Chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome
Classification and external resources
Specialty Rheumatology
ICD-10 G93.3
ICD-9-CM 323.9 780.71
DiseasesDB 1645
MedlinePlus 001244
eMedicine med/3392 ped/2795
Patient UK Chronic fatigue syndrome
MeSH D015673

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex medical condition, characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms.[1][2] These symptoms are to such a degree that they limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.[2] CFS may also be referred to as systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID), myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS), chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS), or several other terms.[3] Quality of life of persons with CFS can be extremely compromised.[4]

Biological, genetic, infectious, and psychological mechanisms have been proposed, but the cause is not understood.[5][6] The fatigue of CFS is not due to ongoing exertion, is not much relieved by rest, and is not due to any other medical condition.[7] Diagnosis is based on a patient's signs and symptoms.[8]

There is agreement that CFS has a negative effect on health, happiness and productivity but there is also controversy over many aspects of the disorder. Physicians, researchers and patient advocates promote different names[9] and diagnostic criteria, while evidence for proposed causes and treatments is often contradictory or of low quality.[10]

Evidence suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy and a gradual increase in activity suited to individual capacity can be beneficial in some cases. The medication rintatolimod may be useful for certain people.[8]

Estimates of the number of people with the condition vary from 7 to 3,000 per 100,000 adults.[5][11] About one million Americans and a quarter of a million people in the UK have CFS.[12][13] Fatigue is a common symptom in many illnesses, but the fatigue experienced by persons with CFS is comparatively rare.[11] CFS occurs more often in women than men,[14] and is less common among children and adolescents.[15]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of CFS include malaise after exertion; unrefreshing sleep, widespread muscle and joint pain, sore throat, headaches of a type not previously experienced, cognitive difficulties, chronic and severe mental and physical exhaustion. Additional symptoms may be reported, including muscle weakness, increased sensitivity to light, sounds and smells, problems standing upright, digestive disturbances, depression, painful and often slightly swollen lymph nodes, and heart and breathing problems.[16] It is unclear if these symptoms represent other associated conditions or if they are produced by CFS itself.[5] Symptoms vary in number, type, and severity from person to person.[17]

Onset

The majority of CFS cases start suddenly,[18] usually accompanied by a "flu-like illness"[5] while a significant proportion of cases begin within several months of severe adverse stress.[18][19][20] An Australian prospective study found that after infection by viral and non-viral pathogens, a subset of individuals met the criteria for CFS, with the researchers concluding that "post-infective fatigue syndrome is a valid illness model for investigating one pathophysiological pathway to CFS".[21] However, accurate prevalence and exact roles of infection and stress in the development of CFS are currently unknown.

Symptoms

The most commonly used diagnostic criteria and definition of CFS for research and clinical purposes were published by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[5] The CDC recommends the following three criteria be fulfilled:[22]

  1. A new onset (not lifelong) of severe fatigue for six consecutive months or greater duration which is unrelated to exertion, is not substantially relieved by rest, and is not a result of other medical conditions.
  2. The fatigue causes a significant reduction of previous activity levels.
  3. Four or more of the following symptoms that concurrently last six months or longer:

The CDC states other common symptoms include the following:[17]

The CDC proposes that persons with symptoms resembling those of CFS consult a physician to rule out several treatable illnesses: Lyme disease,[22] "sleep disorders, major depressive disorder, alcohol/substance abuse, diabetes, hypothyroidism, mononucleosis (mono), lupus, multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic hepatitis and various malignancies."[23] Medications can also cause side effects that mimic symptoms of CFS.[22]

Unlike the CDC's diagnostic criteria for CFS, the International Consensus Criteria for ME do not require the 6-month waiting period before diagnosis, noting that "No other disease criteria require that diagnoses be withheld until after the patient has suffered with the affliction for 6 months."[24]

Functioning

Despite a common diagnosis the functional capacity of individuals with CFS varies greatly.[25] Some persons with CFS lead relatively normal lives; others are totally bed-ridden and unable to care for themselves.[26] For the majority of persons with CFS, work, school, and family activities are significantly reduced for extended periods of time.[17] The severity of symptoms and disability is the same in both genders,[27] and many experience strongly disabling chronic pain.[28] Persons report critical reductions in levels of physical activity.[29] Also, a reduction in the complexity of activity has been observed.[30] Reported impairment is comparable to other fatiguing medical conditions[31] including late-stage AIDS,[32] lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and end-stage renal disease.[17] CFS affects a person's functional status and well-being more than major medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, or type II diabetes mellitus.[4][33]

Often, there are courses of remission and relapse of symptoms which make the illness difficult to manage. Persons who feel better for a period may overextend their activities, and the result can be a worsening of their symptoms with a relapse of the illness.[17]

Employment rates vary with over half unable to work and nearly two-thirds limited in their work because of their illness. More than half were on disability benefits or temporary sick leave, and less than a fifth worked full-time.[26]

Cognitive functioning

Cognitive symptoms are mainly from deficits in attention, memory, and reaction time. The deficits are in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 standard deviations below expected and are likely to affect day-to-day activities. Simple and complex information processing speed and functions entailing working memory over long time periods were moderately to extensively impaired. These deficits are generally consistent with those reported by patients. Perceptual abilities, motor speed, language, reasoning, and intelligence did not appear to be significantly altered.[34]

Comorbidity

Many CFS patients will also have, or appear to have, other medical problems or related diagnoses. Fibromyalgia occurs in a large percentage of CFS patients between onset and the second year, and some researchers suggest fibromyalgia and CFS are related.[35] As previously mentioned, many CFS sufferers also experience symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular joint pain, headache including migraines, and other forms of myalgia. CFS patients have significantly higher rates of current mood disorders than the general population.[36] Compared with the non-fatigued population, male CFS patients are more likely to experience chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), and female CFS patients are also more likely to experience chronic pelvic pain.[37] CFS is significantly more common in women with endometriosis compared with women in the general USA population.[38]

Risk factors

All ethnic groups and income levels are susceptible to the illness. The CDC states that ME/CFS is "at least as common" in African Americans and Hispanics as Caucasians. A 2009 meta-analysis, however, showed that compared with the White American majority, African Americans and Native Americans have a higher risk of CFS, though it acknowledged that studies and data were limited.[39] More women than men get CFS — between 60 and 85% of cases are women; however, there is some indication that the prevalence among men is underreported. The illness is reported to occur more frequently in people between the ages of 40 and 59.[14] CFS is less prevalent among children and adolescents than adults.[12] Blood relatives of people who have CFS appear to be more predisposed.[40] There is no direct evidence that CFS is contagious.[41]

A systematic review carried out in 2008 assessed primary studies which had examined demographic, medical, psychological, social and environmental factors as potential risks that might lead to the development of CFS. The review concluded that the lack of agreement between primary studies meant that none of these factors were helpful in identifying patients at risk of developing CFS/ME.[42]

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome is unknown. Potential causes have been proposed, including neurological factors, psychological or psychosocial factors or influences, infections, immunological factors, endocrinal factors and genetic factors. No clinically meaningful risk factor has yet been identified.[42] CFS is associated with abnormal immunological response to exertion, reduced ability to recover from exertion,[43] neuroendrocrine abnormalities, reduced natural killer cell function,[44] and forms of orthostatic intolerance including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, neurally mediated hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension.[45][46]

Roles for viral and bacterial infections have been suggested for CFS and although CFS type symptoms can occur following severe infections, current data does not support the presence of an infectious process in maintaining the disease;[47] however one of the most consistent findings in persons diagnosed with the illness is poor natural killer cell function. The reduction in natural killer cell function correlates with illness severity.[44][48] Immunological factors including a chronic activation or suppression of the immune system may contribute to symptoms of CFS,[49] but they may not represent the entire picture.[50]

Persons diagnosed with the illness appear to have an abnormal immune response to exercise. Specifically, complement products are increased, larger oxidative stress is generated along with reduced anti-oxidant immune response, and larger interleukin-10 and toll-like receptor 4 gene expression are seen versus healthy controls. Many of these immune responses correlate with the symptom of post-exertional malaise.[51]

Several studies have found that, despite meeting objective indicators of maximal effort during two cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) 24 hours apart, patients with the illness have significantly lower results on CPET 2 than on CPET 1 on one or more of the following parameters: VO2 max, VO2 at ventilatory threshold, and maximal workload or workload at ventilatory threshold. In contrast, a single CPET may yield normal results. These findings appear to be specific to ME/CFS and provide objective evidence for the reduced ability to recover from exertion commonly reported by patients.[43]

A substantial body of evidence points to abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) in CFS patients that may include mild hypocortisolism, an attenuated diurnal variation in cortisol, enhanced cortisol negative feedback, blunted HPA axis responsiveness and a hyperserotonergic state. It is unclear whether or not these disturbances play a primary role in the pathogenesis of CFS[50][52][53] or have a secondary role in exacerbating or perpetuating symptoms later in the course of the illness.[54]

Diagnosis

There are no characteristic laboratory abnormalities to diagnose CFS,[55] so testing is used to rule out other potential causes for symptoms.[56] When symptoms are attributable to certain other conditions, the diagnosis of CFS is excluded. Important conditions and disorders to exclude are current/active major depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse or other substance abuse. Current morbid obesity and active medical diseases need to be resolved and excluded before a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome can be made.[57]

Definitions

Notable definitions include:[16]

Clinical practice guidelines are generally based on case descriptions with the aim of improving diagnosis, management, and treatment. An example is the CFS/ME guideline for the National Health Service in England and Wales, produced in 2007 by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).[2]

Differential diagnoses

Certain medical conditions can cause chronic fatigue and must be ruled out before a diagnosis of CFS can be given. Hypothyroidism, anemia,[60] coeliac disease (that can occur without gastrointestinal symptoms),[61] diabetes and certain psychiatric disorders are a few of the diseases that must be ruled out if the patient presents with appropriate symptoms.[2][56][60] Other diseases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, include infectious diseases (such as Epstein–Barr virus, influenza, HIV infection, tuberculosis, Lyme disease), neuroendocrine diseases (such as thyroiditis, Addison's disease, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's disease), hematologic diseases (such as occult malignancy, lymphoma), rheumatologic diseases (such as fibromyalgia, polymyalgia rheumatica, Sjögren's syndrome, giant-cell arteritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis), psychiatric diseases (such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorders, dementia, anorexia/bulimia nervosa), neuropsychologic diseases (such as obstructive sleep apnea, parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis), and others (such as nasal obstruction from allergies, sinusitis, anatomic obstruction, autoimmune diseases, some chronic illness, alcohol or substance abuse, pharmacologic side effects, heavy metal exposure and toxicity, marked body weight fluctuation).[60]

People with fibromyalgia (FM, or fibromyalgia syndrome, FMS), like those with CFS, have muscle pain, severe fatigue and sleep disturbances. The presence of allodynia (abnormal pain responses to mild stimulation) and of extensive tender points in specific locations differentiates FM from CFS, though the two diseases often co-occur.[62] Fatigue and muscle pain occurs frequently in the initial phase of various hereditary muscle disorders and in several autoimmune, endocrine and metabolic syndromes; and are frequently labelled as CFS or fibromyalgia in the absence of obvious biochemical/metabolic abnormalities and neurological symptoms.

Multiple chemical sensitivity, Gulf War syndrome and post-polio syndrome have symptoms similar to those of CFS,[63][64] and the last is also theorized to have a common pathophysiology.[64]

Depressive symptoms, if seen in CFS, may be differentially diagnosed from primary depression due to the absence of anhedonia, decreased motivation, and guilt; and the presence of somatic symptoms such as sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and exercise intolerance with postexertional exacerbation of symptoms.[60]

Management

There is no certain pharmacological treatment or cure for CFS[2] although various drugs have been or are being investigated.[65] A 2014 report prepared by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality stated that there are wide variations in the management of people, that many people receive a multifaceted approach to treatment and that no medications have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ME/CFS, although several have been used “off label". The report concluded that although counseling and graded exercise therapy have shown some benefits, these interventions have not been studied fully enough to recommend them for all people affected. The report expressed concern that GET appears to be associated with worsening symptoms in some.[66]

The United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) has a published guide for the management of CFS, the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE) has a clinical guideline for the delivery of NHS care to people with CFS. The CDC guide covers treatment of symptoms, diet, activity management, counselling and exercise therapies, ongoing care and disability caused by CFS.[67] The NICE guideline is directed toward clinicians and specifies the need for shared decision-making between the patient and healthcare professionals with acknowledgement of the reality and impact of the condition and the symptoms. The NICE guideline covers illness management aspects of diet, sleep and sleep disorders, rest, relaxation and pacing. Referral to specialist care for cognitive behavioural therapy, graded exercise therapy and activity management programmes is recommended to be offered as a choice to patients with mild or moderate CFS. [68]

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A 2014 National Institutes of Health report concluded that while counseling and behavior therapies could produce benefits for patients they may not yield improvement in quality of life and because of this limitation such therapies should not be considered as a primary treatment but rather should be used only as one component of a broader approach.[69] This same report stated that although counseling approaches have shown benefit in some measures of fatigue, function and overall improvement, these approaches have been inadequately studied in subgroups of the wider CFS patient population. Further concern was expressed that reporting of negative effects experienced by patients receiving counseling and behavior therapies had been poor.[66] A report by the Institute of Medicine published in 2015 states that it is unclear whether CBT helps to improve cognitive impairments experienced by patients.[70]

A 2008 Cochrane Review concluded that CBT did reduced the symptom of fatigue but noted that the benefits of CBT may diminish after the therapy is completed and that due to study limitations “the significance of these findings should be interpreted with caution”. [10] A 2014 systematic review reported that there was only limited evidence that patients increased levels of physical activity after receiving CBT. The authors concluded that, as this finding is contrary to the cognitive behavioural model of CFS, patients receiving CBT were adapting to the illness rather than recovering from it.[71]

Patient organisations have long criticised the use of CBT as a treatment for CFS.[72]In 2012 the MEA commenced an extensive opinion survey of patients who had received a CBT treatment. Based on the finding of this survey, in 2015 the MEA concluded that CBT in its current form should not be recommended as a primary intervention for people with CFS[73] In a letter published online in the Lancet in 2016 Dr Charles Shepherd, medical advisor to the MEA expressed the view that the contention between patients and researchers lay in a flawed model of causation that takes no account of the heterogeneity of both clinical presentations and disease pathways that come under the umbrella diagnosis of ME/CFS”.[74]

Exercise therapy

A 2014 National Institutes of Health report concluded that while exercise therapy of the type known as graded exercise therapy (GET), could produce benefits, it may not yield improvement in quality of life and that because of this limitation GET should not be considered as a primary treatment but instead be used only as one component of a broader approach. The report also noted that a focus on exercise programs had discouraged patient participation in other types of physical activity due to concerns of precipitating increased symptoms.[75]

A 2016 Cochrane review, stated that exercise therapy could contribute to alleviation of some symptoms of CFS, especially fatigue. The evidence for this however comes only from studies of people who are well enough to attend outpatient clinics and that this in turn limited who could be recommended exercise therapy as an intervention. The Cochrane review also noted that research was inconclusive as to which,if any, type of exercise therapy was superior.[76] A 2006 study not part of the Cochrane process, concluded that GET did not show evidence of reducing disability in people with CFS to the extent that they could return to work.[77]

As with CBT, patient organisations have long criticised the use of exercise therapy, most notably GET, as a treatment for CFS.[72]In 2012 the MEA commenced an extensive opinion survey of patients who had received GET. Based on the finding of this survey, in 2015 the MEA concluded that GET in its current delivered form should not be recommended as a primary intervention for people with CFS.[73]

Pacing

Pacing is an energy management strategy based on the observation that symptoms of the illness tend to increase following minimal exertion. There are two forms: symptom-contingent pacing, where the decision to stop (and rest or change an activity) is determined by an awareness of an exacerbation of symptoms; and time-contingent pacing, which is determined by a set schedule of activities which a patient estimates he or she is able to complete without triggering post-exertional malaise (PEM).Thus the principle behind pacing for CFS is to avoid over-exertion and an exacerbation of symptoms. It is not aimed at treating the illness as a whole. Those whose illness appears stable may gradually increase activity and exercise levels but according to the principle of pacing, must rest if it becomes clear that they have exceeded their limits.[78]

Other

Evidence suggests that the medication rintatolimod may be useful in some people.[8] In 2012, however, the FDA considered the evidence for the safety or benefit of rintatolimod to be insufficient to approve its use.[79] Other treatments of CFS have been proposed but their effectiveness has not been confirmed.[80] Medications thought to have promise in alleviating symptoms include antidepressant and immunomodulatory agents.[81] The evidence for antidepressants is mixed,[82] and their use remains controversial.[83] Many CFS patients are sensitive to medications, particularly sedatives, and some patients report chemical and food sensitivities.[17] A 2005 meta-analysis concluded that CFS patients have a low placebo response, especially to psychological-psychiatric interventions.[84]

Prognosis

A systematic review of 14 studies that described improvement and occupational outcomes of people with CFS found that "the median full recovery rate was 5% (range 0–31%) and the median proportion of patients who improved during follow-up was 39.5% (range 8–63%). Return to work at follow-up ranged from 8 to 30% in the three studies that considered this outcome." .... "In five studies, a worsening of symptoms during the period of follow-up was reported in between 5 and 20% of patients." A good outcome was associated with less fatigue severity at baseline. Other factors were occasionally, but not consistently, related to outcome, including age at onset (5 of 16 studies), and attributing illness to a psychological cause and/or having a sense of control over symptoms (4 of 16 studies).[85] Another review found that children have a better prognosis than adults, with 54–94% having recovered by follow-up compared to less than 10% of adults returning to pre-illness levels of functioning.[86]

A 2014 systematic review reported that estimates of recovery from CFS ranged between 0 to 66% in intervention studies and 2.6 to 62% in naturalistic studies. There was a lack of consensus in the literature on how recovery should be defined. "Recovery" was often based on limited assessments, less than a full restoration of health, and self-reports with a general lack of more objective measures, which when used, did not find significant changes in physical activity. The authors suggested that patients were still avoiding post-exertion symptom exacerbation, and could be clinically improving to a limited extent or adapting to ongoing illness rather than recovering. It was recommended using stricter and more comprehensive definitions of recovery which capture fatigue, function, patient perceptions, and recovery time following physical and mental exertion.[87]

Epidemiology

A 2003 review states that studies have reported between 7 and 3,000 cases of CFS for every 100,000 adults.[5] Ranjith reviewed the epidemiological literature on CFS and suggested that the wide variance of the prevalence estimates may be due to the different definitions of CFS in use, the settings in which patients were selected, and the methodology used to exclude study participants with possible alternative diagnoses.[11] The Centers for Disease Control reports that more than 1 million Americans have CFS and approximately 80% of the cases are undiagnosed.[12] Approximately 250,000 people in the UK are affected with the illness according to the National Health Service.[13]

History

Myalgic encephalomyelitis

From 1934 onwards, outbreaks of a previously unknown illness began to be recorded by doctors.[88][89] Initially considered to be occurrences of poliomyelitis, the illness was subsequently referred to as "epidemic neuromyasthenia".[90] In the 1950s, the term "benign myalgic encephalomyelitis" was used in relation to a comparable outbreak at the Royal Free Hospital in London.[91] The descriptions of each outbreak were varied but included symptoms of malaise, tender lymph nodes, sore throat, pain, and signs of encephalomyelitis.[92] The cause of the condition was not identified although it appeared to be infectious, and the term "benign myalgic encephalomyelitis" was chosen to reflect the lack of mortality, the severe muscular pains, evidence of damage to the nervous system, and to the presumed inflammatory nature of the disorder.[88] The syndrome appeared in sporadic as well as epidemic cases[93] and in 1969, benign myalgic encephalomyelitis appeared as an entry to the International Classification of Diseases under Diseases of the nervous system.[94]

The authors of a review of 15 outbreaks of benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, carried out in 1970, concluded that these were psychosocial phenomena caused by either mass hysteria on the part of the patients or altered medical perception of the community.[95] These conclusions were based on the higher prevalence of the disease in females in whom there was a lack of physical signs. On that basis the authors recommended that the disease be renamed "myalgia nervosa". Despite strong refutation by Dr. Melvin Ramsay, the proposed psychological etiology created great controversy and convinced health professionals that this was a plausible explanation for the condition.[96]

The continued work of Dr. Ramsay demonstrated that, although the disease rarely resulted in mortality, it was often severely disabling.[97] Because of this, Ramsay proposed that the prefix "benign" be dropped.[91][98][99] In 1986, Dr. Ramsay published the first diagnostic criteria for ME, in which the condition was characterized by:

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

In the mid-1980s, two large outbreaks of an illness which resembled mononucleosis drew national attention in the United States. Located in Nevada and New York, the outbreaks involved an illness which was characterized by "chronic or recurrent debilitating fatigue and various combinations of other symptoms, including sore throat, lymph node pain and tenderness, headache, myalgia, and arthralgias". An initial link to the Epstein-Barr virus saw the illness acquire the name "chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome".[58][101]

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a working group tasked with reaching a consensus on the clinical features of the illness. Meeting in 1987, the working group concluded that CFS was not new and that the many different names given to it previously reflected widely differing concepts of the illness's etiology and epidemiology.[102] The CDC working group chose "chronic fatigue syndrome" as a more neutral and inclusive name for the illness but noted that "myalgic encephalomyelitis" was widely accepted in other parts of the world.[58] The first definition of CFS was published in 1988 and although the cause of the illness remained unknown, there were several attempts to update this definition, most notably in 1994.[56] In 2006, the CDC commenced a national program to educate the American public and health care professionals about CFS.[103]

Other medical terms

A range of both theorised and confirmed medical entities and naming conventions have appeared historically in the medical literature dealing with ME and CFS, these include:

Society and culture

Naming

Many names have been proposed for the illness, currently the most commonly used are "chronic fatigue syndrome", "myalgic encephalomyelitis", and the umbrella term "ME/CFS". Reaching consensus on a name is challenging because the etiology and pathology remain unknown.[101]

The term "chronic fatigue syndrome" has been criticized by patients as being both stigmatizing and trivializing, and which in turn prevents the illness from being seen as a serious health problem that deserves appropriate research.[112] While many patients prefer "myalgic encephalomyelitis", which they believe better reflects the medical nature of the illness,[100][113] there is resistance amongst clinicians toward the use of myalgic encephalomyelitis on the grounds that the inflammation of the central nervous system (myelitis) implied by the term has not been demonstrated.[1][114]

A 2015 report from the Institute of Medicine proposes the illness be renamed "systemic exertion intolerance disease" and suggests new diagnostic criteria for it. Many patients, clinicians and researchers believe lengthy, disproportionate exhaustion after physical or mental exertion is a core symptom (also known as post-exertional malaise).[3][115]

Economic impact

Reynolds et al. (2004)[116] estimated that the illness caused about $20,000 per person with CFS in lost productivity which totals to $9.1 billion per year in the United States.[117] This is comparable to other chronic illnesses that extract some of the biggest medical and socioeconomic costs.[57] A 2008 study[118] calculated that the total annual cost burden of ME/CFS to society in the US was extensive, and could approach $24.0 billion.[119]

Social issues

A study found that CFS patients report a heavy psychosocial burden.[120] A survey by the Tymes Trust reported that children with CFS often state that they struggle for recognition of their needs or they feel bullied by medical and educational professionals.[121]

Social support

Individuals with CFS may receive a poorer quality of social support than in those with other illnesses. One study found that CFS patients reported an increased incidence of negative/unsatisfying interactions with family, friends, colleagues and doctors, when compared with healthy controls and breast cancer patients currently in remission.[122]

Awareness day

May 12 is designated as International Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Awareness Day (ME/CFS). The day is observed so that stakeholders have an occasion to improve the knowledge of "the public, policymakers, and healthcare professionals about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ME/CFS, as well as the need for a better understanding of this complex illness."[123]

Doctor–patient relations

Presentation of a petition to the National Assembly for Wales relating to M.E. support in South East Wales.

Some in the medical community do not recognize CFS as a real condition, nor is there agreement on its prevalence.[124][125][126] There has been much disagreement over proposed causes, diagnosis, and treatment of the illness.[127][128][129][130][131] This uncertainty can significantly affect doctor-patient relations. A 2006 survey of general medical practitioners in southwest England found that despite more than two thirds accepting CFS/ME as a recognizable clinical entity, nearly half did not feel confident with making the diagnosis and/or treating the disease. Three other key factors that were significantly, positively associated with GPs' attitudes were knowing someone socially with CFS/ME, being male and seeing more patients with the condition in the last year.[132]

From the patient perspective, one 1997 study found that 77% of individuals with ME/CFS reported negative experiences with health care providers.[133] In a more recent metanalysis of qualitative studies, a major theme identified in patient discourses was that they felt severely ill, yet blamed and dismissed.[134] Another recent study of themes in patient newsgroup postings noted key themes relating to denial of social recognition of suffering and feelings of being accused of "simply faking it". Another theme that emerged strongly was that achieving diagnosis and acknowledgement requires tremendous amounts of "hard work" by patients.[126][135]

Blood donation

Based on concern following claims of a link,[136] subsequently shown to be unfounded, between CFS and a retrovirus, in 2010 a variety of national blood banks adopted measures to discourage or prohibit individuals diagnosed with CFS from donating blood. Organizations adopting these or similar measures included the Canadian Blood Services,[137] the New Zealand Blood Service,[138] the Australian Red Cross Blood Service[139] and the American Association of Blood Banks,[140] In November 2010, the UK National Blood Service introduced a permanent deferral of donation from ME/CFS patients based on the potential harm to those patients that may result from their giving blood.[141] Donation policy in the UK now states, "CFS is generally diagnosed by excluding other conditions and may follow an infection that may or may not have been viral and which may be carried by the affected individual."[142]

Controversy

There has been much contention over the etiology, pathophysiology,[42] nomenclature,[143] and diagnostic criteria of chronic fatigue syndrome.[127][128] Historically, many professionals within the medical community were unfamiliar with CFS, or did not recognize it as a real condition; nor was there agreement on its prevalence or seriousness.[125][126][144] Controversies still exist about whether funding should be directed towards biomedical or psychological/psychosocial research.[145]

In 2009, the journal Science[136] published a study that identified the XMRV retrovirus in a population of people with CFS. Other studies failed to reproduce this finding,[146][147][148] and in 2011, the editor of Science formally retracted its XMRV paper[149] while the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences similarly retracted a 2010 paper which had appeared to support the finding of a connection between XMRV and CFS.[150]

Media treatment of CFS has often been controversial; in November 1990 the magazine Newsweek ran a cover story on CFS which although supportive of an organic cause of the illness also featured the term Yuppie Flu. Reflecting a stereotype that CFS mainly affected yuppies, the implication was that CFS was a form of burnout.[151] Use of the term Yuppie flu is considered offensive both by patients and clinicians.[41][152]

Research

The different case definitions used to research the illness influence the types of patients selected for studies,[55] and research also suggests subtypes of patients may exist within a heterogeneous population.[117][153][154][155] In one of the definitions, symptoms are accepted that may suggest a psychiatric disorder while others specifically exclude primary psychiatric disorders.[16] The lack of a single, unifying case definition was criticized in the Institute of Medicine's 2015 report for "creating an unclear picture of the symptoms and signs of the disorder" and "complicating comparisons of the results".[97]

United Kingdom

In November 2006, an unofficial inquiry by an ad hoc group of parliamentarians in the United Kingdom, set up and chaired by former MP, Dr Ian Gibson, called the Group on Scientific Research into ME,[156] was addressed by a government minister claiming that few good biomedical research proposals have been submitted to the Medical Research Council (MRC) in contrast to those for psychosocial research. They were also told by other scientists of proposals that have been rejected, with claims of bias against biomedical research.

The MRC confirmed to the Group that, from April 2003 to November 2006, it has turned down 10 biomedical applications relating to CFS/ME and funded five applications relating to CFS/ME, mostly in the psychiatric/psychosocial domain.

In 2008, the MRC set up an expert group to consider how the MRC might encourage new high-quality research into CFS/ME and partnerships between researchers already working on CFS/ME and those in associated areas. It currently lists CFS/ME with a highlight notice, inviting researchers to develop high-quality research proposals for funding.[157] In February 2010, the All-Party Parliamentary Group on ME (APPG on ME) produced a legacy paper, which welcomed the recent MRC initiative, but felt that there has been far too much emphasis in the past on psychological research with insufficient attention to biomedical research and that it is vital that further biomedical research be undertaken to help discover a cause and more effective forms of management for this disease.[158]

In the UK, there has been controversy surrounding psychologically-oriented models of the disease and behavioral treatments.[159][160][161][162]

United States

On 29 October 2015 the National Institutes of Health declared its intent to increase research on ME/CFS. The NIH Clinical Center will study individuals with ME/CFS, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) will lead the Trans-NIH ME/CFS Research Working Group as part of a multi-institute research effort.[163]

References

  1. 1 2 Evengård B, Schacterle RS, Komaroff AL; Schacterle; Komaroff (Nov 1999). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance". Journal of Internal Medicine 246 (5): 455–469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x. PMID 10583715. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Guideline 53: Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy). London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2007. ISBN 1-84629-453-3.
  3. 1 2 Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of, Medicine (10 February 2015). "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness.": 20. PMID 25695122.
  4. 1 2 Anderson JS, Ferrans CE; Ferrans (June 1997). "The quality of life of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome". J Nerv Ment Dis 185 (6): 359–67. doi:10.1097/00005053-199706000-00001. PMID 9205421.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Afari N, Buchwald D; Buchwald (2003). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: a review". Am J Psychiatr 160 (2): 221–36. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.221. PMID 12562565.
  6. ↑ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Causes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 15, 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
  7. ↑ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Case Definition". CDC. 2006-05-03. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  8. 1 2 3 Smith ME, Haney E, McDonagh M, Pappas M, Daeges M, Wasson N, Fu R, Nelson HD (2015). "Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop". Ann. Intern. Med. (Systematic review) 162 (12): 841–50. doi:10.7326/M15-0114. PMID 26075755.
  9. ↑ Ottati, Victor C. (2002). The social psychology of politics. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-306-46723-2. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  10. 1 2 Price JR, Mitchell E, Tidy E, Hunot V; Mitchell; Tidy; Hunot (2008). Price, Jonathan R, ed. "Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD001027. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001027.pub2. PMID 18646067.
  11. 1 2 3 Ranjith G (2005). "Epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome". Occup Med (Lond) 55 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi012. PMID 15699086.
  12. 1 2 3 "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Basic Facts". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 9, 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  13. 1 2 "Chronic fatigue syndrome". The National Health Service. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
  14. 1 2 Gallagher AM, Thomas JM, Hamilton WT, White PD; Thomas; Hamilton; White (2004). "Incidence of fatigue symptoms and diagnoses presenting in UK primary care from 1990 to 2001". J R Soc Med 97 (12): 571–5. doi:10.1258/jrsm.97.12.571. PMC 1079668. PMID 15574853.
  15. ↑ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Who's at risk?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
  16. 1 2 3 Wyller VB (2007). "The chronic fatigue syndrome--an update". Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 187: 7–14. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00840.x. PMID 17419822.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
  18. 1 2 Salit IE (1997). "Precipitating factors for the chronic fatigue syndrome". J Psychiatr Res 31 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(96)00050-7. PMID 9201648.
  19. ↑ Hatcher S, House A; House (2003). "Life events, difficulties and dilemmas in the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-control study" (PDF). Psychol Med 33 (7): 1185–92. doi:10.1017/S0033291703008274. PMID 14580073.
  20. ↑ Theorell T, Blomkvist V, Lindh G, Evengård B; Blomkvist; Lindh; Evengård (1999). "Critical life events, infections, and symptoms during the year preceding chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): an examination of CFS patients and subjects with a nonspecific life crisis". Psychosom Med. 61 (3): 304–10. doi:10.1097/00006842-199905000-00009. PMID 10367610.
  21. ↑ Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Lloyd A; Davenport; Wakefield; Vollmer-Conna; Cameron; Vernon; Reeves; Lloyd; Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group (2006). "Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study". BMJ 333 (7568): 575. doi:10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE. PMC 1569956. PMID 16950834.
  22. 1 2 3 "CDC - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - Diagnosis". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  23. ↑ "CDC, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Making a Diagnosis" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  24. ↑ Carruthers, B. M.; Van De Sande, M. I.; De Meirleir, K. L.; Klimas, N. G.; Broderick, G.; Mitchell, T.; Staines, D.; Powles, A. C. P.; Speight, N.; Vallings, R.; Bateman, L.; Baumgarten-Austrheim, B.; Bell, D. S.; Carlo-Stella, N.; Chia, J.; Darragh, A.; Jo, D.; Lewis, D.; Light, A. R.; Marshall-Gradisbik, S.; Mena, I.; Mikovits, J. A.; Miwa, K.; Murovska, M.; Pall, M. L.; Stevens, S. (Aug 2011). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria". Journal of Internal Medicine 270 (4): 327–338. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x. PMC 3427890. PMID 21777306.
  25. ↑ Vanness JM, Snell CR, Strayer DR, Dempsey L, Stevens SR; Snell; Strayer; Dempsey l; Stevens (2003). "Subclassifying chronic fatigue syndrome through exercise testing". Med Sci Sports Exerc 35 (6): 908–13. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000069510.58763.E8. PMID 12783037.
  26. 1 2 Ross SD, Estok RP, Frame D, Stone LR, Ludensky V, Levine CB; Estok; Frame; Stone; Ludensky; Levine (2004). "Disability and chronic fatigue syndrome: a focus on function". Arch Intern Med 164 (10): 1098–107. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1098. PMID 15159267.
  27. ↑ Ho-Yen DO, McNamara I; McNamara (1991). "General practitioners' experience of the chronic fatigue syndrome". Br J Gen Pract 41 (349): 324–6. PMC 1371754. PMID 1777276.
  28. ↑ Meeus M, Nijs J, Meirleir KD; Nijs; Meirleir (2007). "Chronic musculoskeletal pain in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review". Eur J Pain 11 (4): 377–386. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.06.005. PMID 16843021.
  29. ↑ McCully KK, Sisto SA, Natelson BH; Sisto; Natelson (1996). "Use of exercise for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome". Sports Med 21 (1): 35–48. doi:10.2165/00007256-199621010-00004. PMID 8771284.
  30. ↑ Burton C, Knoop H, Popovic N, Sharpe M, Bleijenberg G; Knoop; Popovic; Sharpe; Bleijenberg (June 2009). "Reduced complexity of activity patterns in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a case control study". Biopsychosoc Med 3 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/1751-0759-3-7. PMC 2697171. PMID 19490619.
  31. ↑ Solomon L, Nisenbaum R, Reyes M, Papanicolaou DA, Reeves WC; Nisenbaum; Reyes; Papanicolaou; Reeves (2003). "Functional status of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Wichita, Kansas, population". Health Qual Life Outcomes 1 (1): 48–58. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-1-48. PMC 239865. PMID 14577835.
  32. ↑ Mark, Loveless, MD, congressional testimony of, May 12, 1995, as reported in Hillary Johnson. (1996). Osler's Web: Inside the Labyrinth of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Epidemic. Crown Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-517-70353-X. pp.364-365
  33. ↑ Komaroff AL, Fagioli LR, Doolittle TH, Gandek B, Gleit MA, Guerriero RT, Kornish RJ, Ware NC, Ware JE, Bates DW; Fagioli; Doolittle; Gandek; Gleit; Guerriero; Kornish Rj; Ware; Ware Jr; Bates (September 1996). "Health status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and in general population and disease comparison groups". Am. J. Med. 101 (3): 281–90. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00174-X. PMID 8873490.
  34. ↑ Cockshell SJ, Mathias JL; Mathias (January 2010). "Cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis". Psychol Med 40 (8): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992054. PMID 20047703.
  35. ↑ Friedberg F, Jason LA; Jason (2001). "Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: clinical assessment and treatment". J Clin Psychol. 57 (4): 433–55. doi:10.1002/jclp.1040. PMID 11255201.
  36. ↑ Prins J, Bleijenberg G, Rouweler EK, van der Meer J; Bleijenberg; Rouweler; Van Der Meer (2005). "Effect of psychiatric disorders on outcome of cognitive-behavioural therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome". Br J Psychiatry 187 (2): 184–5. doi:10.1192/bjp.187.2.184. PMID 16055833.
  37. ↑ Aaron LA, Herrell R, Ashton S, Belcourt M, Schmaling K, Goldberg J, Buchwald D; Herrell; Ashton; Belcourt; Schmaling; Goldberg; Buchwald (2001). "Comorbid Clinical Conditions in Chronic Fatigue: A Co-Twin Control Study". Journal of general internal medicine 16 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.03419.x. PMC 1495162. PMID 11251747.
  38. ↑ Sinaii N, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Nieman LK, Stratton P; Cleary; Ballweg; Nieman; Stratton (2002). "High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: a survey analysis". Hum Reprod 17 (10): 2715–24. doi:10.1093/humrep/17.10.2715. PMID 12351553.
  39. ↑ Dinos, S; Khoshaba, B; Ashby, D; White, PD; Nazroo, J; Wessely, S; Bhui, KS (2009). "A systematic review of chronic fatigue, its syndromes and ethnicity: prevalence, severity, co-morbidity and coping". International Journal of Epidemiology 38 (6): 1554–70. doi:10.1093/ije/dyp147. PMID 19349479.
  40. ↑ Walsh CM, Zainal NZ, Middleton SJ, Paykel ES; Zainal; Middleton; Paykel (2001). "A family history study of chronic fatigue syndrome". Psychiatr Genet 11 (3): 123–8. doi:10.1097/00041444-200109000-00003. PMID 11702053.
  41. 1 2 "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Who's at risk?". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 10, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  42. 1 2 3 Hempel S, Chambers D, Bagnall AM, Forbes C (July 2008). "Risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic scoping review of multiple predictor studies". Psychol Med 38 (7): 915–26. doi:10.1017/S0033291707001602. PMID 17892624.
  43. 1 2 "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness, page 83".
  44. 1 2 "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness, page 149".
  45. ↑ "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness, page 107".
  46. ↑ Goldstein DS, Robertson D, Esler M, Straus SE, Eisenhofer G (2002). "Dysautonomias: clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system". Annals of Internal Medicine 137 (9): 753–63. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00011. PMID 12416949.
  47. ↑ Natelson BH, Lange G (2002). "A status report on chronic fatigue syndrome". Environ. Health Perspect. 110 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): 673–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s4673. PMC 1241224. PMID 12194905.
  48. ↑ Lorusso L, Mikhaylova SV, Capelli E, Ferrari D, Ngonga GK, Ricevuti G (February 2009). "Immunological aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome". Autoimmun Rev 8 (4): 287–91. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.08.003. PMID 18801465.
  49. ↑ Appel S, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y (2007). "Infection and vaccination in chronic fatigue syndrome: myth or reality?". Autoimmunity 40 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1080/08916930701197273. PMID 17364497.
  50. 1 2 Cho HJ, Skowera A, Cleare A, Wessely S (2006). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: an update focusing on phenomenology and pathophysiology". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000194370.40062.b0. PMID 16612182.
  51. ↑ Nijs J, Nees A, Paul L, De Kooning M, Ickmans K, Meeus M, Van Oosterwijck J (2014). "Altered immune response to exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic literature review" (PDF). Exerc Immunol Rev 20: 94–116. PMID 24974723. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  52. ↑ Papadopoulos, Andrew S.; Cleare, Anthony J. (27 September 2011). "Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome". Nature Reviews Endocrinology 8 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.153. PMID 21946893.
  53. ↑ Tak LM, Cleare AJ, Ormel J, Manoharan A, Kok IC, Wessely S, Rosmalen JG (May 2011). "Meta-analysis and meta-regression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in functional somatic disorders.". Biol Psychol 87 (2): 183–94. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.002. PMID 21315796.
  54. ↑ Van Den Eede F, Moorkens G, Van Houdenhove B, Cosyns P, Claes SJ (2007). "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in chronic fatigue syndrome." (PDF). Neuropsychobiology 55 (2): 112–20. doi:10.1159/000104468. PMID 17596739.
  55. 1 2 Reeves WC, Lloyd A, Vernon SD, Klimas N, Jason LA, Bleijenberg G, Evengard B, White PD, Nisenbaum R, Unger ER; Lloyd; Vernon; Klimas; Jason; Bleijenberg; Evengard; White; Nisenbaum; Unger; International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group (2003). "Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution". BMC Health Serv Res 3 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-3-25. PMC 317472. PMID 14702202.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A; Straus; Hickie; Sharpe; Dobbins; Komaroff (15 Dec 1994). "The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group". Ann Intern Med 121 (12): 953–9. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009 (inactive 2015-01-11). PMID 7978722.
  57. 1 2 Avellaneda Fernández A, Pérez Martín A, Izquierdo Martínez M, Arruti Bustillo M, Barbado Hernández FJ, de la Cruz Labrado J, Díaz-Delgado Peñas R, Gutiérrez Rivas E, Palacín Delgado C, Rivera Redondo J, Ramón Giménez JR; Pérez Martín; Izquierdo Martínez; Arruti Bustillo; Barbado Hernández; de la Cruz Labrado J; Díaz-Delgado Peñas; Gutiérrez Rivas; Palacín Delgado; Rivera Redondo; Ramón Giménez (2009). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment". BMC Psychiatry. 9 Suppl 1: S1. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-9-S1-S1. PMC 2766938. PMID 19857242.
  58. 1 2 3 Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Gantz NM, Komaroff AL, Schonberger LB, Straus SE, Jones JF, Dubois RE, Cunningham-Rundles C, Pahwa S; Kaplan; Gantz; Komaroff; Schonberger; Straus; Jones; Dubois; Cunningham-Rundles; Pahwa (1988). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition". Ann Intern Med 108 (3): 387–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-387. PMID 2829679.
  59. ↑ Carruthers BM, Jain AK, De Meirleir KL, Peterson DL, Klimas NG; et al. (2003). "Myalgic encephalomyalitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: Clinical working definition, diagnostic and treatment protocols" (PDF). Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 11 (1): 7–97. doi:10.1300/J092v11n01_02.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Craig T, Kakumanu S; Kakumanu (Mar 2002). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: evaluation and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 65 (6): 1083–90. PMID 11925084.
  61. ↑ Logan AC, Wong C (Oct 2001). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications" (PDF). Altern Med Rev 6 (5): 450–9. PMID 11703165. Finally, recent evidence suggests celiac disease can present with neurological symptoms in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms; therefore, celiac disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of CFS.
  62. ↑ Bradley LA, McKendree-Smith NL, Alarcón GS; McKendree-Smith; Alarcón (2000). "Pain complaints in patients with fibromyalgia versus chronic fatigue syndrome". Curr Rev Pain 4 (2): 148–57. doi:10.1007/s11916-000-0050-2. PMID 10998728.
  63. ↑ Vojdani A, Thrasher JD; Thrasher (2004). "Cellular and humoral immune abnormalities in Gulf War veterans". Environ Health Perspect 112 (8): 840–6. doi:10.1289/ehp.6881. PMC 1242010. PMID 15175170.
  64. 1 2 Bruno RL, Creange SJ, Frick NM; Creange; Frick (1998). "Parallels between post-polio fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a common pathophysiology?". Am J Med. 105 (3A): 66S–73S. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00161-2. PMID 9790485.
  65. ↑ Smith, Beth; Nelson, HD; Haney, E (December 2014). Diagnosis and Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 219 ed.). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  66. 1 2 Smith, Beth; Nelson, HD; Haney, E; et al. (December 2014). Diagnosis and Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 219 ed.). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  67. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  68. ↑ London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007). Guideline 53: Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy). ISBN 1846294533. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  69. ↑ Green, Carmen R.; Cowan, Penney; Elk, Ronit; O'Neil, Kathleen M.; Rasmussen, Angela L. (16 June 2015). "Advancing the Research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine 162 (12). doi:10.7326/M15-0338. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  70. ↑ Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of, Medicine. "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness.". PMID 25695122. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  71. ↑ Adamowicz JL, Caikauskaite I, Friedberg F; Caikauskaite; Friedberg (Nov 2014). "Defining recovery in chronic fatigue syndrome: a critical review". Qual Life Res. 23 (9): 2407–16. doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0705-9. PMID 24791749.
  72. 1 2 Clark C, Buchwald D, MacIntyre A, Sharpe M, Wessely S; Buchwald; MacIntyre; Sharpe; Wessely (January 2002). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: a step towards agreement". Lancet 359 (9301): 97–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07336-1. PMID 11809249.
  73. 1 2 The ME Association. "“No decisions about me without me”" (PDF). ME Association. The ME Association. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  74. ↑ Shepherd, Charles (18 January 2016). "Patient reaction to the PACE trial". The Lancet Psychiatryl. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00546-5. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  75. ↑
  76. ↑ Larun, Lillebeth; Brurberg, Kjetil; Odgaard-Jensen, Jan; Price, Jonathan R (February 2016). "Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub4. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  77. ↑ Chambers D, Bagnall AM, Hempel S, Forbes C (2006). "Interventions for the treatment, management and rehabilitation of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an updated systematic review". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99 (10): 506–20. doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.10.506. PMC 1592057. PMID 17021301.
  78. ↑ Goudsmit EM, Nijs J, Jason LA, Wallman KE; Nijs; Jason; Wallman (19 December 2011). "Pacing as a strategy to improve energy management in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a consensus document". Disability and Rehabilitation. Early Online (13): 1–8. doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.635746. PMID 22181560.
  79. ↑ "Drug Development for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME and CFS): Questions and Answers". FDA. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  80. ↑ Prins JB, van der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G; Van Der Meer; Bleijenberg (2006). "Chronic fatigue syndrome". Lancet 367 (9507): 346–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68073-2. PMID 16443043.
  81. ↑ Covelli V, Passeri ME, Leogrande D, Jirillo E, Amati L; Passeri; Leogrande; Jirillo; Amati (2005). "Drug targets in stress-related disorders". Curr. Med. Chem. 12 (15): 1801–9. doi:10.2174/0929867054367202. PMID 16029148.
  82. ↑ Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Kroenke K; O'Malley; Kroenke (January 30, 2006). "Antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy for symptom syndromes". CNS Spectr 11 (3): 212–22. PMID 16575378.
  83. ↑ Pae CU, Marks DM, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Luyten P, Serretti A; Marks; Patkar; Masand; Luyten; Serretti (July 2009). "Pharmacological treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: focusing on the role of antidepressants". Expert Opin Pharmacother 10 (10): 1561–70. doi:10.1517/14656560902988510. PMID 19514866.
  84. ↑ Cho HJ, Hotopf M, Wessely S; Hotopf; Wessely (2005). "The placebo response in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Psychosom Med 67 (2): 301–13. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000156969.76986.e0. PMID 15784798. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  85. ↑ Cairns R, Hotopf M; Hotopf (2005). "A systematic review describing the prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome". Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 55 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi013. PMID 15699087.
  86. ↑ Joyce J, Hotopf M, Wessely S; Hotopf; Wessely (1997). "The prognosis of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review". QJM 90 (3): 223–33. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.3.223. PMID 9093600.
  87. ↑ "Defining recovery in chronic fatigue syndrome: a critical review.". Quality of Life Research 23: 2407–16. Nov 2014. doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0705-9. PMID 24791749.
  88. 1 2 Acheson ED (1959). "The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease and epidemic neuromyasthenia". The American Journal of Medicine 26 (4): 569–95. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(59)90280-3. PMID 13637100.
  89. ↑ Parish, JG (1978). "Early outbreaks of "epidemic neuromyasthenia"". Postgraduate Medical Journal 54: 711–717. doi:10.1136/pgmj.54.637.711. PMID 370810.
  90. ↑ Parish, JG (1978). "Early outbreaks of "epidemic neuromyasthenia". Postgraduate Medical Journal 54: 711–717. doi:10.1136/pgmj.54.637.711. PMID 370810.
  91. 1 2 Wojcik, W (2011). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: Labels, meanings and consequences". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 70 (6): 500–504. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.02.002. PMID 21624573.
  92. ↑ Lancet. Public health (1955). "Outbreak at the royal free". The Lancet 266: 351–352. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92344-8.
  93. ↑ Price, JL (1961). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis". The Lancet 1 (7180): 737–8. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)92893-8. PMID 13737972.
  94. ↑ International Classification of Diseases I. World Health Organization. 1969. pp. 158, (vol 2, pp. 173).
  95. ↑ McEvedy, CP; Beard, AW (January 1970). "Concept of benign myalgic encephalomyelitis.". British Medical Journal 11–5: 11–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5687.11. PMC 1700895. PMID 5411596.
  96. ↑ Speight, N (2013). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: Review of history, clinical features, and controversies.". Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences 1 (1): 11–13. doi:10.4103/1658-631x.112905.
  97. 1 2 "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". JAMA. IOM. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  98. ↑ Ramsay, AM (1988). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis, or what ?". Lancet 2 (8602): 100–1. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90028-1. PMID 2898668.
  99. ↑ Ramsay, AM; Dowsett, EG; Dadswell, JV; Lyle, WH; Parish, JG (1977). "Icelandic disease (benign myalgic encephalomyelitis or royal free disease)". British Medical Journal 1 (6072): 1350. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6072.1350-a. PMID 861618.
  100. 1 2 Ramsay AM. Myalgic encephalomyelitis and postviral fatigue states. Second Ed. 1988
  101. 1 2 Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of, Medicine (10 February 2015). "Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness.". PMID 25695122.
  102. ↑ Straus, SE (1991). "History of chronic fatigue syndrome". Reviews of Infectious Diseases 13 ((Suppl. 1):S2–S7): S2–7. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.supplement_1.s2. PMID 2020800.
  103. ↑ "Press Briefing Transcripts". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 3, 2006. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  104. ↑ Acheson E (1959). "The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease and epidemic neuromyasthenia.". Am J Med 26 (4): 569–95. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(59)90280-3. PMID 13637100.
  105. ↑ Shelokov A, Habel K, Verder E, Welsh W (August 1957). "Epidemic neuromyasthenia; an outbreak of poliomyelitislike illness in student nurses". The New England Journal of Medicine 257 (8): 345–55. doi:10.1056/NEJM195708222570801. PMID 13464938.
  106. ↑ Blattner R (1956). "Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis (Akureyri disease, Iceland disease)". J. Pediatr. 49 (4): 504–6. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(56)80241-2. PMID 13358047.
  107. ↑ edited by Straus, Stephen E. (1994). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York, Basel, Hong Kong: Marcel Dekker Inc. p. 227. ISBN 0-8247-9187-8.
  108. ↑ Aoki T, Usuda Y, Miyakoshi H, Tamura K, Herberman RB. (1987). "Low natural killer syndrome: clinical and immunologic features". Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul. 6 (3): 116–28. PMID 2442602.
  109. ↑ Wessely, S (1991). "History of postviral fatigue syndrome". British Medical Bulletin 47 (4): 919–941. PMID 1794091.
  110. ↑ A. Melvin Ramsay (1986). Postviral Fatigue Syndrome. The saga of Royal Free disease. London: Gower. ISBN 0-906923-96-4.
  111. ↑ Simpson, LO (1984). "Myalgic encephalomyelitis". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 35 (10): 633. PMC 1295578. PMID 1295578.
  112. ↑ Jason, LA; Richman, JA. "How science can stigmatize: The case of chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 14 (4): 85–103. doi:10.1080/10573320802092146.
  113. ↑ Jason, LA; Holbert, C; Torres-Harding, S; Taylor, R (2004). "Stigma and the term chronic fatigue syndrome". Journal of Disability Policy Studies 14 (4): 222–228. doi:10.1177/10442073040140040401.
  114. ↑ Royal Colleges of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners (1996). Chronic fatigue syndrome; Report of a joint working group of the Royal Colleges of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians of London. ISBN 1-86016-046-8.
  115. ↑ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Gets a New Name By David Tuller February 10, 2015 11:01 am New York Times
  116. ↑ Reynolds KJ, Vernon SD, Bouchery E, Reeves WC; Vernon; Bouchery; Reeves (2004). "The economic impact of chronic fatigue syndrome". Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E 2 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1478-7547-2-4. PMC 449736. PMID 15210053.
  117. 1 2 Jason LA, Corradi K, Torres-Harding S, Taylor RR, King C; Corradi; Torres-Harding; Taylor; King (March 2005). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: the need for subtypes". Neuropsychol Rev 15 (1): 29–58. doi:10.1007/s11065-005-3588-2. PMID 15929497.
  118. ↑ Jason LA, Benton MC, Valentine L, Johnson A, Torres-Harding S; Benton; Valentine; Johnson; Torres-Harding (2008). "The Economic impact of ME/CFS: Individual and societal costs". Dyn Med 7: 6. doi:10.1186/1476-5918-7-6. PMC 2324078. PMID 18397528.
  119. ↑ Broderick G, Craddock TJ; Craddock (2013). "Systems biology of complex symptom profiles: Capturing interactivity across behavior, brain and immune regulation". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 29: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.008. PMC 3554865. PMID 23022717.
  120. ↑ Van Houdenhove B, Neerinckx E, Onghena P, Vingerhoets A, Lysens R, Vertommen H; Neerinckx; Onghena; Vingerhoets; Lysens; Vertommen (2002). "Daily hassles reported by chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia patients in tertiary care: a controlled quantitative and qualitative study". Psychother Psychosom 71 (4): 207–13. doi:10.1159/000063646. PMID 12097786.
  121. ↑ Colby J (2007). "Special problems of children with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the enteroviral link". J Clin Pathol 60 (2): 125–8. doi:10.1136/jcp.2006.042606. PMC 1860612. PMID 16935964. 16935964.
  122. ↑ Prins JB, Bos E, Huibers MJ, Servaes P, van der Werf SP, van der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G; Bos; Huibers; Servaes; Van Der Werf; Van Der Meer; Bleijenberg (2004). "Social support and the persistence of complaints in chronic fatigue syndrome". Psychother Psychosom 73 (3): 174–82. doi:10.1159/000076455. PMID 15031590.
  123. ↑ Lee, Nancy. "Dr. Nancy Lee on International Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Awareness Day". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  124. ↑ "'Torrent of abuse' hindering ME research". BBC. 2011-07-29. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
  125. 1 2 Wallace PG, Sharpe M (October 1991). "Post-viral fatigue syndrome. Epidemiology: a critical review" (PDF). Br Med Bull. 47 (4): 942–951. PMID 1794092.
  126. 1 2 3 Mounstephen A, Sharpe M; Sharpe (1997). "Chronic fatigue syndrome and occupational health". Occupational Medicine 47 (4): 217–27. doi:10.1093/occmed/47.4.217. PMID 9231495.
  127. 1 2 Hooge J (1992). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: cause, controversy and care". Br J Nurs 1 (9): 440–1, 443, 445–6. PMID 1446147.
  128. 1 2 Sharpe M (1996). "Chronic fatigue syndrome". Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 19 (3): 549–73. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70305-1. PMID 8856816.
  129. ↑ Denz-Penhey H, Murdoch JC; Murdoch (1993). "General practitioners acceptance of the validity of chronic fatigue syndrome as a diagnosis". N. Z. Med. J. 106 (953): 122–4. PMID 8474729.
  130. ↑ Greenlee JE, Rose JW; Rose (2000). "Controversies in neurological infectious diseases". Semin Neurol 20 (3): 375–86. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9429. PMID 11051301.
  131. ↑ Horton-Salway M (2007). "The ME Bandwagon and other labels: constructing the genuine case in talk about a controversial illness". Br J Soc Psychol 46 (Pt 4): 895–914. doi:10.1348/014466607X173456. PMID 17535450.
  132. ↑ Bowen, J; Pheby, D; Charlett, A; McNulty, C (August 2005). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a survey of GPs' attitudes and knowledge.". Family practice 22 (4): 389–93. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi019. PMID 15805128.
  133. ↑ Anderson, JS; Ferrans, CE (June 1997). "The quality of life of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome.". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185 (6): 359–67. doi:10.1097/00005053-199706000-00001. PMID 9205421.
  134. ↑ Larun, L; Malterud, K (December 2007). "Identity and coping experiences in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a synthesis of qualitative studies.". Patient education and counseling 69 (1-3): 20–8. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.06.008. PMID 17698311.
  135. ↑ Dumit J (2005-08-08). "Illnesses you have to fight to get: facts as forces in uncertain, emergent illnesses". Soc Sci Med. Feb;62 (3): 577–90. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.018. PMID 16085344.
  136. 1 2 Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, et al. (October 2009). "Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Science 326 (5952): 585–9. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..585L. doi:10.1126/science.1179052. PMID 19815723. (Retracted, see doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a)
  137. ↑ "No blood from chronic fatigue donors: agency". CBC. 2010-04-07. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  138. ↑ Atkinson, K (2010-04-21). "Chronic Fatigue Set To Disqualify Blood Donors". Voxy.co.nz. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  139. ↑ "Blood Service updates CFS donor policy". Australian Red Cross Blood Service. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
  140. ↑ "Recommendation on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Blood Donation". American Association of Blood Banks. 2010-06-18. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  141. ↑ NHS Blood and Transplant (2010-11-05). "ME/CFS sufferers permanently deferred from giving blood". Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  142. ↑ NHS Blood and Transplant. "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Retrieved 2015-02-11.
  143. ↑ Tuller, David (2008-05-30). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome No Longer Seen as 'Yuppie Flu'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
  144. ↑ Jason LA, Richman JA, Friedberg F, Wagner L, Taylor R, Jordan KM; Richman; Friedberg; Wagner; Taylor; Jordan (1997). "Politics, science, and the emergence of a new disease. The case of chronic fatigue syndrome". Am Psychol 52 (9): 973–83. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.973. PMID 9301342.
  145. ↑ Couper J (2000). "Chronic fatigue syndrome and Australian psychiatry: lessons from the UK experience". Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34 (5): 762–9. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00810.x. PMID 11037362.
  146. ↑ Erlwein O; et al. (2010). Nixon, Douglas F, ed. "Failure to detect the novel retrovirus XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome". PLoS ONE 5 (1): e8519. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8519E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008519. PMC 2795199. PMID 20066031.
  147. ↑ Harriet C T Groom, Virginie C Boucherit, Kerry Makinson, Edward Randal, Sarah Baptista, Suzanne Hagan, John W Gow, Frank M Mattes, Judith Breuer, Jonathan R Kerr, Jonathan P Stoye, Kate N Bishop (2010). "Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Retrovirology 7 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-7-10. PMC 2839973. PMID 20156349.
  148. ↑ van Kuppeveld FJ, Jong AS, Lanke KH, et al. (2010). "Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort". BMJ 340: c1018. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1018. PMC 2829122. PMID 20185493.
  149. ↑ Alberts B (December 2011). "Retraction". Science 334 (6063): 1636. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1636A. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. PMID 22194552.
  150. ↑ Lo SC, Pripuzova N, Li B, et al. (January 2012). "Retraction for Lo et al., Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (1): 346. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109..346.. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119641109. PMC 3252929. PMID 22203980.
  151. ↑ Cowley, Geoffrey, with Mary Hager and Nadine Joseph (1990-11-12). "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Newsweek: Cover Story.
  152. ↑ Frumkin H; Packard RM; Brown P & Berkelman RL (2004). Emerging illnesses and society: negotiating the public health agenda. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 156. ISBN 0-8018-7942-6.
  153. ↑ Whistler T, Unger ER, Nisenbaum R, Vernon SD; Unger; Nisenbaum; Vernon (December 2003). "Integration of gene expression, clinical, and epidemiologic data to characterize Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". J Transl Med 1 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-1-10. PMC 305360. PMID 14641939.
  154. ↑ Kennedy G, Abbot NC, Spence V, Underwood C, Belch JJ; Abbot; Spence; Underwood; Belch (February 2004). "The specificity of the CDC-1994 criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of health status in three groups of patients who fulfill the criteria". Ann Epidemiol 14 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.10.004. PMID 15018881.
  155. ↑ Aslakson E, Vollmer-Conna U, White PD; Vollmer-Conna; White (April 2006). "The validity of an empirical delineation of heterogeneity in chronic unexplained fatigue". Pharmacogenomics 7 (3): 365–73. doi:10.2217/14622416.7.3.365. PMID 16610947.
  156. ↑ "Erythos.com" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  157. ↑ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis". MRC.ac.uk. Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  158. ↑ "APPGME.org.uk" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  159. ↑ "IACFS/ME Statement on the PACE Trial: The Issue of Illness 'Reversal'", 24 February 2011, The International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ME (IACFS/ME), http://www.iacfsme.org/PACETrial/tabid/450/Default.aspx
  160. ↑ "PACE: 'surprising and disappointing'", 18 February 2011, Action for ME, http://www.afme.org.uk/news.asp?newsid=1047
  161. ↑ "ME Association press statement about the results of the PACE study", Tony Britton for the ME Association, 18 February 2011, http://www.meassociation.org.uk/?p=4607
  162. ↑ "Falling off the PACE", Kimberly McCleary, [undated (Retrieved 26 July 2011)], The CAA (CFIDS Association of America), http://www.cfids.org/pdf/lancet-analysis.pdf
  163. ↑ NIH takes action to bolster research on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, February 15, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.