Chamber of commerce

This article is about trade organisations globally. For the American business lobbying organization, see United States Chamber of Commerce.
Former Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York

A chamber of commerce (or board of trade) is a form of business network, for example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community. Local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a President, CEO or Executive Director, plus staffing appropriate to size, to run the organization.

The first chamber of commerce was founded in 1599 in Marseille, France.[1][2][3][4] Another official chamber of commerce would follow 65 years later, probably in Bruges, then part of the Spanish Netherlands.[5]

The world's oldest English-speaking chamber of commerce, in New York City, dates from 1768.[6] The oldest known existing chamber in the English-speaking world with continuous records, the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce,[7] was founded in 1783. However, Hull Chamber of Commerce[8] is the UK's oldest, followed by those of Leeds and of Belfast in Northern Ireland.

As a non-governmental institution, a chamber of commerce has no direct role in the writing and passage of laws and regulations that affect businesses. It may however, lobby in an attempt to get laws passed that are favorable to businesses. They also work closely with a number of other youth organizations in the country about the value and role of business in our society today.[9]

Characteristics

Membership in an individual chamber can range from a few dozen to well over 800,000, as is the case with the Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry.[10] Some chamber organizations in China report even larger membership numbers. Chambers of commerce can range in scope from individual neighborhoods within a city or town up to an international chamber of commerce.[11]

In the United States, chambers do not operate in the same manner as the Better Business Bureau in that, while the BBB has the authority to bind its members under a formal operation doctrine (and, thus, can remove them if complaints arise regarding their services), the local chamber membership is either voluntary or required by law. In addition, Chambers represent the interests of businesses, while the BBB represents both the interests of businesses and the general public. Some Chambers are partially funded by local government, others are non-profit, and some are a combination of the two. Chambers of commerce also can include economic development corporations or groups (though the latter can sometimes be a formal branch of a local government, the groups work together and may in some cases share office facilities) as well as tourism and visitor bureaus.

Some chambers have joined state, national (such as the United States Chamber of Commerce and the British Chambers of Commerce) and even international bodies (such as Eurochambres, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Worldchambers). Currently, there are about 13,000 chambers registered in the official Worldchambers Network registry, and the chamber of commerce network is the largest business network globally. This network is informal, with each local chamber incorporated and operating separately, rather than as a chapter of a national or state chamber.

Chamber models

Community, city and regional chambers

Chambers of commerce in the United States can be considered community, city, regional, state, or nationwide (United States Chamber of Commerce). City Chambers work on the local level to bring the business community together to develop strong local networks, which can result in a business-to-business exchange. In most cases, city Chambers work with their local government, such as their mayor, their city council and local representatives to develop pro-business initiatives.[12] There are also a lot of bilateral chambers of commerce creating links between the business environment from two countries (Romanian-American Chamber of Commerce, Moldovan–American Chamber of Commerce)

Community chambers

Community chambers of commerce have always been around starting in the UK and later in the USA and became city chambers of commerce as the communities developed and became larger. The Community chamber of commerce is much, much smaller and most have a limit on numbers of members. Example: "The Paradise Valley Chamber of Commerce - (www.ParadiseValleyChamber.com) supports the area, town and community that the Town of Paradise Valley, AZ can not. The town law stops new business from opening unless the business takes over the location with the same type of business. So the community in and around the town is serviced by the community chamber of commerce, networking the businesses with the Greater Paradise Valley Community." M. Kameron Hawkins - Founder & Chairman[13]

City chambers

The Marlborough Regional Chamber of Commerce in Marlborough, Massachusetts
The Marlborough Regional Chamber of Commerce in Marlborough, Massachusetts

City chambers of commerce have existed since 1825 in the United States: the first chamber in Boston was inspired by senator Daniel Webster.[12] In 2005 there were 2,800 chambers of commerce in the United States and 102 chambers representing U.S. businesses overseas.[12] Update: According to the Association for Chamber of Commerce Executives (ACCE), there are approximately 3,000 chambers of commerce with at least one staff person and "thousands more established as strictly volunteer entities".[14]

State chambers

State chambers of commerce are much different from local and regional chambers of commerce, as they work on state and sometimes federal issues impacting the business community. Just as the local chamber is critical to the local business community, state chambers serve a unique function, serving as a third party voice on important business legislation that impact the business community and are critical in shaping legislation in their respective state. State Chambers work with their Governor, state representatives, state senators, US congressional leaders and US Senators. In comparison with state trade associations, which serve as a voice and resource to a particular industry, state chambers are looked to as a respected voice, representing the entire business community to enhance and advocate for a better business environment.

Compulsory/public law chambers

Under the compulsory or public law model, enterprises of certain sizes, types, or sectors are obliged to become members of the chamber. This model is common in European Union countries (France,[15] Germany, Italy, Spain), but also in Japan. Main tasks of the chambers are foreign trade promotion, vocational training, regional economic development, and general services to their members. The chambers were given responsibilities of public administration in various fields by the state which they exercise in order management. The chambers also have a consultative function; this means the chambers must be consulted whenever a new law related to industry or commerce is proposed.[16]

In Germany, the chambers of commerce and industry (IHK - Industrie- und Handelskammer) and the chambers of skilled crafts (HwK - Handwerkskammer) are public statutory bodies with self-administration under the inspectorate of the state ministry of economy. Enterprises are members by law according to the chamber act (IHK-Gesetz) of 1956. Because of this, such chambers are much bigger than chambers under private law. IHK Munich, the biggest German chamber of commerce, has 350,000 member companies.[17] Germany also has compulsory chambers for "free occupations" such as architects, dentists, engineers, lawyers, notaries, physicians and pharmacists.

Continental/private law chambers

Under the private model, which exists in English-speaking countries like USA, Canada or the UK, but as well in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark, companies are not obligated to become chamber members. However, companies often become members to develop their business contacts and, regarding the local chambers (the most common level of organization), to demonstrate a commitment to the local economy. Though governments are not required to consult chambers on proposed laws, the chambers are often contacted given their local influence and membership numbers.

Multilateral chambers

A multilateral chamber is formed of companies (and sometimes individuals) from different countries with a common business interest towards or in a specific country. It can further be active in representing the interests of local and foreign investors in that specific country, achieved through promotion and proactivity regarding the general business environment. Multilateral chambers of commerce are independent entities strengthening business relations and interactions between all economic players, and their members may benefit from a broad range of activities that enhance the visibility and reputation of their business.

Surveys

In many countries Chambers of Commerce are a source of private sector information. The information is usually gathered by surveying Chamber members. The British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey is an example of a Chambers of Commerce survey that is used by official governmental departments as a guide to the performance of the economy.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "1599 Création à Marseille de la première Chambre de Commerce.". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  2. ↑ "Le port de Marseille, qui possède la plus ancienne Chambre de Commerce de France (fondée en 1599), acquiert une notoriété Mondiale". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  3. ↑ "Marseille, la Chambre, la plus vieille de France, crée en 1559 par Henri IV". Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  4. ↑ André-Pierre Nouvion, Origine et histoire des juridictions consulaires et des Chambres de Commerce et d'Industrie Françaises, 2002
  5. ↑ "elle ouvrit un nouveau bassin commercial en bordure de la ville en 1665 et créa une Chambre de commerce.". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  6. ↑ Joseph Bucklin Bishop (1918). A chronicle of one hundred & fifty years: the Chamber of commerce of the state of New York, 1768-1918. C. Scribner's sons. p. 5. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  7. ↑ Archived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ "Hull Humber-chamber". hull-humber-chamber.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  9. ↑ American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide, 22 Jun 2015.
  10. ↑ "Expertise, services, local action: the Paris Île-de-France Regional Commerce and Industry is by your side". Retrieved 2015-09-20.
  11. ↑ "Victor Fedotov, Organization and Legal Models of Chambers" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  12. 1 2 3 Robert E. Weir (2007). Class in America: A-G. ABC-CLIO. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-0-313-33720-8. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  13. ↑ "Community Chambers of Commerce". Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "What is a Chamber?". Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  15. ↑ André-Pierre Nouvion, Chambres de commerce et d'industrie - Encyclopédie juridique Dalloz - Répertoire de droit commercial, 2005
  16. ↑ "Markus Pilgrim and Ralf Meier, Chamber Primer" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  17. ↑ "IHK München". Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  18. ↑ British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey. BCC. 2014. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.

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