Zhang (surname)

Zhang
Zhang surname in regular script
Pronunciation	IPA: /tʂɑŋ˥/ (Mandarin IPA) Zhāng (Pinyin) Tiuⁿ (Pe̍h-ōe-jī)
Language(s)	Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean
Origin
Language(s)	Old Chinese
Derivation	State of Zhang
Meaning	drawing a bow,^[1] archer, bowyer
Other names
Variant(s)	Chang, Zhang (Mandarin) Cheung (Hong Kong) Cheong (Macao) Teo, Teoh (Hokkien, Teochew) Chong (Hakka, Gan) Trương, Trang (Vietnamese) Jang, Chang (장) (Korean)

Zhang ([ʈʂáŋ]) is the pinyin romanization of the very common Chinese surname written 张 in simplified characters and 張 traditionally. It is spoken in the first tone: Zhāng. It is a surname that exists in many languages and cultures, corresponding to the surname 'Archer' in English for example.

It is also the pinyin romanization of the less-common surname 章 (also Zhāng).

張 was listed 24th in the famous Song-era Hundred Family Surnames. Today, it is one of the most common surnames in the world and 张 was listed by the People's Republic of China's National Citizen ID Information System as the third-most-common surname in mainland China in April 2007, with 87.50 million bearers.^[2]^[3] A commonly cited but erroneous factoid in the 1990 Guinness Book of Records listed it as the world's most common surname,^[4] but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have not repeated the claim.

Romanization

張 (张) and 章 are also commonly romanized as Chang on Taiwan and among the Chinese diaspora using the older Wade-Giles system. Both are also romanized as Cheung in Hong Kong; Cheong in Macao and Malaysia; Teo and Teoh in Teochew; Chong in Hakka; Tsan and Tsaon among Wu Chinese varieties like Shanghainese; Tong in Gan; and Tiong in East Malaysia and the Philippines; and Tjong, Sutiono or Thiono in Indonesia.

張 was the Chữ Nôm form of the Vietnamese surname Trương. The Hanja of the Korean surname romanized Jang and Chang (장). It remains the Kanji for the Japanese surname romanized Chō.

In Vietnamese, the surname written 章 in Chữ Nôm is clearly distinguished and written as Trang or Chương.

Distribution

As mentioned above, 张 is the third-most-common surname in mainland China, making up 6.83% of the population of the People's Republic of China.^[5] On Taiwan, 張 is the fourth-most-common surname, making up 5.26% of the population of the Republic of China.^[6] 章 was unlisted among the top 100 in either location.

Among the Chinese diaspora, the name remains common but takes on various romanizations. "Chong" is the 19th-most-common surname among Chinese Singaporeans;^[7] "Chang" is the 6th-most-common surname among Chinese Americans; and "Zhang" was the 7th-most-common particularly Chinese surname (i.e., excluding ethnically diverse surnames such as "Lee") found in a 2010 survey of Ontario's Registered Persons Database of Canadian health card recipients.^[8]

History

Characters

張 combines the Chinese characters 弓 (gōng, "bow") and 長 (simp. 长, cháng, "long" or "wide"). It originally meant "to open up" or "to spread" as an arching bow, but as a common noun in modern use it is a measure word for flat objects such as paper and cloth, like the English "sheet of".

章 combines the characters 音 (yin, "sound", "(musical) note") and 十 (shi, "ten"). It originally meant "brilliant", "to display", "a distinctive mark"^[9] and was used as the name of a fief, but as a common noun in modern use it means an "article" in a newspaper or magazine or a "chapter" in a book or law.

Families

The traditional origin of the surname 張 (Old Chinese: *C. traŋ^[1]) is rooted in Chinese legend. The fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, Qing Yangshi (青陽氏/青阳氏, Qīng Yángshì), had a son Hui (揮/挥, Huī) who was inspired by the Heavenly Bow constellation (天弓星, Tiān Gōng Xīng) to invent the bow and arrow. Hui was then promoted to "First Bow" (弓正, Gōng Zhèng) and bestowed the surname 張, which – when broken into its constituent radicals – means "widening bow" or "archer". Its Middle Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as Trjang.^[1]

The surname 章 (Old Chinese: *taŋ^[9]) originated from the legendary Yan Emperor, whose personal surname was Jiang (姜). On the establishment of the state of Qi, Jiang Ziya apportioned the land among his many descendants, including a one known as Zhang (鄣国). Some of the people of this state took 章 as their surname, particularly after it was annexed by Qi. The Middle Chinese pronunciation of the name was Tsyang, the beginnings of what we now know to be the "Zhang" surname.^[9]

List of persons with the surname

張 / 张

Note: people generally romanized as "Chang" are listed in the "Chang" article; people generally romanized as "Cheung" are listed in the "Cheung" article; people generally romanized as "Teo" or "Teoh" are listed in the "Teoh" article; people generally romanized as "Jang" are listed in the "Jang" article; and people with the family name "Trương" are listed in the "Trương" article

Historical Figure

Zhang Yan (201-238) Son of official during the Qin Dynasty
Zhang Yi (died 309 BC), strategist in the Warring States period.
Zhang Han (died 205 BC), Military General of the Qin Dynasty
Zhang Tang (died 116 BC), High Rank Official of the Western Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu
Zhang Anshi son of Zhang Tang official of the Han Dynasty
Zhang Liang (died 186 BC), adviser to Liu Bang (founding emperor of the Han dynasty).
Zhang Heng Chinese polymath who live during the Eastern Han dynasty
Zhang Liang (died 184),Rebel Leader of the Yellow Turban during the Late Han Dynasty
Zhang Bao (died 184),Rebel Leader of the Yellow Turban during the Late Han Dynasty
Zhang Jue Rebel Leader of the Yellow Turban during the Late Han Dynasty
Zhang Rang (died 189), Head of the Ten Regular Attendant in the late Han Dynasty
Zhang Fei (died 221), general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang Bao son of Zhang Fei and general of Shu Han
Zhang Hong (153–212),", Official of Sun Quan in the Late Han Dynasty.
Zhang Yi (died 230), general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period.
Empress Zhang (died 237), Empress of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang He (died 231), general of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang Liao (169–222),", general of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang Zhao (156–238),", Minister of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang Cheng (178–244),", general and Politician of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang Chunhua (died 247),", wife of Cao Wei General and Politician Sima Yi
Zhang Ni (died 254), general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period
Zhang Yi (died 264), general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period
Zhang Bu (died 264), general of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period
Zhang Hua (232–300), Western Jin dynasty official and poet.
Zhang Liang General Official and Chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Zhang Yue (663–730), Tang dynasty chancellor and poet.
Zhang Jiuling (673–740), Tang dynasty chancellor and poet.
Zhang Jun (1086–1154), General of the Song Dynasty
Zhang Hongfan (1238–1280), Yuan dynasty general
Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), Ming dynasty statesman.

Zhang

Government and military

Zhang Aiping (1908–2003), Chinese communist military leader
Zhang Chunqiao (1917–2005), member of the Gang of Four
Zhang Guohua (1914–1972), PLA　general who participated in the Battle of Chamdo and the Sino-Indian War
Zhang Shicheng (1321–1367), Red Turban Rebellion leader.
Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755), Qing dynasty politician.
Zhang Wentian (1900–1976), former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.
Zhang Xueliang (1901–2001), Manchurian warlord and Zhang Zuolin's son.
Zhang Zhidong (1837–1909), Qing dynasty politician.
Zhang Zizhong (1891–1940), NRA general.
Zhang Zongchang (1881–1932), Shandong warlord.
Zhang Zuolin (1873–1928), Manchurian warlord.

Entertainment

Baby Zhang (Zhang Hanyun) (born 1989), Chinese singer and runner-up of the singing contest Super Girl.
Zhang Hanyu (born 1964), Chinese actor.
Jane Zhang (born 1984), Chinese pop singer.
Zhang Liyin (born 1989), Chinese singer active in China and South Korea.
Zhang Xianzi (born 1986), Chinese singer.
Zhang Yang (born 1967), Chinese film director, screenwriter, and occasional actor.
Zhang Yimou (born 1951), Chinese filmmaker and former cinematographer.
Zhang Yixing (born 1991), Chinese singer, dancer and songwriter.

Writers

Zhang Chao (born 1600, year of death unknown), Qing dynasty litterateur and fiction writer.
Zhang Chengzhi (born 1948), Hui Muslim writer and author of History of the Soul.
Zhang Dai (1597–1689), Ming dynasty writer and historian.
Zhang Lijia (born 1964), Chinese writer and author of "Socialism is Great!".
Zhang Tianyi (1906–1985), Chinese left-wing writer and children's author.

Sports

Zhang Bing (born 1969), Chinese sports shooter.
Caroline Zhang (born 1993), American figure skater.
Zhang Dan (born 1985), Chinese pair skater, Zhang Hao's partner.
Zhang Hao (born 1984), Chinese pair skater, Zhang Dan's partner.
Zhang Juanjuan (born 1981), Chinese archer.
Zhang Jun (born 1977), Chinese badminton coach and former badminton player.
Zhang Lianbiao (born 1969), Chinese retired javelin thrower.
Zhang Ning (born 1975), Chinese badminton player.
Zhang Shuai (born 1989), Chinese tennis player.
Zhang Tiequan (born 1978), Chinese martial artist
Zhang Xi (born 1985), Chinese beach volleyball player.
Zhang Yining (born 1981), Chinese table tennis player.
Zhang Yufei (born 1998), competitive swimmer.
Zhang Yufei (born 1988), gymnast and gymnastics coach.
Zhang Yuning (born 1976), Chinese footballer.

Others

Zhang Baokang or Sheng-yen (1930–2009), Chinese Buddhist monk and religious scholar.
Zhang Daoling (34–156), founder of the Taoist sect Way of the Celestial Masters.
Zhang Daqian (1899–1983) Chinese artist.
Zhang Heng (78–139), Han dynasty astronomer and mathematician.
Zhang Hongbao (1954–2006), founder and spiritual leader of Zhong Gong.
Zhang Jingyue (1583–1640), Ming dynasty physician.
Zhang Qian (200–114 BC), Han dynasty diplomat and explorer.
Zhang Qiulin (born 1964), Chinese French contralto opera singer.
Zhang Sanfeng, semi-mythical Taoist priest who lived in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
Zhang Shang, Chinese dissident
Zhang Shoucheng (born 1963), American theoretical physicist.
Zhang Shouwu (born 1962) Chinese-American mathematician.
Zhang Xiao (born 1981), Chinese photographer.
Zhang Yitang (born 1955), Chinese-American mathematician.
Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145), Chinese painter.
Zhang Zhongjing, (150–219), Han dynasty physician.
Zhang Zihe (1156–1228), Yuan dynasty physician.
Zhang Zilin (born 1984), winner of Miss World 2007.

Fictional and mythological characters

Duck Zhang, a member of the FAYZ who could control his own density in the dystopian YA science fiction series Gone by Michael Grant
Frank Zhang, Roman demigod sired by Mars in The Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan
Elder Zhang Guo (Zhang Guolao), one of the Eight Immortals in Chinese mythology.
Zhang Taiyan, grandmaster of Hokuto Sōkaken in the manga and anime series Fist of the Blue Sky

Tiong

Tiong Hiew King (born 1935), Chinese Malaysian businessman.
Tiong King Sing, Chinese Malaysian politician.

Tjong

Tjong A Fie (1860–1921), Indonesian businessman, banker and kapitan from Medan.

章

Zhang Binglin (1868–1936), Chinese philologist, textual critic, and anti-Manchu revolutionary.
Zhang Zhong (born 1978), Chinese chess grandmaster who now plays for Singapore.
Zhang Ziyi (born 1979), Chinese actress and model.

References

1 2 3 Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction PDF (1.93 MB), p. 143. 2011. Accessed 11 October 2011.
↑ Xinhua. "公安部统计分析显示：王姓成为我国第一大姓." (Chinese)
↑ People's Daily. "Chinese Surname Shortage Sparks Rethink."
↑ McFarlan, Donald. 1990 Guinness Book of World Records. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001. ISBN 189205101X.
↑ "公安部统计：'王'成中国第一大姓有9288万人 [Public Security Bureau Statistics: 'Wang' Found China's #1 'Big Family', Includes 92.88m People]." 24 Apr 2007. Accessed 27 Mar 2012.(Chinese)
↑ 中华百家姓-千字文-国学经典-文化经典. "中国台湾姓氏排行 [Taiwan (China) Surname Ranking]". 8 Jun 2010. Accessed 1 Apr 2012. (Chinese)
↑ Statistics Singapore. "Popular Chinese Surnames in Singapore".
↑ Shah, B. R.; Chiu, M.; Amin, S.; Ramani, M.; Sadry, S.; Tu, J. V. (2010). "Surname lists to identify South Asian and Chinese ethnicity from secondary data in Ontario, Canada: A validation study". BMC Medical Research Methodology 10: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-42. PMC 2877682. PMID 20470433.
1 2 3 Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction PDF (1.93 MB), p. 162. 2011. Accessed 11 October 2011.

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