Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

A white and red dog with long red ears stands in a grassy field with trees behind it.

A Blenheim-coloured Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Nicknames Cav, Cavalier, Cavie
Country of origin United Kingdom
Traits
Weight Male 13–18 lb (5.9–8.2 kg)
Female 13–18 lb (5.9–8.2 kg)
Height Male 12–13 inches (30–33 cm)
Female 12–13 inches (30–33 cm)
Life span Average 9 to 14 years[1]
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club.[2] It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the most popular breeds. Since 2000, it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure-breed in the United States (2013 Registration Statistics).[2] It has a silky, smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail. The breed standard recognizes four colours: Blenheim (chestnut and white), Tricolor (black/white/tan), Black and Tan, and Ruby.[2] The breed is generally friendly, affectionate and good with both children and other animals; however, they require a lot of human interaction. The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years.[3]

The King Charles changed inordinately in the late 17th century, when it was interbred with flat-nosed breeds. Until the 1920s, the Cavalier shared the same history as the smaller King Charles Spaniel. Breeders attempted to recreate what they considered to be the original configuration of the breed, a dog resembling Charles II's King Charles Spaniel of the Restoration. Various health issues affect this particular breed.

History

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel head, lesser stop, skull not inclined to be domed, with spot in centre of skull

During the early part of the 18th century, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, kept red and white King Charles type spaniels for hunting. The duke recorded that they were able to keep up with a trotting horse. His estate was named Blenheim in honour of his victory at the Battle of Blenheim. Because of this influence, the red and white variety of the King Charles Spaniel and thus the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel became known as the Blenheim.[4]

Attempts were made to recreate the original King Charles Spaniel as early as the turn of the 20th century, using the now extinct Toy Trawler Spaniels. These attempts were documented by Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth, in the book "Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians" published under the name of the "Hon. Mrs Neville Lytton" in 1911.[5]

Divergence from King Charles Spaniel

In 1926, the American Roswell Eldridge offered a dog show class prize of twenty-five pounds each as a prize for the best male and females of "Blenheim Spaniels of the old type, as shown in pictures of Charles II of England's time, long face, no stop, flat skull, not inclined to be domed, with spot in centre of skull."[6] The breeders of the era were appalled, although several entered what they considered to be sub-par King Charles Spaniels in the competition. Eldridge died before seeing his plan come to fruition, but several breeders believed in what he said and in 1928 the first Cavalier club was formed.[6] The first standard was created, based on a dog named "Ann's Son" owned by Mostyn Walker,[7] and the Kennel Club recognised the variety as "King Charles Spaniels, Cavalier type".[6]

The Second World War caused a drastic setback to the emerging breed, with the vast majority of breeding stock destroyed because of wartime hardship and food shortages. For instance, in the Ttiweh Cavalier Kennel, the population of sixty dogs dropped to three during the 1940s.[8] Following the war, just six dogs would survive as the new beginning from which all present-day Cavaliers descend.[6] These dogs were Ann's Son, his litter brother Wizbang Timothy, Carlo of Ttiweh, Duce of Braemore, Kobba of Kuranda and Aristide of Ttiweh.[9] The numbers increased gradually, and in 1945 the Kennel Club first recognised the breed in its own right as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.[6]

The history of the breed in America is relatively recent. The first recorded Cavalier living in the United States was brought from the United Kingdom in 1956 by W. Lyon Brown, together with Elizabeth Spalding and other enthusiasts, she founded the Cavalier King Charles Club USA which continues to the present day. In 1994, the American Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club was created by a group of breeders to apply for recognition by the American Kennel Club. The Cavalier would go on to be recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1995,[2] and the ACKCSC became the parent club for Cavaliers.[10]

Description

"A mostly red coloured dog with long ears standing in snow. It has a grey streak down the middle of its forehead, and often wears a collar with a pendant. There are clumps of snow around its legs."
Ruby Cavalier in the snow

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is one of the largest toy breeds. Historically it was a lap dog, and modern day adults can fill a lap easily. Nonetheless, it is small for a spaniel, with fully grown adults comparable in size to adolescents of other larger spaniel breeds. Breed standards state that height of a Cavalier should be between 12 to 13 inches (30 to 33 cm) with a proportionate weight between 10 to 18 pounds (4.5 to 8.2 kg). The tail is usually not docked,[11] and the Cavalier should have a silky coat of moderate length. Standards state that it should be free from curl, although a slight wave is allowed. Feathering can grow on their ears, feet, legs and tail in adulthood. Standards require this be kept long, with the feathering on the feet a particularly important aspect of the breed's features.[11]

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and the English Toy Spaniel can be often confused with each other. In the United Kingdom, the English Toy Spaniel is called the King Charles Spaniel while in the United States, one of the colours of the Toy Spaniel is known as King Charles. The two breeds share similar history and only diverged from each other about 100 years ago. There are several major differences between the two breeds, with the primary difference being the size. While the Cavalier weighs on average between 10 to 18 pounds (4.5 to 8.2 kg), the King Charles is smaller at 9 to 12 pounds (4.1 to 5.4 kg). In addition their facial features while similar, are different; the Cavalier's ears are set higher and its skull is flat while the King Charles's is domed. Finally the muzzle length of the Cavalier tends to be longer than that of its King Charles cousin.[6]

Colour

"Two dogs with long ears sit on a wooden platform overlooking the sea. They are mostly white, but have black ears and black and brown markings on their faces. Their fur is ruffled by the breeze."
Tricolour Cavalier King Charles Spaniels on Great South Bay, Long Island
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with chestnut brown markings on a white background on its back, patches over eyes and all brown ears

The breed has four recognized colours. Cavaliers which have rich chestnut markings on a pearly white background are known as Blenheim in honour of Blenheim Palace, where John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, raised the predecessors to the Cavalier breed in this particular colour. In some dogs there is a chestnut spot in the middle of the forehead: this is called the "blenheim" spot.[12] The Blenheim spot is also known as the mark of the "Duchess Thumb Print", based on the legend that Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough while awaiting news of her husband's safe return from the Battle of Blenheim, pressed the head of an expecting dam with her thumb, resulting in five puppies bearing the lucky mark after news that the battle had been won.[13] Black and Tan are dogs with black bodies with tan highlights, particularly eyebrows, cheeks, legs and beneath the tail.[14] Black and Tan is referred to as "King Charles" in the King Charles Spaniel.[6] Ruby Cavaliers should be entirely chestnut all over,[1] although some can have some white in their coats which is considered a fault under American Kennel Club conformation show rules.[15] The fourth colour is known as Tricolour, which is black and white with tan markings on cheeks, inside ears, on eyebrows, inside legs, and on underside of tail.[14] This colour is referred to as "Prince Charles" in the King Charles Spaniel.[6]

Popularity

According to statistics released by The Kennel Club, Cavaliers were the sixth most popular dog in the United Kingdom in 2007 with 11,422 registrations in a single year. Labrador Retrievers were the most popular with 45,079 registrations in that year.[16] Their popularity is on the rise in America; in 1998 they were the 56th most popular breed but in both 2007 and 2008 they were the 25th most popular.[17] They ranked higher in some individual US cities in the 2008 statistics, being eighth in both Nashville and Minneapolis-St.Paul,[18] seventh in Boston, Atlanta[19] and Washington D.C.,[20] and sixth in both New York City[18] and San Francisco.[20] The breed's popularity has continued to grow, ranking in 18th place in 2013.[21] In 2009, the Cavalier was the fourth most popular breed in Australia with 3,196 registrations behind only Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers.[22] In addition, there are also national breed clubs in Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain and Sweden.[23]

Temperament

Closeup of Blenheim markings

The breed is highly affectionate, playful, extremely patient and eager to please. As such, dogs of the breed are good with children and other dogs.[2] Cavaliers are not shy about socialising with much larger dogs.[24] They will adapt quickly to almost any environment, family, and location and suit city and country life.[2] Their ability to bond with larger and smaller dogs makes them ideal in houses with more than one breed of dog as long as the other dog is trained. Cavaliers rank 44th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of average intelligence in working or obedience. Cavaliers are naturally curious and playful, but also enjoy simply cuddling up on a cushion or lap, making them excellent companion or lap dogs for medical patients and the elderly.[25]

Cavaliers are active and sporting. Cavaliers are successful in conformation shows, obedience and agility and they also make wonderful therapy dogs due to their sweet, gentle natures.[2] The breed is adaptable in their need for exercise, happy with either sleeping on the couch or taking long walks.[2]

Two brother Cavalier King Charles Spaniels; the breed is well known for its loving temperament

They have an instinct to chase most things that move including vehicles on busy streets, and so most Cavaliers will never become "street-wise".[26] As they tend to regard all strangers as friends, members of the breed will usually not make good guard dogs. Spaniels have a strong hunting instinct and may endanger birds and small animals. However, owners have reported that through training their Cavaliers live happily with a variety of small animals including hamsters and gerbils.[25]

The Cavaliers coat requires weekly brushing, but no trimming.[2]

Health

A Black and Tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

Cavaliers can often suffer from, most notably mitral valve disease, which leads to heart failure. This appears in most Cavaliers at some point in their lives and is the most common cause of death. Some serious genetic health problems, including early-onset mitral valve disease (MVD), the potentially severely painful syringomyelia (SM), hip dysplasia, luxating patellas, and certain vision and hearing disorders are health problems for this breed. As today's Cavaliers all descend from only six dogs, any inheritable disease present in at least one of the original founding dogs can be passed on to a significant proportion of future generations. This is known as the founder effect and is the likely cause of the prevalence of MVD in the breed.[27] The health problems shared with this breed include mitral valve disease, luxating patella, and hereditary eye issues such as cataracts and retinal dysplasia.[28] Cavaliers are also affected by ear problems, a common health problem among spaniels of various types, and they can suffer from such other general maladies as hip dysplasia, which are common across many types of dog breeds.

Mitral valve disease

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with bandaged paw.
For more details on this topic, see Mitral valve disease.

Nearly all Cavaliers eventually suffer from disease of the mitral valve, with heart murmurs which may progressively worsen, leading to heart failure. This condition is polygenic (affected by multiple genes), and therefore all lines of Cavaliers worldwide are susceptible. It is the leading cause of death in the breed. A survey by The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom showed that 42.8% of Cavalier deaths are cardiac related. The next most common causes are cancer (12.3%) and old age (12.2%).[29] The condition can begin to emerge at an early age and statistically may be expected to be present in more than half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels by age 5. It is rare for a 10-year-old Cavalier not to have a heart murmur. While heart disease is common in dogs generally – one in 10 of all dogs will eventually have heart problems – mitral valve disease is generally (as in humans) a disease of old age. The "hinge" on the heart's mitral valve loosens and can gradually deteriorate, along with the valve's flaps, causing a heart murmur (as blood seeps through the valve between heartbeats) then congestive heart failure. The Cavalier is particularly susceptible to early-onset heart disease, which may be evident in dogs as young as one or two years of age.[30]

Veterinary geneticists and cardiologists have developed breeding guidelines to eliminate early-onset mitral valve disease in the breed, but it is unclear if a statistically significant number of breeders follow these guidelines.[31] The chairperson of the UK CKCS Club said in 2009: "There are many members who are still not prepared to health check their breeding stock, and of those who do, it would appear that many would not hesitate to breed from affected animals."[32] The MVD breeding protocol recommends that parents should be at least 2.5 years old and heart clear, and their parents (i.e., the puppy's grandparents) should be heart clear until age 5.[33]

Syringomyelia

"Three dogs of the same breed on leads, each is a different colour. The left dog is mostly white with brown markings, the centre one is black and white with brown eyebrows, and the dog on the right side is a deep shade of ruby red."
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels traditionally come in four colours. Blenheim, Tricolour and Ruby are shown here, respectively. See above for Black and Tan.
For more details on this topic, see Syringomyelia.

Syringomyelia (SM) is a condition affecting the brain and spine, causing symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain and partial paralysis. It is caused by a malformation in the lower back of the skull which reduces the space available to the brain, compressing it and often forcing it out (herniating it) through the opening into the spinal cord. This blocks the flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spine and increases the fluid's pressure, creating turbulence which in turn is believed to create fluid pockets, or syrinxes (hence the term syringomyelia), in the spinal cord. Syringomyelia is rare in most breeds but has become widespread in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, with international research samples in the past few years consistently showing over 90% of cavaliers have the malformation, and that between 30–70% have syrinxes.[34] However, most dogs with syrinxes are not symptomatic. Although symptoms of syringomyelia can present at any age, they typically appear between six months and four years of age in 85% of symptomatic dogs, according to Clare Rusbridge, a research scientist. Symptoms include sensitivity around the head, neck, or shoulders, often indicated by a dog whimpering or frequently scratching at the area of his neck or shoulder. Scratching is often unilateral – restricted to one side of the body. Scratching motions are frequently performed without actually making physical contact with the body ("air scratching"). The scratching behavior appears involuntary and the dog frequently scratches while walking – without stopping – in a way that is very atypical of normal scratching ("bunny hopping"). Scratching typical of SM is usually worse when the dog is wearing a collar, is being walked on leash, or is excited, and first thing in the morning or at night.[35]

Not all dogs with SM show scratching behavior. Not all dogs who show scratching behavior appear to suffer pain, though several leading researchers, including Dr Clare Rusbridge in the UK and Drs Curtis Dewey and Dominic Marino in the US, believe scratching in SM cavaliers is a sign of pain and discomfort and of existing neurological damage to the dorsal horn region of the spine. If onset is at an early age, a first sign may be scratching and/or rapidly appearing scoliosis. If the problem is severe, there is likely to be poor proprioception (awareness of body position), especially with regard to the forelimbs. Clumsiness and falling results from this problem. Progression is variable though the majority of dogs showing symptoms by age four tend to see progression of the condition.[35]

A veterinarian will rule out basic causes of scratching or discomfort such as ear mites, fleas, and allergies, and then, primary secretory otitis media (PSOM – glue ear), as well as spinal or limb injuries, before assuming that a Cavalier has SM. PSOM can present similar symptoms but is much easier and cheaper to treat.[36] Episodic Falling Syndrome can also present similar symptoms. An MRI scan is normally done to confirm diagnosis of SM (and also will reveal PSOM). If a veterinarian suspects SM he or she will recommend an MRI scan. Neurologists give scanned dogs a signed certificate noting its grade.[35]

Episodic Falling (EF)

"A puppy with red fur faces the camera while looking off to the left. There is a streak of white down the middle of its head between its eyes, and it has a white chest. It wears a black collar with a metal tag.
A ruby Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy.

Episodic Falling causes "exercise-induced paroxysmal hypertonicity" meaning that there is increased muscle tone in the dog and the muscles cannot relax. Previously thought to be a muscular disorder, it is now known to be neurological; recently it has been discovered to be caused by a single recessive gene and a genetic test is available. Except for severe cases, episodes will be in response to exercise, excitement or similar exertions. Although EF is often misdiagnosed as epilepsy, which typically results in loss of consciousness, the dog remains conscious throughout the episode.[37] Severity of symptoms can range from mild, occasional falling to freezing to seizure-like episodes lasting hours. Episodes can become more or less severe as the dog gets older and there is no standard pattern to the attacks. The onset of symptoms usually occurs before five months but can appear at any age.[38] It is similar to Scotty Cramp, a genetic disorder in Scottish Terriers.[39] About 1% of Cavaliers are affected by the condition, with 19% being carriers. Dogs with whole coloured coats were more likely to be affected than dogs with parti-coloured coats.[40]

Thrombocytopenia and macrothrombocytopenia

As many as half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may have a congenital blood disorder called idiopathic asymptomatic thrombocytopenia, an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood, according to recent studies in Denmark and the United States. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are disk-shaped blood elements which aid in blood clotting. Excessively low numbers are the most common cause of bleeding disorders in dogs. The platelets in the blood of many Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are a combination of those of normal size for dogs and others that are abnormally oversized, or macrothrombocytes. Macrothrombocytosis also is a congenital abnormality found in at least a third of CKCSs. These large platelets function normally, and the typical Cavalier does not appear to experience any health problems due to either the size or fewer numbers of its platelets.[41]

Hip and knee disorders

A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

Hip dysplasia (HD) is a common genetic disease that affects Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. It is never present at birth and develops with age. Hip dysplasia is diagnosed by X-rays, but it is not usually evident in X-rays of Cavaliers until they mature. Even in adult spaniels with severe HD, X-rays may not always indicate the disease.[42] In a series of evaluations by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, the Cavalier was ranked 78th worst out of 157 breeds. The worst affected breeds were the Bulldog, Pug and Dogue de Bordeaux.[43]

Cavaliers can be subject to a genetic defect of the femur and knee called luxating patella. This condition is most often observed when a puppy is 4 to 6 months old. In the most serious cases, surgery may be indicated. The grading system for the patella runs from 1 (a tight knee), to 4 (a knee so loose that its cap is easily displaced). If a cavalier has a grade 1–2, physical rehabilitation therapy and exercise may reduce the grading and potentially avoid surgery. The grades 3–4 are most severe where surgery will most likely be needed to correct the problem to avoid the development of arthritis and lameness in the limb.[44]

Eye problems

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in the window

A disorder commonly found in Cavaliers is keratoconjunctivitis sicca, colloquially known as "dry eye". The usual cause of this condition is an autoimmune reaction against the dog's lacrimal gland (tear gland), reducing the production of tears. According to the Canine Inherited Disorders Database, the condition requires continual treatment and if untreated may result in partial or total blindness.[45] This disorder can decrease or heal over time.[46]

A 1999 study of Cavaliers conducted by the Canine Eye Registration Foundation showed that an average of 30% of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels evaluated had eye problems.[47] They include hereditary cataracts, corneal dystrophy, distichiasis, entropion, microphthalmia, progressive retinal atrophy, and retinal dysplasia.[48]

Ear disorders

Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM), also known as glue ear, consists of a highly viscous mucus plug which fills the dog's middle ear and may cause the tympanic membrane to bulge. PSOM has been reported almost exclusively in Cavaliers, and it may affect over half of them. Because the pain and other sensations in the head and neck areas, resulting from PSOM, are similar to some symptoms caused by syringomyelia (SM), some examining veterinarians have mis-diagnosed SM in Cavaliers which actually have PSOM and not SM.[49]

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may be predisposed to a form of congenital deafness, which is present at birth, due to a lack of formation or early degeneration of receptors in the inner ear, although this is relatively rare. In addition, more recent studies have found Cavaliers that develop a progressive hearing loss, which usually begins during puppyhood and progresses until the dog is completely deaf, usually between the ages of three and five years. The progressive nature of this form of deafness in Cavaliers is believed to be caused by degeneration of the hearing nerve rather than the lack of formation or early degeneration of the inner ear receptors.[50]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Lambert (2008): p. 16
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Get to Know the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel", 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 20 May 2014
  3. ↑ D G O'Neill, D B Church, P D McGreevy, P C Thomson, D C Brodbelt (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". Veterinary Journal;2013;189(3):638-643. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  4. ↑ Moffat (2006): p. 19
  5. ↑ Lytton, Mrs. Neville (1911). Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians. London, England: Duckworth & Co. pp. 81–82. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coile (2008): p. 9
  7. ↑ Moffat (2006): p. 22
  8. ↑ "A Potted History". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  9. ↑ "History". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club of BC. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  10. ↑ Moffat (2006): p. 23
  11. 1 2 "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierKingCharlesSpanielClub.co.za. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  12. ↑ Lambert (2008): p. 14
  13. ↑ "The Legendary Blenheim Spot". Charming Cache Cavaliers. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  14. 1 2 Lambert (2008): p. 15
  15. ↑ "AKC MEET THE BREEDS: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  16. ↑ "2007 Top 20 Breed Registrations". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  17. ↑ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  18. 1 2 "Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 3". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  19. ↑ "Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 1". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  20. 1 2 "Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 5". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  21. ↑ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 30 April 2014
  22. ↑ "ANKC: National Animal Registration Analysis". Australian National Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  23. ↑ "Overseas Cavalier Clubs". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  24. ↑ "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Training and Cavalier Dog Breed Info". Puppy-Training-at-Home.com. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  25. 1 2 "Cavalier King Charles Spaniels". TerrificPets.com. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  26. ↑ "General Information". Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club – USA. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  27. ↑ Coile (2008): p. 69
  28. ↑ "Breed Profile: The English Toy Spaniel or King Charles Spaniel". English Toy Spaniel Club of America. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  29. ↑ "Summary Results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels" (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee Summary results. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  30. ↑ "Mitral Valve Disease and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  31. ↑ "Mitral Valve Disease Breeding Protocol for the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  32. ↑ Wedderburn, Pete (27 March 2009). "Dog breeders in denial". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  33. ↑ "Important Findings At CKCSC, USA’S Heart Symposium" (PDF). Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  34. ↑ "Syringomyelia (SM) and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  35. 1 2 3 Rusbridge, Clare (2007). Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (PhD thesis). Utrecht University. ISBN 978-90-393-4456-9. OCLC 123300926. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  36. ↑ "Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  37. ↑ "Episodic Falling Syndrome (Muscle Hypertonicity): Cavaliers Collapse Suddenly After Exercise". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  38. ↑ {{cite web It is thought these episodes might be a form of hypoglycemia and a packet of sugar, served directly into the dogs mouth will often stop the episodes. With active dogs, prone to Episodic Falling it is always a good idea to keep sugar packets in ones pocket. |url=http://www.episodicfalling.com/symptoms.html |title=Cavalier Episodic Falling: Symptoms |author|date|work|publisher=EpisodicFalling.com |accessdate=17 November 2009 }}
  39. ↑ Slatter, Douglas H. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery (3rd ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. p. 1094. ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3.
  40. ↑ "Frequency of two disease-associated mutations in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels" (PDF). Animal Health Trust. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  41. ↑ "Blood Platelets in Cavaliers: Too Few (Thrombocytopenia) and Too Large (Macrothrombocytopenia)". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  42. ↑ "Hip Dysplasia in Cavaliers: Painful and Expensive". Cavalier Health.org. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  43. ↑ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  44. ↑ "Patellar Luxation in Cavaliers: Genetic and Degenerative". Cavalier Health.org. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  45. ↑ "Dry Eye Syndrome: A Life-Long Irritating Defect for Cavaliers". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  46. ↑ "What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)?". Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 11 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  47. ↑ Wheeler, Cynthia A. (1999). Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs. American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. ISBN 0-9635163-2-9.
  48. ↑ "Corneal Dystrophy and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  49. ↑ "Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  50. ↑ "Deafness in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels can be Congenital or Progressive". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.

References

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