley's album Tenth Dimension, released in 2002, is a concept album. Blaze's band was then known as Blaze. Bayley is currently working on another concept album, set to be released in 2016, under the working title "Album 8".

Death Cab for Cutie's album We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, is a concept album. It was the bands second studio album and was released in 2000. The concept was set around a ruined relationship. Their fourth studio album, Transatlanticism, was released in 2003 and received critical acclaim. The concept of Tramsatlanticism is about long-distance love.

The Flaming Lips concept Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots was a commercial and critical success in 2002 even winning a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.

Green Day's concept American Idiot was released in 2004. The album describes the story of a central character named Jesus of Suburbia. After its release it went on to achieve success worldwide, charting in 27 countries and peaking at number one in 19 of them, including the US and the UK. It also won a Grammy in 2005 for Best Rock Album and was nominated for Album of the Year.

Linkin Park's 4th studio album A Thousand Suns, released in 2010 is widely regarded as a partial concept album. The album alludes to the human condition and focuses on the human fear of nuclear warfare. A Thousand Suns was met with highly polarized reception by critics and fans alike, with a number reviewers praising the album's bold direction while many others dismissed it as a general disappointment. The album spent 30 weeks on the Billboard 200 and sold 2,600,000 copies worldwide as of June 2014.

Marina And The Diamonds album, Electra Heart, is a concept album about the embodiment of "female identity", with the main character Electra Heart portraying herself in the form of several female archetypes, known as the "Idle Teen", "Homewrecker", "Beauty Queen", and "Housewife". Diamandis released eleven music videos through YouTube during the promotional campaign for Electra Heart. The album was her second album, released in 2012, and the record debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 21,358 copies.

My Chemical Romance's The Black Parade is a concept album describing the death of a cancer patient. He dies halfway through the album and continues to reflect on his life throughout the rest of the album. Released on October 23, 2006, it is largely considered to be My Chemical Romance's pinnacle work. Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys is another concept album set in 2019. The band members embody their alteregos the Killjoys – rocking renegades on a mission to destroy an evil corporation (Better Living Industries) with help from pirate-radio DJ Dr. Death. The album was released on November 22, 2010 and was the final full studio album My Chemical Romance released.

Plan B's 2nd studio album, The Defamation of Strickland Banks released in 2010, narrates the tale of a fictional character, Strickland Banks, a British soul singer who is falsely accused of rape by an obsessed groupie.

Starset's album Transmissions is a concept album recorded from 2013–2014. The narrative begins under the directive of a character named Dr. Ashton Wise, who the Ohio-based band claims to be acting as the mouthpiece for the Starset Society, a fictional collective whose aim is to publish major scientific discoveries that have been silenced by the government and other agencies. The album is centered around a supposed transmission of human origin that was broadcast from the constellation Ophiuchus, which foretells the future and demise of mankind. Led by frontman Dustin Bates (frontman for Downplay), Starset set up an elaborate online presence—complete with scientific videos, documents, links to shadowy agencies, etc. – that led up to the album's eventual release in 2014. The first two singles, "Carnivore" and "My Demons," appeared in 2013, introducing the band's dramatic style, which includes electronic elements, strings, heavy alt-rock, and mysterious sample recordings surrounding the theme of the album.

Taylor Swift's 2010 album Speak Now is considered a concept album revolving mainly about things that were unspoken in the past and the power to tell the truth. The album is one of the best selling albums of the years 2010 and 2011. Speak Now notably charted all its fourteen standard edition songs on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, the three bonus tracks from the album, "Ours," Superman" and "If This Was a Movie" debuted the following year on the same chart, therefore making Billboard charts history.

Lady Gaga's 2009 EP The Fame Monster is another example of a concept album, as Lady Gaga described each track to be a 'monster' she has encountered, "my 'Fear of Sex Monster,' my 'Fear of Alcohol Monster,' my 'Fear of Love Monster,' my 'Fear of Death Monster,' my 'Fear of Loneliness Monster,' etc...".

Finnish folk-epic metal band Turisas's 2nd and 3rd studio albums, The Varangian Way (2007) and Stand Up and Fight (2011), narrate the journey of a band of Nordic warriors who travel to Constantinople in the 11th century and enlist to fight for the Byzantine Empire against various Middle Eastern invaders. Several songs feature a plot involving the Varangian Guard, the elite bodyguard of the Byzantine emperor, and the lyrics incorporate, inter alia, Greek honorific titles, period battle cries and other overt historical references. The two albums constitute a pseudo-historical narrative and have been considered by reviewers a form of 'public history'.^[35]

Dave Malloy's 2014 album Ghost Quartet was released in conjunction with a theater show of the same name, a "theatrical staging of a concept album" about "love, death, and whiskey."

Childish Gambino's Because the Internet and STN MTN / Kauai along with a corresponding short film, Clapping for the Wrong Reasons, and a screenplay, build a large and expansive concept album focusing on the plight of the main protagonist, The Boy.

Logic's The Incredible True Story is a concept album set 100 years in the future, where a set of characters listen to and comment on the rapper's performance and supposed influence on the rap world, citing the fact that the album in question "changed the rap game".

Cry Baby by Melanie Martinez is a concept album that tells the story of the character Cry Baby, who goes on a journey and discovers herself. A constant theme throughout the album is child-like imagery that has a much deeper and darker meaning. For example, the song "Tag, you're it" is about sexual assault. ^[36]

Examples of concept albums released in 2015 are Coma Ecliptic by Between The Buried And Me, Blurryface by twenty one pilots, Front Row Seat by Josh Abbott Band, To Pimp a Butterfly by Kendrick Lamar and I Love You, Honeybear by Father John Misty.

The Devil Wears Prada's 2010 and 2015 EP releases Zombie and Space are conceptual EPs.

See also

• Album Era
• Album musical
• Program music
• Rock opera

References