Chionanthus

fringetrees
Chionanthus pygmaeus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Tribe:	Oleeae
Genus:	Chionanthus L.
Synonyms[1]
Mayepea Aubl. Freyeria Scop. Thouinia L.f. Ceranthus Schreb. Cylindria Lour. Linociera Sw. ex Schreb. Bonamica Vell. Minutia Vell. Pogenda Raf. Tessarandra Miers Dekindtia Gilg Campanolea Gilg & G.Schellenb. Sarlina Guillaumin

Chionanthus /ˌkaɪoʊˈnænθəs/, common name: fringetrees, is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.

Chionanthus virginicus flowers

Chionanthus pubescens

Chionanthus retusus flowers

The genus has a wide distribution primarily in the tropics and subtropics, but with three species extending north into temperate regions, one (C. retusus) in eastern Asia and two (C. virginicus and C. henryae) in eastern North America.^[1][2] Most of the tropical species are evergreen, while the three temperate species are deciduous. Some botanists restrict Chionanthus to the deciduous, temperate species, treating the evergreen species in a separate genus Linociera, but apart from leaf persistence, there is no other consistent difference between them.

They are shrubs and small to medium-sized trees growing to 3–25 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple. The flowers are produced in feathery panicles, with a corolla subdivided into four slender lobes; they are white, pale yellow, or tinged pink. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed.^[2]

Species

The following species are accepted by^[1]

1. Chionanthus acunae (Borhidi & O.Muñiz) Borhidi - Cuba
2. Chionanthus adamsii Stearn - Jamaica
3. Chionanthus africanus (Knobl.) Stearn - tropical Africa
4. Chionanthus albidiflorus Thwaites – Sri Lanka
5. Chionanthus amblirrhinus P.S.Green - Thailand
6. Chionanthus avilensis (Steyerm.) P.S.Green - Venezuela
7. Chionanthus axillaris R.Br. – Australia (Queensland)
8. Chionanthus axilliflorus {{Au|(Griseb.) Stearn}} – Caribbean
9. Chionanthus ayresii A.J.Scott - Mauritius
10. Chionanthus bakeri (Urb.) Stearn - Cuba
11. Chionanthus balgooyana Kiew – Sarawak
12. Chionanthus battiscombei (Hutch.) Stearn - eastern + southern Africa
13. Chionanthus beccarii (Stapf) Kiew - Sumatra
14. Chionanthus boutonii A.J.Scott - Mauritius
15. Chionanthus brachystachys (Schltr.) P.S.Green - New Caledonia
16. Chionanthus brachythyrsus (Merrill) P.S.Green – Southern China (Hainan), Vietnam
17. Chionanthus brassii (Kobuski) Kiew - Papua New Guinea
18. Chionanthus broomeanus (Horne ex Oliv.) A.J.Scott – Réunion + Mauritius
19. Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Stearn - Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola
20. Chionanthus calcicola (Kerr) Kiew - Malaysia + Thailand
21. Chionanthus callophylloides Kiew – Sarawak + Sabah
22. Chionanthus callophyllus Blume – Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
23. Chionanthus camptoneurus (Gilg & G.Schellenb.) Stearn - Cameroon + Gabon
24. Chionanthus caudifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
25. Chionanthus caymanensis Stearn - Cayman Islands
26. Chionanthus celebicus Koord - Sulawesi
27. Chionanthus clementis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
28. Chionanthus colonchensis Cornejo & Bonifaz - Ecuador
29. Chionanthus compactus Sw. – Caribbean
30. Chionanthus cordifolius Labat, Marc Pignal & O.Pascal - Comoros
31. Chionanthus cordulatus Koord. – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
32. Chionanthus coriaceus (S.Vidal) Yuen P.Yang & S.Y.Lu - Taiwan + Philippines
33. Chionanthus crassifolius (Mart.) P.S.Green - Brazil
34. Chionanthus crispus Kiew – Sabah
35. Chionanthus curvicarpus Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
36. Chionanthus cuspidatus Blume - Borneo
37. Chionanthus decipiens P.S.Green - Myanmar + Thailand
38. Chionanthus densiflorus Zoll. & Moritzi - Java
39. Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) Stearn - Hispaniola
40. Chionanthus diversifolius Miq - Sumatra
41. Chionanthus domingensis Lam. – Caribbean
42. Chionanthus dussii (Krug & Urb.) Stearn - Dominica + Martinique
43. Chionanthus ellipticus Blume - Java + Sumatra
44. Chionanthus enerve (Steenis) Kiew - Borneo
45. Chionanthus eriorachis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
46. Chionanthus evenius (Stapf) Kiew – Malesia
47. Chionanthus ferrugineus (Gilg) P.S.Green - Brazil
48. Chionanthus filiformis (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil
49. Chionanthus fluminensis (Miers) P.S.Green - Brazil
50. Chionanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Stearn (Pock Ironwood) – Southern Africa
51. Chionanthus gigantifolius Koord - Sulawesi
52. Chionanthus gigas (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
53. Chionanthus globosus (Kiew) Kiew – Borneo
54. Chionanthus glomeratus Blume - Sumatra
55. Chionanthus grandifolius (Elmer) Kiew - Philippines
56. Chionanthus greenii Lombardi - Brazil
57. Chionanthus guangxiensis B.M.Miao. – Southeastern China (Guangxi).
58. Chionanthus guianensis (Aubl.) Pers - Venezuela + French Guiana
59. Chionanthus hahlii (Rech.) Kiew - Bismarck, Solomons, Samoa
60. Chionanthus hainanensis (Merrill & Chun) B.M.Miao. – Southern China (Hainan)
61. Chionanthus havilandii Kiew – Borneo
62. Chionanthus henryae H.L.Li - USA (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas)
63. Chionanthus henryanus P.S.Green. – Southwestern China, Burma
64. Chionanthus holdridgei (Camp & Monachino) Stearn – Caribbean
65. Chionanthus implicatus (Rusby) P.S.Green - South America
66. Chionanthus intermedius (Wight) F.Muell. – India
67. Chionanthus insularis Labat - Comoros
68. Chionanthus jamaicensis (Urb.) Stearn - Jamaica
69. Chionanthus kinabaluensis Kiew – Borneo
70. Chionanthus kajewskii (Sleumer) Kiew - Solomon Islands
71. Chionanthus lancifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
72. Chionanthus leopoldii Kiew – Borneo
73. Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. – Caribbean
74. Chionanthus littoreus Miq - Sumatra
75. Chionanthus longiflorus (H.L.Li) B.M.Miao. – Southwestern China (Yunnan)
76. Chionanthus longipetalus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
77. Chionanthus lucens Kiew – Sabah
78. Chionanthus luzonicus Blume - Philippines
79. Chionanthus macrobotrys (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
80. Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume – Indonesia, Malaysia
81. Chionanthus macrothyrsus (Merr.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
82. Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green - India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Andaman Islands
83. Chionanthus mannii (Soler.) Stearn - western + central Africa
84. Chionanthus maxwellii P.S.Green - Thailand
85. Chionanthus micranthus (Mart.) Lozano & Fuertes - Brazil
86. Chionanthus microbotrys (Kerr) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
87. Chionanthus microstigma (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
88. Chionanthus mildbraedii (Gilg & G.Schellenb.) Stearn - central Africa
89. Chionanthus minutiflorus Kurz - Burma
90. Chionanthus montanus Blume - Java, Sulawesi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
91. Chionanthus niloticus (Oliv.) Stearn - tropical Africa
92. Chionanthus nitens Koord. & Valeton - Java, Sulawesi
93. Chionanthus nitidus (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
94. Chionanthus oblanceolatus (B.L.Rob.) P.S.Green - Mexico + Central America
95. Chionanthus oblongifolius Koord. & Valeton - Java
96. Chionanthus obtusifolius (Lam.) Stearn - Madagascar
97. Chionanthus oliganthus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
98. Chionanthus pachyphyllus (Merr.) Kiew – Borneo
99. Chionanthus palustris Kiew – Borneo
100. Chionanthus panamensis (Standl.) Stearn - Mexico, Central America
101. Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raizada - Thailand, Vietnam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
102. Chionanthus pedunculatus P.S.Green - New Caledonia
103. Chionanthus peglerae (C.H.Wright) Stearn - South Africa (Natal + Cape Province)
104. Chionanthus picrophloia F.Muell. – Australia (Queensland)
105. Chionanthus plurifloroides Kiew – Borneo
106. Chionanthus pluriflorus (Knobl.) Kiew – Borneo
107. Chionanthus polycephalus Kiew – Borneo
108. Chionanthus polygamus (Roxb.) Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
109. Chionanthus porcatus Kiew – Borneo
110. Chionanthus proctorii Stearn - Jamaica
111. Chionanthus pubescens Kunth. – Ecuador, Peru, Malaysia
112. Chionanthus pubicalyx (Ridl.) Kiew – Borneo
113. Chionanthus purpureus Lam. - Sri Lanka
114. Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (Pygmy Fringetree) – Southeastern United States (Florida)
115. Chionanthus quadristamineus F.Muell. – Australia (Lord Howe Island endemic)
116. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxburgh – Australia (Queensland), southern China, India, Nepal, Vietnam
117. Chionanthus remotinervius (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
118. Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton (Chinese Fringetree) – China, Japan, Korea
119. Chionanthus richardsiae Stearn - Zambia
120. Chionanthus riparius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
121. Chionanthus rostratus (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. - Java
122. Chionanthus rugosus Kiew – Borneo
123. Chionanthus rupicola (Lingelsh.) Kiew - Indonesia, New Guinea
124. Chionanthus sabahensis Kiew – Sabah
125. Chionanthus salicifolius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
126. Chionanthus sessiliflorus (Hemsl.) Kiew - New Guinea + Solomon Islands
127. Chionanthus sleumeri (C.T.White) Stearn – Australia (Queensland)
128. Chionanthus spicatus Blume – Borneo
129. Chionanthus spiciferus (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
130. Chionanthus stenurus (Merr.) Kiew - Sulawesi
131. Chionanthus subsessilis (Eichler) P.S.Green - Brazil
132. Chionanthus sumatranus Blume - Sumatra + Andaman Islands
133. Chionanthus sutepensis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
134. Chionanthus tenuis P.S.Green - Brazil
135. Chionanthus thorelii (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
136. Chionanthus timorensis Blume - Timor
137. Chionanthus trichotomus (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
138. Chionanthus tropophyllus (H.Perrier) Stearn - Madagascar
139. Chionanthus urbanii (Knobl.) Stearn - Hispaniola
140. Chionanthus velutinus (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
141. Chionanthus verruculatus D.Fang - China (Guangxi)
142. Chionanthus verticillatus (Gagnep.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
143. Chionanthus virginicus L. (White Fringetree) – Eastern United States (Texas to Florida to Massachusetts to Missouri)
144. Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C.Sm. - Niue, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga
145. Chionanthus wurdackii B.Ståhl - Peru
146. Chionanthus zeylanicus L. - Sri Lanka, southern India
147. Chionanthus zollingerianus Koord. & Valeton - Java

References

Cited works

• Chang, Mei-chen; Chiu, Lien-ching; Wei, Zhi; Green, Peter S. (2008) [1992]. Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P. H., eds. "Oleaceae; Chionanthus". Flora of China. Online version (print version). eFloras.org. Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 26 June 2013. 

• Green, P. S. (1994). "Chionanthus". In Wilson, A. J. G. Flora of Australia: Volume 49: Oceanic Islands 1: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island (online version). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-644-29385-3. Retrieved 26 June 2013. 

• Hyland, B. P. M.; Whiffin, T.; Zich, F. A.; et al. (Dec 2010). "Home". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Edition 6.1, online version [RFK 6.1]. Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 26 June 2013. 

External links

• Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chionanthus
• USDA Plants Profile: Chionanthus
• University of Pretoria: Chionanthus foveolatus