Christian Herter
The Honorable Christian A. Herter | |
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53rd United States Secretary of State | |
In office April 22, 1959 – January 20, 1961 | |
President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | John Foster Dulles |
Succeeded by | Dean Rusk |
1st United States Trade Representative | |
In office 1962–1966 | |
President |
John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | William M. Roth |
59th Governor of Massachusetts | |
In office January 8, 1953 – January 3, 1957 | |
Lieutenant | Sumner G. Whittier |
Preceded by | Paul A. Dever |
Succeeded by | Foster Furcolo |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 10th district | |
In office January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 | |
Preceded by | George H. Tinkham |
Succeeded by | Laurence Curtis |
Under Secretary of State | |
In office February 21, 1957 – April 22, 1959 | |
Preceded by | Herbert Hoover, Jr. |
Succeeded by | C. Douglas Dillon |
Personal details | |
Born |
Christian Archibald Herter March 28, 1895 Paris, France |
Died |
December 30, 1966 71) Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged
Resting place | Prospect Hill Cemetery, Millis, Massachusetts |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse(s) | Mary Caroline Pratt Herter |
Alma mater | Harvard University |
Cabinet | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Signature |
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Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895 – December 30, 1966) was an American politician and statesman; 59th Governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957, and United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961.
Biography
Early life
Herter was born in Paris, France, to American artist and expatriate parents, Albert Herter and Adele McGinnis, and attended the École Alsacienne there (1901–1904) before moving to New York City, where he attended the Browning School (1904–1911). He graduated from Harvard University in 1915 and did graduate work in architecture and interior design before joining the diplomatic corps in the following year.
Herter married the wealthy heiress Mary Caroline Pratt (1895–1980) in 1917. She was the daughter of Frederic B. Pratt, longtime head of the Pratt Institute and granddaughter of Standard Oil magnate Charles Pratt. They had three sons and one daughter, including Christian A. Herter, Jr., who was active in international relations.
Diplomatic career
He was made attaché to the Embassy of the United States, Berlin, and he was briefly arrested while in Mainz as a possible spy. He was part of the U.S. delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he helped draft the Covenant of the League of Nations. Later, he was the assistant to Herbert Hoover when he was instrumental in providing starvation relief to post–World War I Europe. Herter went on to work for Hoover when Hoover became Secretary of Commerce in the Harding Administration. Herter also participated in the 1919 meeting that resulted in the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations.
Herter hated working for the scandal-ridden administration of President Warren Harding, and returned to Boston, where he was a magazine editor and lecturer on international affairs.
Political career
In 1930 Herter was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he served for 12 years. In 1942 he sought the Massachusetts 10th district seat in the United States House of Representatives held by George H. Tinkham, whose isolationist views made him vulnerable during World War II. Once Herter entered the contest, Tinkham withdrew and thereby opened the way for Herter to be elected. Although he was critical of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, Herter distinguished himself during 1943–1953 primarily for his stand on foreign affairs, especially owing to the so-called Herter Committee in 1947 whose report initiated proposals that led to Harry Truman's Marshall Plan. In those years, he refused to support a permanent congressional committee investigating un-American activities. In 1947, Herter founded the Middle East Institute with Middle East scholar George Camp Keiser; during this same time period, he served on the board of trustees of the World Peace Foundation. Herter served five terms in Congress. In 1952, he ran successfully for governor of Massachusetts, narrowly defeating incumbent Governor Paul A. Dever.
Herter was re-elected governor in 1954, defeating Massachusetts House Minority Leader Robert F. Murphy. He chose not to seek a third term in 1956. On February 21, 1957 Herter was appointed Under Secretary of State for the second term of the Eisenhower administration, and later, when John Foster Dulles became seriously ill, he was appointed Secretary of State, April 22, 1959. Dulles died a month later. Herter received the Medal of Freedom in 1961.
As an unemployed "elder statesman" after the election of 1960, Herter served on various councils and commissions, and was a special representative for trade negotiations, working for both John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson until his death in 1966 in Washington, D.C., at the age of 71. He is buried at the Prospect Hill Cemetery in Millis, Massachusetts.
Secretary Herter was also an active freemason. He was a member of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Christian Herter's lifetime reputation was as an internationalist, especially interested in improving political and economic relations with Europe.
Legacy
In 1943, with Paul Nitze (a distant cousin by marriage), Herter co-founded the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), which incorporated with the Johns Hopkins University in 1950. Today, the graduate school has campuses in Washington, D.C., Bologna, Italy, and Nanjing, China, and is recognized as a world leader in international relations, economics, and policy studies.
In 1968, the American Foreign Service Association established its Christian A. Herter Award to honor senior diplomats who speak out or otherwise challenge the status quo. In 1948 Herter received an LL.D. from Bates College.
The World Affairs Council of Boston ("WorldBoston" as of 2002), which Christian Herter helped organize in the 1940s, also has a Christian A. Herter Award honoring individual contributions to international relations.
The Christian A. Herter Memorial Scholarship Program is a sponsored by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to recruit 10th and 11th grade students whose socio-economic backgrounds and environmental conditions may inhibit their ability to pursue higher education. Each year, 25 students in the 10th and 11th grades are selected to receive awards of up to 50 percent (50%) of their calculated need at the college of their choice within the continental United States.
Herter Park in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts is named in Herter's honor. His great-grandson, John Herter, currently resides in the Commonwealth. A University of Massachusetts Amherst building devoted to the teaching of history and other liberal arts is named "Herter Hall" after the statesman as well.
Herter was the last Secretary of State born in the 19th century.
Books
- Christian Herter, Toward an Atlantic Community (1963)
References
- G. Bernard Noble, Christian A. Herter (Cooper Square, 1970)
- Herter, Christian Archibald, in American National Biography, 2000, American Council of Learned Societies.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian Herter. |
- Papers of Christian A. Herter, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
- Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography
- Christian Herter at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Column on Herter's life as an example of liberal Republicanism
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Rep. Christian A. Herter (December 19, 1951)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Massachusetts House of Representatives | ||
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Preceded by Horace T. Cahill |
Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1939–1942 |
Succeeded by Rudolph King |
United States House of Representatives | ||
Preceded by George H. Tinkham |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 10th congressional district January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 |
Succeeded by Laurence Curtis |
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Paul A. Dever |
Governor of Massachusetts 1953–1957 |
Succeeded by Foster Furcolo |
Preceded by Herbert Hoover, Jr. |
Under Secretary of State 1957–1959 |
Succeeded by C. Douglas Dillon |
Preceded by John Foster Dulles |
U.S. Secretary of State Served under: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959–1961 |
Succeeded by Dean Rusk |
Preceded by None; first in line |
United States Trade Representative 1962–1966 |
Succeeded by William M. Roth |
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