Close-mid front unrounded vowel
Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
e | |
IPA number | 302 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) |
e |
Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
X-SAMPA |
e |
Kirshenbaum |
e |
Braille | |
Sound | |
source · help |
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • chart with audio • view |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[1] | meter | [ˈmëˑtɐr] | 'meter' | Near-front. Allophone of /eə/ in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [ëə̯ ~ ë̯ə ~ ëə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic | Egyptian | ليه | [leː] | 'why' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
Gulf | ليش | [leːʃ] | See Arabic phonology | ||
Levantine | |||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | heː | [heː] | 'yes' | Prominent in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. Can be closer to [i] for some speakers. Lowered to [e̞] in other varieties. | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | ||||
Catalan[3] | séc | [s̠ek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 鼻/bei6 | [pei˨˨] | 'nose' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 飛/fēi | [feɪ̯˥] | 'to fly' | See Standard Chinese phonology | |
Wu | 隑/ge | [ɡe˩˧] | 'lean' | ||
Czech | Bohemian[4] | byli | [ˈbele] | 'they were' | Also described as near-close near-front [ɪ];[5] corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[4] See Czech phonology |
Brno accent[6] | led | [let] | 'ice' | Corresponds to [ɛ ~ ɛ̠ ~ ɛ̝̈] in standard Czech.[7] See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[8][9][10][11][12] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Also described as open-mid ⟨ɛ⟩[13] - the way it is most often transcribed. It is mid [e̞] in the conservative variety.[14] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Belgian[15] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
Northeastern | |||||
Standard Netherlandic | |||||
English | Australian[16] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
General Indian[17] | play | [pl̥e(ː)] | 'play' | ||
General Pakistani[18] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
Multicultural London[19] | |||||
Scottish[20] | |||||
Singaporean[21] | |||||
Tyneside[22] | |||||
Ulster[23] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
Cardiff[24] | kit | [ke̠t] | 'kit' | Near-front;[24] corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. | |
Faroese | eg | [eː] | 'I' | ||
French[25] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
Galician | tres | [t̪ɾes] | 'three' | ||
Georgian[26] | მეფჱ | [mɛpʰej] | 'king' | ||
German | Standard[27] | Seele | [ˈzeːlə] | 'soul' | See German phonology |
Hindustani | दे / دے | [d̪eː] | 'give!' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Icelandic[28][29][30] | vinur | [ˈveːnөr] | 'friend' | Most often transcribed /ɪ/. See Icelandic phonology | |
Italian[31] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology | |
Kaingang[32] | [ˈkɾe] | 'thigh' | |||
Korean | 베다/beda | [ˈpeːda] | 'to cut' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Most dialects[33][34][35] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
Rural Weerts[36] | beek | [beːk] | 'stream' | Corresponds to /iə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /eː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /eə/.[37] | |
Luxembourgish[38][39] | drécken | [ˈdʀekən] | 'to push' | Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].[39] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malay | bebek | [bebeʔ] | 'duck' | See Malay phonology | |
North Frisian | ween | [ʋeːn] | 'blue' | ||
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[40] | le | [l̪eː] | 'laugh' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology |
Polish[41] | dzień | [ˈd͡ʑeɲ̟] | 'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[42] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਸੇਬ | [seːb] | 'apple' | ||
Romanian | Muntenian dialects[43] | vezi | [vezʲ] | '(you) see' | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian[44] | шея | [ˈʂejə] | 'neck' | Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Shiwiar[45] | Allophone of /a/.[45] | ||||
Slovak | Dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ[46] | dcéra | [ˈt͡seːrä] | 'daughter' | In standard Slovak, the backness varies between front and near-front; most commonly, it is realized as mid [e̞ː] instead.[47] See Slovak phonology |
Standard[48] | |||||
Swedish | se | [s̪eː] | 'see' | See Swedish phonology | |
Vietnamese | tê | [te] | 'numb' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian[49] | ik | [ek] | 'I' | Also described as mid [e̞];[50] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɪ⟩. See West Frisian phonology | |
Yoruba[51] | |||||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[52] | zied | [zied̪] | Allophone of /e/ that occurs mostly after /i/. In other environments, the most common realization is central [ɘ].[52] |
See also
References
- 1 2 Lass (1987), p. 119.
- ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- 1 2 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ Palková (1999:187)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ↑ Grønnum (2003)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ↑ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ Wells (1982:626)
- ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1010)
- ↑ Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Deterding (2000:?)
- ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
- ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- 1 2 Coupland (1990:93)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:106)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:44)
- 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ↑ Kráľ (1988:92)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:95)
- ↑ Tiersma (1999:10)
- ↑ Sipma (1913:10)
- ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- 1 2 Merrill (2008:109–110)
Bibliography
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 93, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies) 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
- Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jaques, Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131, ISBN 9067652970
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W., A handbook of varieties of English 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, ISBN 978-8070668436
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis 55: 87–109
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Sipma, Pieter (1913), Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian, London: Oxford University Press
- Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
- Wells, J. C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, February 12, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.