China National Aviation Corporation

China National Aviation Corporation
An Air China Boeing 747–400
Simplified Chinese	中国航空公司
Traditional Chinese	中國航空公司
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōng guó háng kōng gōng sī
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese	中航
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōng háng

Air China Plaza (国航大厦 Guó Háng Dàshà), the headquarters of the China National Aviation Holding Company, in Beijing

The China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) is a fully owned subsidiary of the state-owned aviation holding company China National Aviation Holding in the People's Republic of China, possessing a majority of Air China and Air Macau. Prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it was a major airline in the Republic of China.

As of 1938 it was headquartered in Shanghai.^[1]

History

Roundel of CNAC (1929-1949).

In 1929, it was established as China Airways by Curtiss-Wright, under the leadership of U.S. airline magnate Clement Melville Keys. In 1933, after a series of disastrous accidents and disagreements with Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek, Keys sold the company to Pan American Airways, under the control of Keys' arch-rival Juan Trippe. Pan Am placed the company under the control of banker and aviator Harold Bixby. When the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 overran all of China's maritime access, its Chinese Air Company was merged with China Airways into the China National Aviation Company (CNAC), with Pan Am owning 45% of the operation and the government the remaining 55%.

Between 1937 and December 1941, CNAC flew many internal routes with Douglas Dolphin amphibians (Route No. 3, from Shanghai – Canton, via Wenchow, Foo-chow, Amoy & Swatow), and Douglas DC-2s and DC-3s. In addition, three examples of the Vultee V-1A single-engine transport that "missed the boat" to Republican Spain ended up in China. Initially, the Nationalists maintained contact with the outside world through the port of Hanoi in French Indo-China, but the Japanese put pressure on the new pro-Vichy regime there to cut off relations with them in 1940–41. Flying in mainland China during the war with Japan was dangerous, A CNAC aircraft was the first passenger aircraft in history to be destroyed by enemy forces, in the Kweilin Incident in August 1938.

By fall 1940, CNAC operated service from Chungking (via Kunming and Lashio) to Rangoon , Chengdu, Kiating (via Luchow and Suifu) and Hong Kong (via Kweilin).^[2]

During World War II, CNAC was headquartered in India, and flew supplies from Assam, India, into Yunnan, southwestern China through the Hump Route over the Himalayas, after the Japanese blocked the Burma Road. Despite the large casualties inflicted by the Japanese and more significantly, the ever-changing weather over the Himalayas, the logistics flights operated daily, year round, from April 1942 until the end of the war. The CNAC was a smaller part of the overall re-supply operations which included the USAAF's India-China Division of Air Transport Command.

On 8, 9 and 10 December 1941, eight American pilots of the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) and their crews made a total of 16 trips between Kai Tak Airport in the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong, then under attack from Japanese forces, and Chungking, the wartime capital of the Republic of China.^[3] Together they made 16 sorties and evacuated 275 persons including Soong Ching-ling (the widow of Sun Yat-sen), and the Chinese Finance Minister H.H. Kung.

After World War II, in 1946, CNAC moved from India to Shanghai, specifically Longhua Airport, located on the western shore of the Huangpu River, 10 km from the center of Shanghai. The company was a huge organization, with departments for transportation, mechanics, medicine, food, finance, etc. The employees who numbered in the thousands were housed in dormitories located in the Shanghai French Concession. Every morning, the company took the employees by a car convoy from the dormitories to the airport.^[4]

CNAC eventually operated routes from Shanghai to Beiping (now Beijing), Chungking and Guangzhou (Canton), using Douglas DC-2 and DC-3 aircraft. Apart from purchasing war surplus planes, CNAC had also acquired brand new Douglas DC-4s, to serve the route between Shanghai and San Francisco.^[5]

The downfall of CNAC's operations came on 9 November 1949, when managing director Colonel C. Y. Liu, general manager of CATC (Central Aviation Transport Corporation), Colonel C. L. Chen and some of the staff declared their wish to be Communist. On the day, 12 aircraft from CNAC and CATC were flown, without acknowledgment, from Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport to Communist-controlled China. One aircraft arrived in Beijing, while the other 11 arrived at Tianjin. More remaining staff also moved to mainland China, at a later date. The remaining 71 aircraft in Hong Kong were sold by the Nationalists to the Delaware-registered Civil Air Transport Inc., in an effort to save the aircraft from the Communists. After a lengthy legal battle and diplomatic efforts, the planes were delivered by the Hong Kong government to CATI in 1952.

CNAC ceased operations in mainland China, following the Communist revolution of 1949, when the Civil Aviation Administration of China took over to become the sole airline of China. However, CNAC remains a subsidiary of CAAC and incorporated in Hong Kong.

In the 1980s, CNAC acted as the overseas ticket agency of CAAC. CNAC launched its own airline, CNAC Zhejiang, in Hangzhou, with Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft and later, Airbus A320 and A319 aircraft, with the same logo painted on the aircraft's tails as in 1929. It had three Boeing 737-300 in service. CNAC merged into Air China, along with China Southwest Airlines, in 2004, when the CAAC decided to consolidate the nine major state-owned airlines into three groups. The new Air China is in turned owned by the China National Aviation Holdings Company (CNAH) and is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (code 1110).

Subsidiaries

China National Aviation Corporation is the majority owner of several airlines and subsidiaries, including:
Airline share ownership and subsidiaries:

• Air China 100%
  • Dalian Airlines 80%
  • Air Macau 72.25%
  • Air China Cargo 51%
  • Shenzhen Airlines 51%^[6]
    • Kunming Airlines (80%)
    • Henan Airlines (51%)
  • Shandong Airlines 51%
    • Sichuan Airlines 10%
• China Eastern Airlines 11%^[7]
  • Shanghai Airlines 100%
    • China United Airlines 80%
    • Sichuan Airlines 10%
  • China Cargo Airlines 51%

Other operations:

• Ameco Beijing 60%, Lufthansa holds the remaining stake^[8]
• China Aircraft Services Limited 40%^[9]

Fleet

As of April 2013, the Air China and subsidiaries fleet consists of the following aircraft.

Accidents and incidents

• 8 August 1937: A Sikorsky S-43W (named Chekiang) ditched in Bias Bay due to weather, killing three of 11 on board; the eight survivors clung to the wing until rescued.
• 24 August 1938: Douglas DC-2-221 32 (named Kweilin) made a forced landing after an attack by Japanese fighters; the aircraft was strafed on the ground, killing 14 of 17 on board; the aircraft was repaired and returned to service. Kweilin was the first commercial aircraft to be shot down.
• 29 October 1940: Douglas DC-2-221 39 (Chungking) was attacked and destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters after landing at Changyi Airfield, killing nine of 12 on board.
• 20 January 1941: Ford AT-5-D Trimotor 23 struck a mountain in Jiangxi Province, killing five of six on board.
• 12 February 1941: Douglas DC-2-190 40 (named Kangtang) struck a mountain near Taohsien, Hunan in a thunderstorm, killing the three crew.
• 14 March 1942: Douglas DC-2-221 31 (named Chungshan) crashed on takeoff from Kunming Airport due to engine failure and overloading, killing 13 of 17 on board.
• 17 November 1942: Douglas C-47 60 disappeared over the Himalayas while on a Kunming-Dinjan flight with three crew on board; the wreckage was found in 2011 on a Himalayan mountain at 13,400 feet.
• 11 March 1943: Douglas C-53 53 crashed near Luishui after encountering a downdraft, killing the three crew.
• 13 March 1943: Douglas C-53 49 disappeared while on a Kunming-Dinjan flight with three crew on board.
• 7 April 1943: Douglas C-53 58 (also registered 42-15890) crashed on a mountain peak 30 mi NE of Minzong due to weather and icing, killing one of three crew.
• 11 August 1943: Douglas C-53 48 crashed in the Fort Hertz valley following an in-flight fire and wing separation, killing the three crew; the aircraft was probably shot down.
• 13 October 1943: Douglas C-47 72 crashed 125 km (78 mi) north of Myitkyina, Burma (now Myanmar), killing the three crew; the aircraft was probably shot down.
• 19 November 1943: Two aircraft (Douglas C-53 59 and C-47 63) crashed while on approach to Wujiaba Airfield in poor weather, killing a total of five.
• 18 December 1943: Douglas C-47A 83 crashed into a cliff near Suifu while attempting a go-around following an aborted landing below minimums, killing the three crew.
• 20 February 1944: Douglas C-47A 75 crashed into a mountain after taking off from Dinjan Airfield after encountering turbulence while flying through a cloud, killing both pilots.
• 26 May 1944: Douglas C-47 82 crashed in the Himalayas after overflying its destination due to weather and radio problems, killing all 12 on board.
• 8 June 1944: Douglas C-47A 85 crashed near Dinjan Airport due to an in-flight fire and wing separation caused by improper maintenance, killing all six on board.
• 20 October 1945: Douglas DC-3C 104 crashed in a village 13 mi northeast of Suichang, killing all 13 on board and seven villagers.
• 20 September 1946: A CNAC aircraft struck the side of Lochi Mountain near Hsichia, killing all 31 on board; the aircraft was either a C-46 or a C-47.
• 16 December 1946: A CNAC DC-3 crashed into three parked aircraft at Longhua Airport, killing five.
• 25 December 1946: Three aircraft (two CNAC C-47's, 140 and 115 and Civil Air Transport C-46 48) crashed at Shanghai Hongqiao Airport in poor visibility, killing a total of 72 in what became known as China's "Black Christmas".
• 5 January 1947: Curtiss C-46 XT-T51 (also registered as 121) struck a mountain near Qingdao, killing all 43 on board. The aircraft was operating a Shanghai-Qingdao-Beijing passenger service.
• 25 January 1947: Douglas DC-3 138 crashed in a mountainous area 119 mi south of Chongqing, killing all 19 on board.
• 28 January 1947: Curtiss C-46 XT-T45 (also registered as 145) crashed 30 minutes after takeoff from Hankou due to wing separation following an engine fire, killing 25 of 26 on board.
• 25 October 1947: A Douglas DC-3 was shot down by Communist anti-aircraft fire and crashed near Yulin, killing two of the three crew.
• 20 January 1948: A Curtiss C-46 crashed on takeoff from Mukden Airport in a snowstorm while operating an evacuation service, killing 11 of 54 on board.
• 12 December 1948: A Douglas DC-3 crashed on landing at Sung Shan Airport, killing two of 10 on board.
• 30 January 1949: A CNAC aircraft was hijacked by six people and diverted to Tainan.

See also

• Civil Aviation University of China
• List of defunct airlines
• state-owned enterprise
• George Conrad Westervelt - retired USN captain and advisor to CNAC from 1930 to 1931
• William Langhorne Bond, vice president of operations 1937-1948
• China's Wings - 2012 book about the company and William Langhorne Bond
• Eurasia Aviation Corporation

References

• Combat aircraft of World War II, compiled by Elke C. Weal editorial consultant, J. M. Bruce. New York : Macmillan, c1977. ISBN 0-02-624660-0

External links

• China National Aviation Corporation Official website
• China National Aviation Holding Company Owner China National Aviation Holding official website
• China National Aviation Corporation Official site for CNAC Association, a club formed in remembrance of the Chinese, American, and Chinese-American personnel who worked for the Republic of China-era CNAC.
• Large photo gallery related to CNAC operations in the 1930s and 1940s on website of China's Wings author Gregory Crouch

Further reading

• Gregory Crouch, China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight, Bantam Books New York, 2012 ISBN 978-0-553-80427-0

Airlines of China Authorities: Civil Aviation Administration of China Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong) Civil Aviation Authority (Macau) Passenger 9 Air Air China Air Guilin Air Macau2 Beijing Capital Airlines Cathay Pacific1 Chengdu Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Express Airlines China Flying Dragon Aviation China Southern Airlines China United Airlines Chongqing Airlines Colorful Guizhou Airlines Dalian Airlines Donghai Airlines Dragonair1 Fuzhou Airlines Grand China Air GX Airlines Hainan Airlines Hebei Airlines Hong Kong Airlines1 Hong Kong Express Airways1 Jiangxi Air Joy Air Juneyao Airlines Kunming Airlines Loong Air Lucky Air Okay Airways Qingdao Airlines Ruili Airlines Shandong Airlines Shanghai Airlines Shenzhen Airlines Sichuan Airlines Spring Airlines Tianjin Airlines Tibet Airlines Urumqi Air West Air XiamenAir Yangtze River Express Yunnan Hongtu Airlines Cargo Air China Cargo Air Hong Kong1 China Cargo Airlines China Postal Airlines Donghai Airlines SF Airlines Uni-Top Airlines Airlines with footnotes are headquartered in Hong Kong1 or Macau2 Special Administrative Regions See also Defunct airlines of China