Central European Free Trade Agreement

Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
Flag
Map of Europe (grey) indicatingthe members of CEFTA (blue).
Map of Europe (grey) indicating
the members of CEFTA (blue).
Official languages English
Official languages
of contracting states
Type Trade agreement
Membership
Leaders
 •  Chair-in-Office United Nations UNMIK (Kosovo)
 •  Secretary-General Slovenia Renata Vitez
Establishment
 •  Agreement signed 21 December 1992 
Area
 •  Total 252,428 km2
97,463 sq mi
Population
 •  2012 estimate 21,907,354
 •  Density 86.8/km2
224.8/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2016 IMF estimate
 •  Total $243.5 billion
 •  Per capita $11.225
Currency
Time zone CET / EET (UTC+1 / +2)
 •  Summer (DST) CEST / EEST (UTC+2 / +3)
CEFTA history
  CEFTA member states
  EU member states


1992
– Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic and Slovakia), Hungary and Poland


2003
– Slovenia joined in 1996, Romania in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999 and Croatia in 2003.


2013
– Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia joined the EU in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, and Croatia in 2013, and thus left CEFTA.
– Macedonia joined in 2006, followed by Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro and Serbia in 2007.[a]

The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between non-EU countries, members of which are now mostly located in Southeastern Europe. Founded by representatives of Poland, Hungary and former Czechoslovakia, CEFTA expanded to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo on behalf of the disputed region of Kosovo; majority of which have since bowed out.

Once a participating country joins the European Union (EU), its CEFTA membership ends. As of 1 July 2013, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) on behalf of Kosovo.

Members

As of 1 July 2013, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) on behalf of Kosovo.[a]

Former parties are Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Their CEFTA memberships ended when they became member states of the European Union (EU).

Parties of agreement Joined Left
 Poland 1992 2004
 Hungary 1992 2004
 Czechoslovakia  Czech Republic (1993) 1992 2004
 Slovakia (1993) 2004
 Slovenia 1996 2004
 Romania 1997 2007
 Bulgaria 1999 2007
 Croatia 2003 2013
 Macedonia 2006 —
 Albania 2007 —
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 —
 Moldova 2007 —
 Montenegro 2007 —
 Serbia 2007 —
United Nations UNMIK (Kosovo) 2007 —

Membership criteria

Former Poznań Declaration criteria:

Current criteria since Zagreb meeting in 2005:

Current members

Flag Contracting party Accession Population Area (km²) Capital GDP in millions (PPP)[1] GDP per capita (PPP)[1]
Albania Republic of Albania 2007-01-01 2,787,615 28,748 Tirana 32.800 11,885
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007-01-01 3,839,265 51,209 Sarajevo 37.966 9,980
Republic of Macedonia Republic of Macedonia 2006-01-01 2,059,794 25,333 Skopje 28.926 13,955
Moldova Republic of Moldova 2007-01-01 3,559,500 33,843 Chişinău 17.693 4,973
Montenegro Montenegro 2007-01-01 621,240 14,026 Podgorica 9.884 15,805
Serbia Republic of Serbia 2007-01-01 7,241,295 88,361 Belgrade 103.673 14,471
United Nations United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo on behalf of Kosovo in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 2007-01-01 1,798,645 10,908 Pristina 17.575 –

History

Original agreement

The original CEFTA agreement was signed by the Visegrád Group countries, that is by Poland, Hungary and Czech and Slovak republics (at the time parts of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) on 21 December 1992 in Kraków, Poland. It came into force in July 1994. Through CEFTA, participating countries hoped to mobilize efforts to integrate into Western European institutions and through this, to join European political, economic, security and legal systems, thereby consolidating democracy and free-market economics.

The agreement was amended by the agreements signed on 11 September 1995 in Brno and on 4 July 2003 in Bled.

Slovenia joined CEFTA in 1996, Romania in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, Croatia in 2003 and Macedonia in 2006.

2006 agreement

All of the parties of the original agreement had now joined the EU and thus left CEFTA. Therefore, it was decided to extend CEFTA to cover the rest of the Balkan states, which already had completed a matrix of bilateral free trade agreements in the framework of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. On 6 April 2006, at the South East Europe Prime Ministers Summit in Bucharest, a joint declaration on expansion of CEFTA to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Serbia, Montenegro and UNMIK on behalf of Kosovo was adopted.[2] Accession of Ukraine has also been discussed.[3] The new enlarged agreement was initialled on 9 November 2006 in Brussels and was signed on 19 December 2006 at the South East European Prime Ministers Summit in Bucharest.[4] The agreement went into effect on 26 July 2007 for Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova and Montenegro, on 22 August for Croatia, on 24 October for Serbia, and on 22 November 2007 for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of the agreement was to establish a free trade zone in the region by 31 December 2010.

After the declaration of independence of Kosovo on 17 February 2008 UNMIK continued to represent Kosovo at all CEFTA meetings. At the end of 2008 Kosovo changed its customs stamps replacing UNMIK with Kosovo. This resulted in a trade blockade from Serbia and Bosnia that do not recognise the Republic of Kosovo.[5] The government in Pristina retaliated by imposing its own blockade on imports from Serbia. This led to clashes at border posts in July 2011.[6]

Relations with the European Union

All former participating countries had previously signed association agreements with the EU, so in fact CEFTA has served as a preparation for full European Union membership. Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia joined the EU on 1 May 2004, with Bulgaria and Romania following suit on 1 January 2007. Croatia joined the EU on 1 July 2013.

Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia are official candidate countries of the EU.

At the EU's recommendation, the future members prepared for membership by establishing free trade areas. A large proportion of CEFTA foreign trade is with EU countries.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

a. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has been recognised as an independent state by 108 out of 193 United Nations member states.

References

  1. 1 2 Data for 2015. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database
  2. ↑ http://www.eciks.org/english/lajme.php?action=total_news&main_id=417
  3. ↑ Ukraine, Croatia broaden ties
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ GAP Policy brief #17: Kosovo and CEFTA: In or Out? March 2011
  6. ↑ "Kosovo Serbs block disputed border crossings". The Australian. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2013.

External links


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