Chinatowns in Europe

Chinatown
Cover of sheet music, published in 1910
Chinese	唐人街
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Tángrénjiē
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	中國城
Simplified Chinese	中国城
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguóchéng
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	華埠
Simplified Chinese	华埠
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huábù

Chinatowns
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Chinatowns in Europe include several urban Chinatowns that exist in major European capital cities. There is a Chinatown in London, England, as well as major Chinatowns in Manchester, Birmingham, Newcastle and Liverpool. In Paris there are two Chinatowns: one where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled in the Quartier chinois in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, and the other in Belleville in the northeast of Paris. Berlin, Germany has two Chinatowns, one in the East and one in the West. Antwerp, Belgium also has an upstart Chinese community.^[1]

Colonialism and European Chinatowns

Some European Chinatowns have long histories while others are still relatively new developments. Many early Chinese seamen settled in several European port cities and established several communities. The oldest Chinatown in Europe is in Liverpool, England. It was established in the early 19th century when Liverpool began importing cotton and silk from Shanghai. In the 1910s, Mainland Chinese labourers from the Zhejiang province who remained in France established the first Chinatown of Paris. There are other Chinese who "jumped ship" to Europe after working as hired hands on European ships or docks.

As a legacy of European colonialism in Asia, many Asian subjects of British and Continental European empires immigrated to the colonizing country. During the 1950s, immigrants from Hong Kong began migrating to the United Kingdom in large numbers, which resulted in the formation of London's second Chinatown in the Soho district. Some Chinese from the former Portuguese colony of Macau have resettled in Portugal.

In 1998, many more Chinese Indonesian immigrants arrived to escape the violent pogroms in Indonesia towards ethnic Chinese (mainly as a result of the Asian financial crisis of 1997).

After the fall of Saigon at the close of the Vietnam War, the ethnic Chinese boat people from Vietnam were resettled in France and Germany in the late 1970s and 1980s and began settling extensively in Paris's Chinatown and immensely revitalising the area during that time. Paris's Chinatown currently has a vibrant Southeast Asian ethnic Chinese character, while its newer counterpart in the Belleville is largely consists of fairly recent Mainland Chinese. Some Chinese Vietnamese refugees also ended up in Hong Kong, then a British-administered territory. These Vietnamese were resettled in the United Kingdom, (there are several Vietnamese businesses in London's Chinatown).

Although Mainland China was carved into several Western spheres of influence, the country as a whole was not a colony of a foreign maritime power. Nevertheless, many mainland Chinese, legal and undocumented immigrants, have especially contributed to the development of Chinese communities in Europe, including the currently nascent Chinatown in the Esquilino district of Rome, Italy. There has been new immigration from Fujian and Zhejiang provinces of China, many of whom are illegal immigrants who work in the unskilled service industries–especially in restaurants and garment sweatshops—of Europe.

Chinatowns by European Country

Belgium

The only "official" (recognized by the Belgian government as China Town on the tourist guide maps and books of Belgium) China Town is Van Wesenbekestraat in Antwerp, Flanders. It consists of many shops, supermarkets, restaurants, bakery as well as a little Chinese temple. ^[2]

France

The Chinese community in France was estimated to count 600,000 persons in 2004 and 700,000 persons in 2007^[3] The Chinatown in Paris located in the 13th arrondissement is the largest in Europe.

Paris

Paris has several Asian neighborhoods (French: quartiers asiatiques), the largest being located in the 13th arrondissement (13th district). Chinatown Paris is bounded roughly by Avenue de Choisy, Avenue d'Ivry and Boulevard Masséna, and includes the Les Olympiades complex. The area was originally an ethnic Vietnamese district, when Vietnamese refugees arrived in the area in the 1970s following the Vietnam War. Later waves of immigrants included ethnic Chinese from Indochina, Laotians and Cambodians, who also fled their countries following their communist takeovers.

Although a large number of the earlier Vietnamese immigrants integrated into French society shortly after their arrival and moved to other areas of Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region, they still maintain a strong commercial and cultural presence in the area.^[4] Within this neighborhood, commercial activity is dominated by Chinese and Vietnamese businesses, with a smaller number of Laotian and Cambodian establishments. Roughly 50,000 people live in the district, with a majority being Chinese, and significant Vietnamese and Laotian populations. The flagships of the Tang Frères and Paristore Asian specialty supermarkets are located close to each other in Chinatown.

Before WWII, parisian Chinatown was based in a real Asian community, located in marginal and poor areas, formed through successive waves of migration, the first of them during the 1900s in the Arts et Métiers quarter around rue au Maire, then in the now disappeared Chinatown of Gare de Lyon. Since the 1920s, luxury goods shops and restaurant settled as well in the La Madeleine-Opera district, where is now located the Japanese quarter of Paris around rue Sainte-Anne, and in the Quartier Latin near place Maubert, where some Vietnamese restaurants can still be found.

Another Chinatown area has settled in Belleville, Paris. There is a large number of Far East restaurants, especially on Rue de Belleville and on Rue Civiale.

Marne-la-Vallée

The second largest community in France, essentially Chinese and residential, is located in the new town of Marne-la-Vallée eastward of Paris, notably in the communes of Lognes, Torcy and Noisy-le-Grand.^[5] (Source: Elisabeth Brunel,"Revue européenne de migrations internationales" 1992).

Lyon

Lyon, with a Chinese community of 15,000 persons, also has a Chinatown, located in the Guillotière neighbourhood of the 7th arrondissement, on rue Passet, rue d'Aguesseau and rue Pasteur and the nearby streets in the area formed by rue Basse Combalot, rue de Marseille and rue Montesquieu.^[6] Thanks to its important silk industry and notablty with the sericulture crisis of 1856, Lyon has early created a relationship with China. A Franco-Chinese institute existed as well from 1920 to 1946 at Fourvière for Chinese students.

Lille

The important Chinese community of Lille is disseminated in the city but some Asiatic shops are gathered on rue Jules Guesde, in the cosmopolitan district of Wazemmes^[7]

Toulouse

A small Chinatown is as well located in the Belfort district in Toulouse, mainly around rue Denfert Rochereau.

Germany

Berlin, the capital of Germany, has two established Chinatowns, with the Dong Xuan Center around Herzbergstrasse of Lichtenberg in the East,^[8] and the area around Kantstrasse of Charlottenburg in the West (dubbed Kantonstrasse).^[9]

Hamburg, Germany's second largest city and its major port, has very close ties to China and Asia in general. Until the 1930s, it had the Chinesenviertel Chinatown within its St. Pauli district, that is re-establishing since the 2010s. The city hosts the biennial high-level conference Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe and also has a major Chinese consulate at Elbchaussee 268 in Othmarschen since 1921. Shanghai is a sister city of Hamburg.

Italy

The country has had a very small Chinese population since World War II, but most of the current population has arrived since the 1980s. Over 209.000 Chinese are thought to be living in Italy.

The oldest and biggest Chinatown of Italy is in Milan around Via Paolo Sarpi, located in the historical centre of the city close to Parco Sempione. The first settlement was established at the beginning of 1920 working silk products. The majority of Chinese are originally from Zhejiang region south of Shanghai. During the Second World War the silk products were replaced by leather belts more useful for the soldiers involved in the war. In the 1980s the community diversified its activities opening market stores, food stores and other shops.

The second largest Chinatown is in the city of Prato.

The Italian term for Chinatown is quartiere cinese but Chinatown is also used.^[10]

Netherlands

The term "Chinatown" or "Chinese buurt" is used in the Dutch language.

The largest Chinatown of the Netherlands is located near the famed De Wallen red light district of Amsterdam. This Chinatown, located on the Zeedijk and the Geldersekade, was formed in the early 20th Century and revitalised in the 1980s. The street signs in this neighbourhood are in Dutch and in Chinese. Amsterdam Chinatown also has the first and biggest Chinese-style buddhist temple in the Netherlands. It is named "Fo Guang Shan He Hua tempel".

The 2nd largest Chinatown is in the city of The Hague.

The city of Rotterdam also has an old established Chinatown, first located near the harbour on the Katendrecht peninsula but relocated to the West Kruiskade.

Poland

Direct relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were established in the 17th century by Michał Boyma(1612-1659), who came to China with a few missionries. Nevertheless, relations were strengthened in the 20th century. Many Chinese came to Poland in search of work, education, or better life.^[11] Many of them live in rapidly growing Chinatowns.^[12] There are two major Polish Chinatowns in:

• Łódź^[13] - bars and culture
• Wólka Kosowska, Warsaw metropolitan area^[14] - shopping centres

Portugal

Portugal's major Chinatown is located in Lisbon, mostly in the form of shopping centres.

Porto Alto has a Chinatown as well.

Most Chinese immigrants to Portugal came from the former Portuguese territory of Macau, when it was returned to Mainland Chinese control in 1999, while others from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Many Chinese also came from Brazil to Portugal. Besides speaking Portuguese, the Chinese population in Portugal also speaks Mandarin, Cantonese, and some of them even speak a mixed Cantonese-Portuguese creole called Macanese (or Patuá).

In the North of Portugal there is a rapidly growing Chinatown in the Industrial Area of Vila do Conde in Porto.

Russia

Russia's Chinatown is located in Moscow. There was a "historical" Chinatown located in Kitay-gorod and a new one to be built in place of the Cherkizovsky Market, which was closed in 2009 due to illegal activity."^[15]

Spain

While there has been Chinese immigration to Spain, it has not been as much as in other European countries, such as France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. There are about 150,000 Chinese in Spain. Most Chinese-Spanish residents are people whose ancestors were coolies from mainland China. Others are immigrants or refugees from other places in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Malaysia, Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and especially Cuba and Puerto Rico. In Spain, Chinese immigrants tend not to form separate neighbourhoods (the quintessential image of a Chinatown) but live in areas mixed with other immigrants. However, in some places, Chinese immigration is enough to give a Chinese color to some streets.

There are some examples of Spanish Chinatowns in Madrid, Dolores Barranco st in Usera district, Lavapiés neighborhood or General Margallo St. in the district of Tetuán, in Madrid metropolitan area "Cobo Calleja" industrial park is the biggest Chinese industrial area in Europe, it's located in the southern city of Fuenlabrada. Barcelona, however, has had an area named Barrio Chino since the 1920s, in the old city between the Ramblas and the Parallel. The residents have been poor Spaniards and the area is marked by its prostitution, to the extent that any prostitution district of any Spanish city may be known as barrio chino, regardless of any Chinese presence, though the term doesn't imply a population of Chinese residents. The term came from an article whose author compared the state of the area with the popular image of foreign Chinatowns. Barcelona has another Chinese area around Calle Trafalgar and the surrounding streets. Other Spanish cities like Valencia, Bilbao or Alicante have Chinese neighborhoods.

After the Spanish Miracle, Spain started receiving more Chinese immigrants, some of whom may have settled in the cheap Barrio Chino. As a result of the gentrification policy exemplified by the 1992 Summer Olympics, the areas is being rebuilt as a chic neighbourhood and the more neutral name of El Raval is preferred. Recent Chinese immigrants have established wholesale clothes business at La Ribera, Ronda San Pedro or Trafalgar street. Barrios Chinos are also pan-Asian areas. Many Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, and Thais settled Barrios Chinos.

United Kingdom

Chinese people in the UK are relatively dispersed, and do not form ethnic enclaves as in many other countries, although most are to be found in large cities, several of which have Chinatowns, and the South-East. The largest Chinatown is in central London in the Soho area, established in the 1950s and 1960s. Other UK Chinatowns are found in the English cities of Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds (though not official) and Newcastle, the Scottish cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, the Welsh capital Cardiff and a growing population of Chinese immigrants are present in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

England

London

Soho is the main Chinatown currently but not the original Chinatown, which was located near the docks along the Thames as the Chinese arrived from Canton, which was the major international port of China in the early 18th century. Opium could not be legally traded in China proper initially and opium was inspected and traded in London by the Keswicks and the Taipans. Silk and porcelain, as well as tea were loaded here, where a Chinese community thrived near Canton Street in the Docklands.

London's current Chinatown in Soho is mainly commercially planned in the 1950s with many Chinese restaurants and businesses to detract from the sex trade in Soho. A new Chinese gate over Wardour Street marking the entrance to Leicester Square is planned as well. London's Chinatown is undergoing gentrification, with a £50 million planned regeneration.

There are plans to re-enact London's original Chinese district in Canary Wharf and the Docklands in Limehouse as part of the wider regeneration of East London to attract Chinese tourists. This area was bombed out, as with much of London, during the Blitz in the Second World War causing a relocation of the few ethnic Chinese who had lived there to other areas.

The Hakkas could not afford the rents from the Cantonese landlords, and moved out to Croydon where rents were very much cheaper to start businesses. As a result, other Chinese-run businesses can be found far away from London, such as suburban Croydon.

Most of the rich Chinese in London in the professional services industry live in Canary Wharf. The children of dynastic scions from China live in Kensington and Chelsea near the Victoria and Albert Museum. The Beijingers live near the Chinese Embassy at Marylebone, and Fitzrovia has been revitalized to cash in on their condo purchasing power.

The Government of Singapore owns the entire stretch of hotels around Cromwell Road and most of the tenants in the Imperial College area in South Kensington are from Singapore. In the 1960s to 1970s, the humbler Chinese from ex-colonies lived near Portobello Road which has now been gentrified into a hipster market, and exclusive enclave. Very few Singaporeans settle in the United Kingdom as they are not used to the cold weather, as Singapore has a tropical climate. Those who settle in the United Kingdom are actually mixed English, also called the Anglo-Chinese community, similar to the Anglo-Irish and Anglo-Normans, which formed part of a ruling class in the colonies during the racial politics of the Great British colonial period.

The Hong Kong Chinese normally live in Soho and with Jewish communities in North London like Golders Green and Chalk Farm. Due to the cold, wet weather in United Kingdom, which the Chinese are not suited for, the tend to only buy apartments and live in Asia most of the time, especially in winter. The Hong Kong Chinese has a mentality that Hong Kong is still their home but they only park their assets in United Kingdom, Canada and United States in case of political turmoil or economic austerity measures from Beijing or further encroachments from the Mainland.

All the Chinese tend to avoid Knightsbridge which has a huge Middle East community that the Chinese view as an unsafe area with potential bomb threats even though it is coveted by the Arab billionaires. Diplomats from Beijing reside around the Belgravia area to be near the embassy.

Manchester

Manchester's Chinatown on Faulkner Street is the second largest in Britain after London's. The Chinese British population, many of whom are immigrants from former British-ruled Hong Kong, especially settled in the Greater Manchester area. However, Hong Kong immigration to the United Kingdom has leveled off over the years and there has been a rise in Mainland Chinese immigration to the country.

Birmingham

The Chinese Quarter is an area of Birmingham, United Kingdom. First emerging as an informal cluster of Chinese community organizations, social clubs, and businesses in the 1960s centred on Hurst Street, as a result of post-World War II migration from Hong Kong, the Chinese Quarter was officially recognized in the 1980s. It is well known for its Chinese restaurants, such as the China Court Restaurant, for the parade which is held there each year to celebrate the Chinese New Year, for the Birmingham Hippodrome and for being the location of the headquarters of Wing Yip.

To the rear of the area is the Irish Quarter which is located directly next to a large supermarket selling typical Chinese produce.

Newcastle

The Chinatown in Newcastle was primarily based on Stowell Street, but has expanded in recent years with many Chinese businesses in the surrounding area. The Chinatown incorporates the area from Stowell Street to Westgate Road. According to the BBC, Newcastle's Chinatown is also undergoing regeneration. A gateway costing £160,000 has recently been constructed by Mainland Chinese engineers as part of the plans.

Liverpool

The Chinatown in Liverpool in the Merseyside area is on Duke Street and is home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe. The arch located at the gateway is also the largest of its kind outside of China. It has been under regeneration.

Sheffield

Sheffield has no official Chinatown although London Road, Highfield is the centre of the Sheffield Chinese community. There are many Chinese restaurants, supermarkets and community stores and home of the Sheffield Chinese Community Centre. The Sheffield Chinese community is pressing for the street to be formally labelled Sheffield's Chinatown.

Planning permission has been granted for a "Chinatown" development between St Mary's Gate, Bramall Lane and Sheldon Street (near to London Road). The scheme is planned to be completed by 2018.^[16]

Leeds

Leeds has no official Chinatown, but the northeast area of the city centre is commonly referred to as Chinatown due to the presence of many longstanding Chinese restaurants, supermarkets and other commercial stores. The small "Chinatown" is centred on one of the city centre's major outdoor car parks and the majority of Chinese establishments can be found either on the west side of the car park on Vicar Lane, or on the east side on Templar Lane and Templar Place.

Plans to develop the area into an official Chinatown, complete with Chinese gate, have been met with setbacks, mainly due to the wide dispersal of the city's Chinese community throughout the city and outlying suburbs. Furthermore, just as many if not more Chinese and other East Asian restaurants are to be found throughout the city centre, defeating the need for an official Chinatown.

Scotland

Glasgow contains a Chinatown, which consists of a Chinese supermarket,^[17] a bakery,^[18] a barbershop and a Chinese restaurant.^[19]

In 2003, the city council of Aberdeen approved plans for a new Chinatown in the northern part of the city.^[20]

References

External links

• Portal site of the Chinatown in Paris
• The Emergence of a Chinatown as a Tourist Site in Antwerp?" – Article on the touristification of Chinatown in Antwerp, Belgium
• Dragons in Rotterdam: photo + article on ErasmusPC

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