Royal Fusiliers

7th Regiment of Foot Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)
Cap badge of the Royal Fusiliers
Active	1685–1968
Country	Kingdom of England (1685–1707)  Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)  United Kingdom (1801–1968)
Branch	British Army
Type	Infantry
Role	Line infantry
Size	1–4 Regular battalions Up to 3 Militia and Special Reserve battalions Up to 4 Territorial and Volunteer battalions Up to 36 Hostilities-only battalions
Garrison/HQ	Tower of London
Nickname(s)	The Elegant Extracts
Motto	Honi soit qui mal y pense
March	The Seventh Royal Fusiliers

The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in continuous existence for 283 years. It was known as the 7th Regiment of Foot until the Childers Reforms of 1881.^[1] The Royal Fusiliers Monument, a memorial dedicated to the Royal Fusiliers who died during World War I, stands on Holborn in the City of London.

Throughout its long existence the regiment served in many wars and conflicts, including the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. In 1968 the regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments of the Fusilier Brigade – the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and the Lancashire Fusiliers – to form a new large regiment, the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.

History

The Royal Fusiliers exercising the right to march through the City of London with fixed bayonets, drums beating and colours flying

Formation

It was formed as a fusilier regiment in 1685 by George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth, from two companies of the Tower of London guard, and was originally called the Ordnance Regiment. Most regiments were equipped with matchlock muskets at the time, but the Ordnance Regiment were armed with flintlock fusils. This was because their task was to be an escort for the artillery, for which matchlocks would have carried the risk of igniting the open-topped barrels of gunpowder.^[2] The regiment became the 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) in 1751, although a variety of spellings of the word "fusilier" persisted until the 1780s, when the modern spelling was formalised.^[3]

American War of Independence

The Royal Fusiliers were sent to Canada in 1773. The regiment was broken up into detachments which served at Montreal, Quebec, Fort Chambly and Fort St Johns (Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu). In the face of the American invasion of Canada in 1775/76, most of the regiment was forced to surrender. The 80 man garrison of Fort Chambly attempted to resist a 400-man Rebel force but ultimately had to surrender. This is where the regiment lost its first set of colours. Captain Owen's company of the 7th, along with a handful of recruits assisted with the Battle of Quebec in December 1775.^[2]

The men taken prisoner during the defence of Canada were exchanged to British held New York City in late 1776. Here the regiment was rebuilt and garrisoned New York and New Jersey. In October 1777, the 7th participated in the successful assaults on Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery. In December 1777, the regiment reinforced the garrison of Philadelphia. During the British evacuation back to New York City, the regiment participated in the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778. The 7th participated in Tryon's raid in July 1779.^[2]

Late in 1779, the Royal Fusiliers were brigaded with the 23rd Regiment of Foot for the capture of Charleston. Once Charleston fell, the regiment helped garrison the city.^[2] In January 1781, a contingent of 171 men from the Royal Fusiliers were detached from General Charles Cornwallis's army and fought under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781.^[4] The Royal Fusiliers were in the first line during the battle: Tarleton was defeated and the regiment's colours were lost in the heat of the battle.^[2] A contingent from the regiment fought through North Carolina participating in the Battle of Guilford Court House in March 1781.^[5] There was another detachment which remained in the South, under the command of Lt Col. Alured Clarke: these men remained in garrison in Charleston, until they were transferred to Savannah, Georgia in December 1781.^[6]

Peninsular War

The Royal Fusiliers formed part of the famed Fusilier Brigade in Wellington's Peninsular Army along with the 23rd Regiment of Foot (The Royal Welch Fusiliers) at the Battle of Albuhera on 16 May 1811.^[7] In 1881, under the Childers Reforms when regimental numbers were abolished the regiment became The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment).^[8][9]

First World War

22 August 1914: Men of "A" Company of the 4th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), resting in the town square at Mons.

A 1915 recruitment poster for 2nd City of London Battalion, Royal Fusiliers.

The Royal Fusiliers served with distinction in the First World War:^[10]

Regular Army

The 1st Battalion landed at Saint-Nazaire as part of the 17th Brigade in the 6th Division in September 1914 for service on the Western Front;^[11] major engagements involving the battalion included the Battle of the Somme in autumn 1916 and the Battle of Passchendaele in autumn 1917.^[12]

The 2nd Battalion landed at Gallipoli as part of the 86th Brigade in the 29th Division in April 1915; after being evacuated in December 1915, it moved to Egypt in March 1916 and then landed in Marseille in March 1916 for service on the Western Front;^[11] major engagements involving the battalion included the Battle of the Somme in autumn 1916 and the Battle of Arras in spring 1917.^[12]

The 3rd Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 85th Brigade in the 28th Division in January 1915; major engagements involving the battalion included the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 and the Battle of Loos in September 1915.^[12] The battalion moved to Egypt in October 1915 and then to Salonika in July 1918.^[11]

The 4th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 9th Brigade in the 3rd Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front;^[11] major engagements involving the battalion included the Battle of Mons and the Battle of Le Cateau in August 1914, the First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 and the Battle of La Bassée, the Battle of Messines and the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914.^[12] Members of the Battalion won the first two Victoria Crosses of the war near Mons in August 1914 (Lieutenant Maurice Dease^[13] and Private Sidney Godley).^[14]

New Armies

The 8th and 9th (Service) Battalions landed in France and both saw action on the Western Front.^[11] The 10th (Service) Battalion, better known as the Stock Exchange Battalion, was formed in 1914 when 1,600 members of the London Stock Exchange joined up: 400 were killed on the Western Front.^[15] The 11th, 12th, 13th and 17th (Service) Battalions landed in France and all four battalions saw action on the Western Front.^[11] The 18th through 21st (Service) Battalions of the regiment were recruited from public schools; all four battalions saw action on the Western Front.^[11] The 22nd (Service) Battalion, which was recruited from the citizens of Kensington, also landed in France and saw action on the Western Front.^[11] The 23rd and 24th (Service) Battalion, better known as the Sportsmen's Battalions, also landed in France and saw action on the Western Front:^[11] they were among the Pals battalions.^[16] The 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers served in East Africa.^[11] The 26th (Service) Battalion was recruited from the banking community; it saw action on the Western Front.^[11] The 32nd (Service) Battalion, which was recruited from the citizens of East Ham, also landed in France and saw action on the Western Front.^[11] The 38th through 42nd Battalions of the regiment served as the Jewish Legion^[17] in Palestine; many of its members went on to be part of the founding of the State of Israel in 1948.^[11]

The Royal Fusiliers War Memorial, stands on High Holborn, near Chancery Lane tube station, surmounted by the lifesize statue of a First World War soldier, and its regimental chapel is at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate.^[18]

Second World War

In World War II the 1st Battalion was part of the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade for the majority of the war and they were attached to the 8th Indian Infantry Division and served with them in the Italian Campaign.^[19]

The 2nd Battalion was attached to the 12th Infantry Brigade, 4th Infantry Division and was sent to France in 1939 after the outbreak of war to join the British Expeditionary Force. In May 1940 they fought in the Battle of France and were forced to retreat to Dunkirk where they were then evacuated from France. With the brigade and division, the battalion spent the next two years in the United Kingdom, before being sent overseas to fight in the Tunisia Campaign, part of the final stages of the North African Campaign. Alongside the 1st, 8th and 9th battalions, the 2nd Battalion also saw active service in the Italian Campaign from March 1944, in particular during the Battle of Monte Cassino, fighting later on the Gothic Line before being airlifted to fight in the Greek Civil War.^[20]

The 8th and 9th battalions, the two Territorial Army units, were part of the 1st London Infantry Brigade, attached to 1st London Infantry Division. These later became the 167th (London) Infantry Brigade and 56th (London) Infantry Division. Both battalions saw service in the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign, where each suffered over 100 casualties. In September 1943 both battalions were heavily involved in the landings at Salerno, as part of the Allied invasion of Italy, later crossing the Volturno Line, before, in December, being held up at the Winter Line.^[21]

Two other Territorial battalions, the 11th and 12th, were both raised in 1939 when the Territorial Army was ordered to be doubled in size. Both were assigned to 4th London Infantry Brigade, part of 2nd London Infantry Division, later 140th (London) Infantry Brigade and 47th (London) Infantry Division respectively. Both battalions remained in the United Kingdom on home defence duties. In 1943, the 12th Battalion was transferred to the 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division and later to the 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division. In the latter two formations, the battalion acted in a training capacity and supplied drafts and replacements for other battalions and regiments serving overseas.^[22]

The regiment raised many other battalions during the war, although none of them saw active service overseas in their original roles, instead some were converted to other roles. The 21st Battalion, for example, formed soon after the Dunkirk evacuation, was sent to India in the summer of 1942 and later became part of the 52nd Infantry Brigade, acting in a training capacity in order to train British troops in jungle warfare for service in the Burma Campaign. The 23rd Battalion, also created in June/July 1940, was later converted into 46th Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps, assigned to the 46th Infantry Division, serving with it for the rest of the war.^[23]

Post 1945

In August 1952 the regiment, now reduced to a single Regular battaion, entered the Korean War. On 23 April 1968 the regiment was amalgamated with the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (5th Foot), the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers (6th Foot) and the Lancashire Fusiliers (20th Foot) to form the 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.^[24]

Fusiliers Museum

Royal Fusiliers Regimental Museum, August 2014

The Fusilier Museum is located in the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Headquarters at HM Tower of London.^[25]

Battle honours

The Garden of Remembrance at St Sepulchre's Church was originally meant as a memorial to Fusiliers killed in the two World Wars but is now dedicated to all Fusiliers killed in action since 1914

The regiment's battle honours included:^[26]

• Earlier Wars: Namur 1695, Martinique 1809, Talavera, Busaco, Albuhera, Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Orthes, Toulouse, Peninsula, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1879–80, Relief of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899–1902
• The First World War (47 battalions): Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Messines 1914 '17, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 '15 '17 '18, Nonne Bosschen, Gravenstafel, St. Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Hooge 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917 '18, Vimy 1917, Scarpe 1917, Arleux, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Rosières, Avre, Villers Bretonneux, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Béthune, Amiens, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, Canal du Nord, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Courtrai, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Italy 1917–18, Struma, Macedonia 1915–18, Helles, Landing at Helles, Krithia, Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–16, Egypt 1916, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1918, Troitsa, Archangel 1919, Kilimanjaro, Behobeho, Nyangao, East Africa 1915–17
• The Second World War: Dunkirk 1940, North-West Europe 1940, Agordat, Keren, Syria 1941, Sidi Barrani, Djebel Tebaga, Peter's Corner, North Africa 1940 '43, Sangro, Mozzagrogna, Caldari, Salerno, St. Lucia, Battipaglia, Teano, Monte Camino, Garigliano Crossing, Damiano, Anzio, Cassino II, Ripa Ridge, Gabbiano, Advance to Florence, Monte Scalari, Gothic Line, Coriano, Croce, Casa Fortis, Savio Bridgehead, Valli di Commacchio, Senio, Argenta Gap, Italy 1943–45, Athens, Greece 1944–45
• Korea 1952–53

Colonels

Colonels-in-Chief

Colonels-in-Chief have included:^[26]

• 1900–1937: HM King George V
• 1937–1942: HRH Prince George, Duke of Kent

Colonels

The Royal Fusiliers War Memorial on Holborn, a memorial to Royal Fusiliers killed in World War I and World War II

The colonels of the regiment included:^[27]

• 1685–1689: Lieutenant-General George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth
• 1689–1692: General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
• January–July 1692 Field Marshal George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney
• 1692–1696: Brigadier-General Edward Fitzpatrick
• 1696–1713: General Charles O'Hara, 1st Baron Tyrawley
• 1713–1739: Field Marshal James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley
• 1739–1751: Lieutenant-General William Hargrave
• 1751–1754: General John Mostyn
• 1754–1776: Lord Robert Bertie
• 1776–1788: Lieutenant-General Richard Prescott
• 1788–1789: General William Gordon
• 1789–1801: Field Marshal Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
• 1801–1832: Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke
• 1832–1854: Field Marshal Sir Edward Blakeney
• 1854–1855: General Sir George Brown
• 1855–1868: General Sir Samuel Auchmuty^[28]
• 1868–1881: General Sir Richard Airey^[29]
• 1881–1900: General Sir Richard Wilbraham
• 1900–1922: Major-General Sir Geoffrey Barton
• 1922–1924: Major-General Colin Donald
• 1924–1933: Major-General Sir Reginald Pinney
• 1933–1942: Major-General Walter Hill
• July–October 1942 Brigadier Reginald Howlett
• 1942–1947: General Sir Reginald May
• 1947–1954: Major-General James Francis Harter
• 1954–1963: Major-General Francis David Rome
• 1963–1974: General Sir Kenneth Darling

See also

The Royal Fusiliers were mentioned in Pink Floyd's film The Wall. It was the regiment that the character Pink's father died in, as well as the writer and producer Roger Waters' father, Eric Fletcher Waters, to whom the Pink Floyd album The Final Cut was dedicated.

The Royal Fusiliers is also mentioned in Jeffrey Archer's bestseller novel, As the Crow Flies. The protagonist of the book, Charlie Trumper, is part of the regiment which fights in the First World War.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment).

• Historical records of the 7th or Royal regiment of Fusiliers 1685–1903 by Lt Col. Percy Groves.
• Fusilier Museum London
• Fusiliers Association