BLU-82

A 15,000 lb BLU-82/B on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force
An MC-130E from the 711th Special Operations Squadron, 919th Special Operations Wing, drops the last operational BLU-82 bomb at the Utah Test and Training Range on July 15, 2008.
Detonation of the last BLU-82

The BLU-82B/C-130 weapon system, known under program "Commando Vault" and nicknamed "daisy cutter" in Vietnam and in Afghanistan for its ability to flatten a forest into a helicopter landing zone, is a 15,000 pound (6,800 kg) conventional bomb, delivered from either a C-130 or an MC-130 transport aircraft. There were 225 constructed.[1] The BLU-82 was retired in 2008 and replaced with the more powerful MOAB.

Overview

The designation "BLU" stands for Bomb Live Unit, as opposed to "BDU" (Bomb Dummy Units) used for practice. Originally designed to create an instant clearing in the jungles of Vietnam, the BLU-82B/C-130 was test-dropped there from a CH-54 Tarhe "Flying crane" helicopter. Later it was used in Afghanistan as an anti-personnel weapon and as an intimidation weapon because of its very large blast radius (variously reported as 5000 to 5500 feet/1500 to 1700 meters) combined with a visible flash and audible sound at long distances. It is one of the largest conventional weapons ever to be used, outweighed only by a few earthquake bombs, thermobaric bombs, and demolition (bunker buster) bombs. Some of these include the Grand Slam and T12 earthquake bombs of late World War II, and more currently, the Russian Air Force FOAB and USAF GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, and the Massive Ordnance Penetrator.

Specifications

The BLU-82 uses ammonium nitrate and aluminum (cf. ammonal).[2] The warhead contains 12,600 pounds (5,700 kg) of low-cost GSX slurry (ammonium nitrate, aluminum powder and polystyrene).

The Daisy Cutter has sometimes been incorrectly reported as a fuel-air explosive device (FAE). FAE devices consist of a flammable liquid and a dispersing mechanism, and take their oxidizers from the oxygen in the air. FAEs generally run between 500 and 2,000 pounds (225 and 900 kg). Making an FAE the size of a Daisy Cutter would be difficult because the correct uniform mixture of the flammable agent with the ambient air would be difficult to maintain if the agent were so widely dispersed. A conventional explosive is much more reliable in that regard, particularly if there is significant wind or thermal gradient.

The BLU-82 produces an overpressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch (psi) (7 MPa) near ground zero, tapering off as distance increases. It is detonated just above ground by a 38-inch (965 mm) fuze extender. This results in a maximum destruction at ground level without digging a crater.

Guidance

This system depends upon the accurate positioning of the aircraft by either a fixed ground radar or on-board navigation equipment. The ground radar controller, or aircrew navigator if applicable, is responsible for positioning the aircraft prior to final countdown and release. Primary aircrew considerations include accurate ballistic and wind computations provided by the navigator, and precision instrument flying with strict adherence to controller instructions. Due to its extremely powerful blast effects, the minimum safe altitude for releasing this weapon is 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above ground level (AGL).

Operations

The BLU-82 was originally designed to clear helicopter landing zones and artillery emplacements in Vietnam. The first use of a BLU-82 occurred on 22 March 1970, when one was dropped north of Long Tieng, Laos (see Campaign 139).[3]

South Vietnamese VNAF aircraft dropped BLU-82 bombs on NVA positions in desperation to support ARVN troops in the Battle of Xuân Lộc in the last days of the Vietnam War. During the Mayaguez incident, a Lockheed MC-130 dropped a single BLU-82 to assist U.S. Marine forces attempting to extract themselves from Koh Tang island.[4]

Eleven BLU-82Bs were palletized and dropped in five night missions during the 1991 Gulf War, all from Special Operations MC-130 Combat Talons.[5] The initial drop tested the ability of the bomb to clear or breach mine fields;[6] however, no reliable assessments of mine clearing effectiveness are publicly available. Later, bombs were dropped as much for their psychological effect as for their anti-personnel effects.[7]

The U.S. Air Force dropped several BLU-82s during the campaign to destroy Taliban and al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan to attack and demoralize personnel and to destroy underground and cave complexes.[5] American forces began using the bomb in November 2001[8] and again a month later during the Battle of Tora Bora.[9] On 15 July 2008, airmen from the Duke Field 711th Special Operations Squadron, 919th Special Operations Wing dropped the last operational BLU-82 at the Utah Test and Training Range.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ London, U.K.: Aeroplane, Fricker, John, "Crosswind", October 2006, Volume 34, Number 10, No. 402, page 120.
  2. ↑ Independent Online, Taliban downs US chopper, killing four, November 6, 2001
  3. ↑ Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-825-0, p. 256.
  4. ↑ Grandolini, Albert. "Cambodia, Part Two; 1954-1999". ACIG.org. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  5. 1 2 Pike, John. "BLU-82B." Federation of American Scientists, 24 March 2004.
  6. ↑ Craib, J. A. "Occasional Paper Series 1: Survey of Mine Clearance Technology." BARIC (Consultants) Ltd., September 1994.
  7. ↑ Wolfowitz, Paul; Stufflebeem, John D. "September 11, 2001: Attack on America." Department of Defense News Briefing, 10 December 2001.
  8. ↑ U.S. using mammoth 'Daisy Cutter' bomb
  9. ↑ Daisy-cutter deployed after bin Laden sighting
  10. ↑ Nichols, Patrick (Captain, 919th Operations Group). "Duke Field Airmen Drop Last 15,000-Pound Bomb." Air Force Link (U.S. Air Force), 21 July 2008.

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