Christian egalitarianism

Part of a series on Christianity and gender
Theology
1 Timothy 2:12 Biblical womanhood Christian views on marriage Gender roles in Christianity Female disciples of Jesus Jesus' interactions with women List of women in the Bible Ordination of women (Catholic, Protestant) Paul the Apostle and women Rape in the Hebrew Bible Women as theological figures Women in the Bible Women in Christianity
Four major positions
Christian egalitarianism Christian feminism Complementarianism Biblical patriarchy
Church and society
Christianity and homosexuality Women in Church history
Organizations
Feminist Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus Egalitarian Christians for Biblical Equality Complementarian Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood Patriarchal Vision Forum (defunct)
Theologians and authors
Feminist Letha Dawson Scanzoni Anne Eggebroten Virginia Ramey Mollenkott Grace Jantzen Egalitarian William J. Webb Kenneth E. Hagin Gordon Fee Frank Stagg Paul Jewett Stanley Grenz Roger Nicole Gilbert Bilezikian Complementarian Don Carson John Frame Wayne Grudem George W. Knight III Albert Mohler Douglas Moo Dorothy Patterson Paige Patterson John Piper Vern Poythress Roman Catholic Phyllis Zagano Eastern Orthodox Frederica Mathewes-Green

Christian egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level), also known as biblical equality, is a Christian form of egalitarianism. It holds that all human persons are created equally in God's sight—equal in fundamental worth and moral status. This view does not just apply to gender, but to religion, skin colour and any other differences between individuals. It does not imply that all have equal skills, abilities, interests, or physiological or genetic traits. Christian egalitarianism holds that all people are equal before God and in Christ; have equal responsibility to use their gifts and obey their calling to the glory of God; and are called to roles and ministries without regard to class, gender, or race.^[1]

Gender equality

According to Christian egalitarianism, gender equality in Christian church leadership (including pastors) and in Christian marriage is biblically sound. Its theological foundations are interpretations of the teachings and example of Jesus Christ and other New Testament principles.^[2]

It refers to a biblically-based belief that gender, in and of itself, neither privileges nor curtails a believer's gifting or calling to any ministry in the church or home. It does not imply that women and men are identical or undifferentiated, but affirms that God designed men and women to complement and benefit one another.^[3]

Egalitarian beliefs are generally subscribed to by Quakers, United Methodist Churches, Northern Baptists, and some Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God, Church of the Nazarene and United Church of God.

The opposing view is Complementarianism. It holds that differing, often non-overlapping roles between men and women, manifested in marriage, church leadership, and elsewhere, are biblically required.

Biblical foundations

All three Synoptic Gospels record Jesus as saying:

You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. But it shall not be so among you".^{[Mt 20:25–26a] [Mk 10:42] [Lk 22:25]}

According to Clive Marsh and Steve Moyise, while "lord it over" implies abusive leadership, Jesus' words "exercise authority" have no connotation of abuse of authority.^[4]

The Apostle Paul wrote:

There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.

— Galatians 3:28

Christian egalitarians' interpretation of scriptures and spiritual convictions bring them to the conclusion that the manner and teaching of Jesus abolished discrimination against racial minorities, slaves, and women in both the church and marriage. They believe that the Bible teaches the fundamental equality of believers of all racial and ethnic groups and all economic classes.^[5] They consider overarching principles of the Bible to be that men and women are equally created in God's image, equally responsible for sin, equally redeemed by Christ, and equally gifted by God's Spirit for service and held responsible for using their God-given gifts.^[6]

Each of the six times Aquila and his wife Priscilla are mentioned by name in the New Testament, they are listed together as a couple. Their order of appearance alternates in a perfect odd-even equality, with each mentioned first three times. Aquila appears first in the first, third and fifth mentions, and Priscilla (Prisca) first in the second, fourth and sixth mentions.^[7] Some revisions of the Bible put Priscilla rather than Aquila first, in Acts 18:26, following the Vulgate and a few Greek texts.^[8] Some scholars suggest that Priscilla was the head of the family unit.^[9]

Ultimately, Christian egalitarianism holds that all people are equal in fundamental worth and moral status. A significant source of this trend of thought is the Christian notion that humankind were created in the living image of God (Imago Dei).

Jesus Christ did not conform to a mentality unfavorable to women, but reacted against inequalities based on sexual differences.^[10]

Illustrative of efforts to institutionalize this notion are these excerpts from the organizational Statement of Faith of Christians for Biblical Equality, a major Christian Egalitarian organization:

• We believe in the equality and essential dignity of men and women of all ethnicities, ages, and classes. We recognize that all persons are made in the image of God and are to reflect that image in the community of believers, in the home, and in society.
• We believe that men and women are to diligently develop and use their God-given gifts for the good of the home, church and society.
  — Christians for Biblical Equality^[11]

History

The first known use of the term "Christian egalitarianism" was in 1979 in an article in the journal "Theology Today."^[12] The first organization whose purpose was advocating Christian egalitarianism was "Men, Women and God", established in the United Kingdom in 1984. The American organization Christians for Biblical Equality was established by evangelicals in 1987.

Catholic views on egalitarianism

The Roman Catholic Church has formally opposed radical egalitarianism and has stated that the differences between men and women are not merely phenomenal, but are in fact ontological in nature.^[13]

In his 2004 Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Collaboration of Men and Women in the Church and in the World, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger warned against a related tendency to see gender as culturally constructed, which has generated "a new model of polymorphous sexuality", which reflects an "attempt to be free from one’s biological conditioning".^[14]

Prominent Christian egalitarians

• Linda Belleville, author of Women Leaders and the Church (2000)
• Gilbert Bilezikian, author of Beyond Sex Roles (1985), Christianity 101 (1993)
• Christians for Biblical Equality
• Greg Boyd, theologian and Senior Pastor of the Woodland Hills Church in St. Paul, Minnesota, author of Myth of a Christian Religion: Losing your Religion for the Beauty of a Revolution (2009)
• Shane Claiborne
• Bob Edwards, author of Let My People Go: A Call to End the Oppression of Women in the Church (2011)
• Mary J. Evans, author of Woman in the Bible (1984) and co-editor of The IVP Women's Bible Commentary (2002)
• Gordon Fee, contributing editor to Discovering Biblical Equality (2004)
• Frank Stagg, co-author of Woman in the World of Jesus (1978)
• George Fox
• Kevin Giles, Vicar of St. Michael's Church in North Carlton, Australia, in the Church of England; author of Jesus and the Father: Modern Evangelicals Reinvent the Doctrine of the Trinity (2006)
• Stanley Grenz, author of Women in the Church (1995)
• Rebecca Merrill Groothuis, co-editor of Discovering Biblical Equality (2004); author of Good News for Women (1996) and Women Caught in the Conflict (1997)
• Kenneth E. Hagin, author of The Woman Question (1967)
• Trevor Huddleston
• Paul King Jewett, author of Man as Male and Female (1975) and The Ordination of Women (1980)
• Craig S. Keener, author of Paul, Women and Wives (1992)
• Catherine Clark Kroeger, co-founder of CBE; co-editor of The IVP Women's Bible Commentary (2002); co-author of Women, Abuse and the Bible (1996), I suffer not a Woman (1998)
• Scot McKnight, Karl A. Olsson Professor in Religious Studies at North Park University; author of The Blue Parakeet: Rethinking How you Read the Bible (2008)
• Roger Nicole, Emeritus Professor of Theology at Reformed Theological Seminary, Orlando, Florida.
• Roger Olson Professor of Theology at George W. Truett Theological Seminary of Baylor University
• Carroll Osburn, Professor of New Testament Language and Literature at Abilene Christian University; author of Women in the Church: Reclaiming the Ideal (2001)
• Philip B. Payne, author of Man and Woman, One in Christ (2009), New Testament Scholar and professor at Fuller Theological Seminary (North West)
• Ronald W. Pierce, co-editor of Discovering Biblical Equality (2004)
• Aida Besançon Spencer, author of Beyond the Curse - Women called to ministry (1985)
• Ruth A. Tucker, co-author of Daughters of the Church (1987)
• William J. Webb, author of Slaves, Women and Homosexuals (2001)
• Ben Witherington III, Professor of New Testament Interpretation at Asbury Theological Seminary; author of Women in the Earliest Churches (1988) and Women and the Genesis of Christianity (1990)
• N. T. Wright, Bishop of Durham in the Church of England; author of Women's Service in the Church: The Biblical Basis (2004)
• F.F. Bruce, Biblical Scholar and professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis

See also

• Christian views about women
• Christian views of marriage
• Christians for Biblical Equality, an egalitarian organization
• Complementarianism, an opposing view
• Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, a complementarian organization
• Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus

References

External links

• Christians for Biblical Equality, promoter of Christian Egalitarianism