Chakram

The chakram (Devanāgarī: चक्रं; Panjabi: chakkar; Malay: cakeram) is a throwing weapon from India. It is circular in shape with a sharpened outer edge and ranges in size from approximately 12–30 centimetres (4.7–11.8 in) in diameter. It is also known as chalikar^[1]‌ meaning "circle", and was sometimes referred to in English writings as a "war-quoit". The chakram is primarily a throwing weapon but can also be used hand-to-hand. A smaller variant called chakri was worn on the wrist. A related weapon is the chakri dang, a bamboo staff with a chakri attached at one end.

History

Earliest references to the chakram come from the Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana where the Sudarshana Chakra is the weapon of the god Vishnu and from the contemporaneous early Tamil poems (2nd century BCE-2nd century CE) or it is an actual weapon called the Thikiri (Tamil திகிரி) in the hands of kings and chieftains. Chakradhaari ("chakram-wielder," or simply "circle-man") is a name for Krishna. The chakram was later used extensively by the Sikhs as recently as the days of Ranjit Singh. It came to be associated with Sikhs because of the Nihang practice of wearing chakram on their arms, around the neck and even tied in tiers on high turbans. The Portuguese chronicler Duarte Barbosa writes (c. 1516) of the chakram being used in the Delhi Sultanate.^[2]‌

The people of the kingdom ... are very good fighting men and good knights, armed with many kinds of weapons; they are great bowmen, and very strong men; they have very good lances, swords, daggers, steel maces, and battle-axes, with which they fight; and they have some steel wheels,which they call chakarani, two fingers broad, sharp outside like knives, and without edge inside; and the surface of these is of the size of a small plate. And they carry seven or eight of these each, put on the left arm; and they take one and put it on the finger of the right hand, and make it spin round many times, and so they hurl it at their enemies, and if they hit anyone on the arm or leg or neck, it cuts through all. And with these they carry on much fighting, and are very dexterous with them.

From its native India, variations of the chakram spread to other Asian countries. In Tibet, Malaysia, and Indonesia, the chakram was not flat but torus-like. The Mongol cavalry used a similar throwing weapon with spiked edges.

Construction

Mid-19th century Nihang turban from Lahore. Cotton over a wicker frame and steel overlaid with gold. "A tall conical turban provided convenient transportation for a number of sharp steel quoits - edged weapons hurled to lethal effect by the practised hand of the Akalis."

Chakram are traditionally made from steel or brass which is beaten into a circular shape against an anvil with an indentation for the curvature. Two ends are connected with a piece of brass and then heated, forming a complete circle before the brass is removed. Some chakram, even those used in combat, were ornately engraved, or inlaid with brass, silver or gold.^[3]

The chakram is half an inch to one inch wide and is typically between 5-12 inches in diameter. The smaller variations are known as chakri while the larger ones are called vada chakra which were as large as a shield.

Techniques

The chakram's combat application is largely dependent on its size. Regular-sized (15+ cm dia.) steel chakram could be thrown 40–60 meters, while brass chakram, due to their better airfoil design, could be thrown in excess of 100 meters.^[4] If properly constructed, it should be a perfect circle. Warriors trained by throwing chakram at lengths of green bamboo. In single combat, the chakram could be thrown underarm like a modern Aerobie. In battle, it was usually thrown vertically so as to avoid accidentally hitting an ally on the left or right side. A stack of chakram could be quickly thrown one at a time like shuriken. On elephant or horseback, chakram could be more easily thrown than spears or arrows. Because of its aerodynamic circular shape it is not easily deflected by wind.

The most iconic method of throwing a chakram is tajani, wherein the weapon is twirled on the index finger of an upraised hand and thrown with a timed flick of the wrist. The spin is meant to add power and range to the throw, while also avoiding the risk of cutting oneself on the sharp outer edge. An adept user can twirl the chakram while using another weapon with the other hand. The use of tajani in battle was perfected by the Nihang who employed a particular formation to protect the chakram-wielder from harm. Although variants of the chakram would make their way to neighbouring parts of the region, the tajani technique appears to have remained unique to Indian martial arts.

The smaller chakri could also be worn on the arms or wrists and used like knuckledusters. When worn on the arms the chakri could be used to break or cut the opponent's arms while grappling. The larger vada chakra were worn around the neck and thrown or dropped down on the opponent vertically. In the turban, it could be raked across an enemy's face or eyes while fighting.

Modern inventions and applications

In the 1970s, the American inventor Alan Adler began attempting to improve upon a flying toy disc by considering its design characteristics. He tried streamlining the shape of the disc to reduce drag, but this resulted in a disc that was more unstable in flight. Eventually, inspired by British accounts of deadly Indian weaponry and martial arts, he turned his attention to the ring shape of the chakram. This led to the development of the predecessor of the Aerobie, which was called the "Skyro".^[5]

In popular culture

Xena, armed with her Chakram

• In the 1995 TV American series Xena: Warrior Princess, the eponymous main character uses the chakram as her secondary weapon, an anachronism given the series' ancient Greek setting.
• In the Kingdom Hearts games, the character Axel wields a pair of chakram.
• In the 2010 film Tron: Legacy, the identity discs are modeled after chakram.
• In the video game Tales of Symphonia, a pair of chakram is the main weapon of the character Colette.
• In the 2012 video game Mass Effect 3 players can download promotional DLC, more specifically, the Omega DLC, which contains a weapon called the Chakram Launcher.
• In the TV show Deadliest Warrior, a chakram was one of the weapons given to the Rajput.
• In the video game World of Warcraft, the Flying Arakkoa use chakram.
• In the video game Mortal Kombat X, the character Kung Jin uses a chakram as a secondary weapon.
• In the video game Diablo III, the Demon Hunter has a skill and accompanying runes that utilizes chakram in a variety of ways.
• In the manga Buso Renkin, Alchemist Warrior Gouta Namura's Buso Renkin, Motor Gear, is a pair of chakram.
• In the video game Dota 2, the hero Timbersaw utilizes a large Chakram as his primary weapon.
• In the video game Warframe, the Nezha class has an ability that uses a flaming chakram. Additionally, when not in use, the chakram is seen attached to the character's back.

See also

• Aerobie
• Flying guillotine (weapon)
• Shuriken
• Wind and fire wheels
• Boomerang

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chakrams.

• Details of chakram history and use
• History of chakram
• More history and cultural details
• http://www.flight-toys.com/rings/chackrum.html
• Chakrams history during World War One