Santa Catalina Island, California

Santa Catalina Island

Santa Catalina Island satellite image
Santa Catalina Island, California
Geography
Location Pacific Ocean
Coordinates 33°23′N 118°25′W / 33.383°N 118.417°W / 33.383; -118.417Coordinates: 33°23′N 118°25′W / 33.383°N 118.417°W / 33.383; -118.417
Archipelago Channel Islands of California
Area 74.98 sq mi (194.2 km2)
Highest elevation 2,097 ft (639.2 m)
Highest point Mount Orizaba
Country
United States
State California
County Los Angeles
Largest settlement Avalon (pop. 3,728)
Demographics
Population 4,096 (as of 2010)
Density 55 /sq mi (21.2 /km2)

Santa Catalina Island, often called Catalina Island, or just Catalina, is a rocky island off the coast of the U.S. state of California in the Gulf of Santa Catalina. The island is 22 miles (35 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) across at its greatest width. The island is located about 22 miles (35 km) south-southwest of Los Angeles, California. The highest point on the island is 2,097 feet (639 m) Mt. Orizaba. Santa Catalina is part of the Channel Islands of California archipelago and lies within Los Angeles County.

Catalina was originally settled by Native Americans who called the island Pimugna or Pimu and referred to themselves as Pimugnans or Pimuvit. The first Europeans to arrive on Catalina claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Over the years, territorial claims to the island transferred to Mexico and then to the United States. During this time, the island was sporadically used for smuggling, otter hunting, and gold-digging, before successfully being developed into a tourist destination by chewing gum magnate William Wrigley, Jr. beginning in the 1920s. Since the 1970s, most of the island has been administered by the Catalina Island Conservancy.

Its total population in the 2010 census was 4,096 people, 90 percent of whom live in the island's only incorporated city, Avalon. The second center of population is the unincorporated village of Two Harbors at the island's isthmus. Development occurs also at the smaller settlements of Rancho Escondido and Middle Ranch. The remaining population is scattered over the island between the two population centers.

History

Prior to the modern era, the island was inhabited by people of the Gabrielino/Tongva tribe, who, having had villages near present-day San Pedro and Playa del Rey, regularly traveled back and forth to Catalina for trade. The Tongva called the island Pimu or Pimugna and referred to themselves as the Pimugnans or Pimuvit. Archeological evidence shows Pimugnan settlement beginning in 7000 BC. The Pimugnans had settlements all over the island at one time or another, with their biggest villages being at the Isthmus and at present-day Avalon, Shark/Little Harbor, and Emerald Bay.[1] The Pimugnans were renowned for their mining, working and trade of soapstone which was found in great quantities and varieties on the island. This material was in great demand and was traded along the California coast.[2]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

The first European to set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who sailed in the name of the Spanish crown.[3] On October 7, 1542, he claimed the island for Spain and christened it San Salvador after his ship. Over half a century later, another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, rediscovered the island on the eve of Saint Catherine's day (November 24) in 1602. Vizcaino renamed the island in the saint's honor.[1] The colonization of California by the Spanish coincided with the decline of the Pimugnans because of diseases brought by them from Europe. By the 1830s, the island's entire native population had migrated to the mainland to work in the missions or as ranch hands for the many private land owners.[1]

Franciscan friars considered building a mission on Catalina, but abandoned the idea because of the lack of fresh water on the island. While Spain maintained its claim on Catalina Island, foreigners were forbidden to trade with colonies. However, it lacked the ships to enforce this prohibition, also many inhabitants of the colonies wanted to trade with other European powers by themselves, and the island served as home or base of operation for many visitors. Russian hunters from the Aleutian Islands, and America set up camps on Santa Catalina and the surrounding Channel Islands to hunt otters and seals around the island for their pelts. Pirates, of all countries, including Spain, also found that the island's abundance of hidden coves, as well as its short distance to the mainland and its small population, made it suitable for smuggling activities.[1] In the 1850s and 1860s, Catalina was also home to gold miners as the result of a minor gold rush, though evidence that gold was ever on the island is inconclusive.[4]

In 1846, Governor Pío Pico made a Mexican land grant of the Island of Santa Catalina to Thomas M. Robbins in 1846, as Rancho Santa Catalina. Robbins established a small rancho on the island, but sold it in 1850 to José María Covarrubias. A claim was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853,[5] and the grant was patented to José María Covarrubias in 1867.[6] Covarrubias sold the island to Albert Packard of Santa Barbara in 1853. By 1864 the entire island was owned by James Lick, whose estate maintained control of the island for approximately the next 25 years.[7]

Tourists enjoying the waters off Catalina in 1889

By the end of the 19th century, the island was almost uninhabited except for a few cattle herders. The first owner to try to develop Avalon into a resort destination was George Shatto, a real estate speculator from Grand Rapids, Michigan. Shatto purchased the island for $200,000 from the Lick estate at the height of the real estate boom in Southern California in 1887.[8] Shatto created the settlement that would become Avalon, and can be credited with building the town's first hotel, the original Hotel Metropole, and pier.[8] Despite Shatto's efforts, he defaulted on his loan after only a few years and the island went back to the Lick estate.[1] The sons of Phineas Banning bought the island in 1891 from the estate of James Lick. The Banning brothers fulfilled Shatto's dream of making Avalon a resort community with the construction of numerous tourist facilities. On November 29, 1915, a fire burned half of Avalon's buildings, including six hotels and several clubs. In the face of huge debt related to the fire and the subsequent decline in tourism due to World War I, the Banning brothers were forced to sell the island in shares in 1919.

The Catalina Casino as it appeared in 2007

One of the main investors to purchase shares from the Bannings was chewing-gum magnate William Wrigley, Jr. In 1919, Wrigley bought out nearly every share-holder until he owned controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company.Wrigley invested millions in needed infrastructure and attractions to the island, including the construction of the Catalina Casino which opened on May 29, 1929.[1] Wrigley also sought to bring publicity to the island through events and spectacles. Starting in 1921, the Chicago Cubs, also owned by Wrigley, used the island for the team's spring training. The Cubs continued to use the island for spring training until 1951, except during the war years of 1942 to 1945.[9] Following the death of Wrigley, Jr. in 1932, control of the Santa Catalina Island Company passed down to his son, Philip K. Wrigley, who continued his father's work improving the infrastructure of the island.[1]

During World War II, the island was closed to tourists and used for military training facilities.[10] Catalina's steamships were expropriated for use as troop transports and a number of military camps were established. The U.S. Maritime Service set up a training facility in Avalon, the Coast Guard had training at Two Harbors, the Army Signal Corp maintained a radar station in the interior, the Office of Strategic Services did training at Toyon Bay, and the Navy did underwater demolition training at Emerald Bay.[1][11]

The Catalina Island interior is owned and maintained by the Catalina Island Conservancy.

On February 15, 1975, Philip Wrigley deeded 42,135 acres (17,051 ha) of the island from the Santa Catalina Island Company to the Catalina Island Conservancy that he had helped to establish in 1972. This gave the Conservancy control of nearly 90 percent of the island.[12] The balance of the Santa Catalina Island Company that was not deeded to the Conservancy maintains control of much of its resort properties and operations on the island.[13]

Actress Natalie Wood drowned in the waters near the settlement of Two Harbors under questionable circumstances over the Thanksgiving holiday weekend in 1981. Wood and her husband, Robert Wagner, were vacationing aboard their motor yacht, Splendour, along with their guest, Christopher Walken, and Splendour's captain, Dennis Davern. In 2011, thirty years after the actress' death, the case was reopened, partially due to public statements made by Davern.[14]

In May 2007, Catalina experienced the 2007 Avalon Fire. Largely due to the assistance of 200 Los Angeles County fire fighters transported by U.S. Marine Corps helicopters and U.S Navy hovercraft, only a few structures were destroyed, yet 4,750 acres (1,920 ha) of wildland burned.[15] In May 2011, another wildfire started near the Isthmus Yacht Club and was fought by 120 firefighters transported by barge from Los Angeles. It was extinguished the next day after burning 117 acres (47 ha).[16][17]

Geography

Silhouette of Catalina Island at sunset, as seen from the mainland

Catalina is primarily composed of two distinct rock units: Catalina Schist from the Early Cretaceous (95 to 109 million years ago), and Miocene volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks. The island is rich in quartz, to the extent that some beaches on the seaward side have silvery-grey sand.[18] These formations originally occurred on the ocean floor and emerged from the ocean through tectonic activity. This means that the Santa Catalina Island land-mass was never directly connected to mainland California. Other geologic factors that contributed to the island topography observed today include further geologic uplift and subsidence, tectonic plate movement, sedimentation, metamorphic activity, weathering, and erosion.[19]

Climate

Santa Catalina Island has a very mild subtropical climate with warm temperatures year-round. The National Weather Service maintains cooperative weather records at the Santa Catalina airport. The average January temperatures are a maximum of 58.4 °F (14.7 °C) and a minimum of 47.6 °F (8.7 °C). Average July temperatures are a maximum of 78.1 °F (25.6 °C) and a minimum of 60.0 °F (15.6 °C). There are an average of 12.5 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 0.3 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The record high temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on August 29, 1967, and the record low temperature was 29 °F (−2 °C) on January 11, 1949. Coastal high fog is common during summer, but usually burns off by the afternoon.

Average annual precipitation at the airport is 11.82 inches (30.0 cm); the highest mountain peaks get up to 17 inches (43 cm) per year. There are an average of 45 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1952 with 21.74 inches (55.2 cm) and the driest year was 1964 with 5.53 inches (14.0 cm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.81 inches (19.8 cm) in January 1952. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 2.95 inches (7.5 cm) on December 5, 1966. Snowfall is a rarity on the island, averaging only 0.4 inches (1.0 cm) a year at the airport, but 4.0 inches (10 cm) fell in 1949, including 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) in January.[20]

Climate data for Santa Catalina WB Airport, California (1981–2010, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 85
(29)		 87
(31)		 90
(32)		 92
(33)		 96
(36)		 101
(38)		 100
(38)		 103
(39)		 104
(40)		 98
(37)		 89
(32)		 81
(27)		 104
(40)
Average high °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8)		 60.2
(15.7)		 61.2
(16.2)		 62.5
(16.9)		 65.6
(18.7)		 69.1
(20.6)		 75.4
(24.1)		 77.6
(25.3)		 75.4
(24.1)		 71.7
(22.1)		 64.8
(18.2)		 59.3
(15.2)		 67.0
(19.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 55.0
(12.8)		 54.2
(12.3)		 54.9
(12.7)		 55.7
(13.2)		 58.9
(14.9)		 61.7
(16.5)		 67.4
(19.7)		 69.7
(20.9)		 68.5
(20.3)		 64.7
(18.2)		 58.9
(14.9)		 53.9
(12.2)		 60.3
(15.7)
Average low °F (°C) 49.5
(9.7)		 48.2
(9)		 48.5
(9.2)		 48.9
(9.4)		 52.1
(11.2)		 54.3
(12.4)		 59.5
(15.3)		 61.7
(16.5)		 61.5
(16.4)		 57.7
(14.3)		 53.0
(11.7)		 48.6
(9.2)		 53.7
(12.1)
Record low °F (°C) 29
(−2)		 32
(0)		 36
(2)		 39
(4)		 43
(6)		 45
(7)		 49
(9)		 50
(10)		 48
(9)		 41
(5)		 37
(3)		 34
(1)		 29
(−2)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.83
(71.9)		 3.06
(77.7)		 2.05
(52.1)		 0.71
(18)		 0.21
(5.3)		 0.22
(5.6)		 0.06
(1.5)		 0.05
(1.3)		 0.21
(5.3)		 0.64
(16.3)		 1.23
(31.2)		 2.46
(62.5)		 13.73
(348.7)
Source: NOAA[21][22]

Wildlife

Since Catalina Island was never connected to mainland California, it was originally lacking in all terrestrial life. Any plants or animals that arrived on the island had to make their way across miles of open ocean. The original species to come to the island arrived by chance by blowing over on the wind, drifting or swimming over the ocean, or flown over by wing. Starting with the Native Americans and continuing today, animals and plants have also been introduced by humans, both intentionally or accidentally.[23]

Catalina is home to at least fifty endemic species that occur naturally on the island and nowhere else in the world.[24] This limited distribution of a species may result from the extinction of the original population on the mainland combined with its continued survival on the island where there may be fewer threats to its continued existence.[25]

Flora

Catalina manzanita, one of the island's endemic plants

The most common native plant communities of Catalina Island are chaparral, coastal sage scrub, island oak-ironwood woodland and grassland. Eucalyptus trees are the most common introduced plant.

About 400 species of native plants grow on the island.[26] Six species, subspecies or varieties are endemic and can be found only on Catalina Island. These plants are: Catalina manzanita (Arctostaphylos catalinae); Catalina mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae); Catalina dudleya (Dudleya hassei); St. Catherine’s lace (Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum); Santa Catalina bedstraw (Galium catalinense ssp. catalinense); and Santa Catalina Island ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. floribundus). A disjunctive population of toyon var. macrocarpa is also a Santa Catalina endemic.[27] These plants may be seen at the island's Wrigley Memorial & Botanical Gardens.[28]

Fauna

Bison on Catalina Island

The island is home to five native land mammals: the island fox, the Spermophilus beecheyi nesioticus subspecies of California ground squirrel, the Santa Catalina Island harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis catalinae), the Santa Catalina Island deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus catalinae), and the ornate shrew (Sorex ornatus). Only one ornate shrew was ever found, from a now-developed spring area above Avalon. Shrews are difficult to capture and may survive in wetter areas of the island.[29]

The Catalina orangetip butterfly is a notable insect of the island. The Southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) is also present on the island. This species should not be confused for the Santa Catalina rattlesnake, found on Santa Catalina Island, Mexico.[30]

The island is also home to a number of non-native animals, notably including the American bison. In 1924, fourteen bison were brought to the island for the filming of the Western movie The Vanishing American, though the scenes with the bison did not make it into the final cut of the film. Due to cost overruns, the film company decided to leave the bison on the island instead of bringing them back to the mainland. Today the size of the Catalina Island bison herd is maintained at population of about 150 animals.[31] Other non-native animals currently living on the island include the blackbuck, bullfrog, feral cat, mule deer, rat, and common starling. The island was also previously home to populations of cattle, feral goat, feral pig, and sheep, but these animals are no longer present.[32]

According to the Catalina Island Conservancy, there are 37 resident bird species on the island.[33] Considerably more marine, pelagic, and migrating birds frequent the island, and 127 species have been reported to the Cornell University eBird database from 10 different eBird hotspots.[34] There are several live camera feeds showing bald eagle nests on the island; nests are active February–July.

In the waters surrounding the island, there are schools of fish like Garibaldi, California sheephead, leopard sharks, white seabass, yellowtail, bat rays, giant sea bass, and many more.[35] Great white sharks are also occasionally found or caught off the coast of Catalina, though usually around seal rookeries and not around inhabited areas.[36] Common marine mammals around Catalina include California sea lions and harbor seals.[30]

Conservation

Most of the island is controlled by the Catalina Island Conservancy, a private nonprofit organization. The mission of the Catalina Island Conservancy is to be a responsible steward of its lands through a balance of conservation, education and recreation. Through its ongoing efforts, the Conservancy protects the natural and cultural heritage of Santa Catalina Island, stewarding approximately 42,000 acres (170 km2) of land (88 percent of the island), 50 mi (80 km) of shoreline, an airport, and more than 200 mi (320 km) of roads.[37]

One of the Conservancy's key goals is the conservation of the island fox, an endangered endemic species. In 1999, all but 100 out of 1,300 foxes on Catalina Island were wiped out because of a virulent strain of canine distemper. Following a successful recovery program which included captive breeding, distemper vaccinations and population monitoring, the Catalina fox community has been restored to more than 400 individuals—a number deemed by the Conservancy scientists to be a self-sufficient population.[38] However, mysterious, usually fatal ear tumors continue to plague the Catalina fox. Three Catalina Island Conservancy wildlife biologists continue to monitor the population through pit tagging, trapping and inspection.[39]

The Institute for Wildlife Studies, a separate conservation organization, has worked to restore bald eagles to the island on Conservancy land since the late 1970s. Bald eagles had been common on the island until the 1960s, when it is believed that the effects of dumping the pesticide DDT off the coast of Southern California made it impossible for eagles to successfully hatch their young. The reintroduction of the bald eagle to the island may also edge out an invasive golden eagle population that threatens the native island fox.[40]

Tourism

Avalon beach in summertime
Avalon Catalina Island in March 2015
Two Harbors, the smaller of the island's two population centers, in 2015

Close to one million people travel to Catalina Island every year, though the total numbers in any given year varies depending on economic conditions.[41] Glass bottom boats tour the reefs and shipwrecks of the area, and scuba diving and snorkeling are popular in the clear water. Lover's Cove, to the east of town, and Descanso Beach, to the west of the Casino, are popular places to dive. The Avalon Underwater Dive Park was the first non-profit underwater park in the United States.[42] The area is famous for the schools of flying fish and the bright orange Garibaldi which teem in local waters. Parasailing is also offered. Bus tours are given of the interior. The Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce & Visitors Bureau[43] assists tourists with any information on how to get to Catalina Island.

Two Harbors is the second, and much smaller, resort village on the island. Located at the isthmus of the island, north of Avalon, it is the primary landing spot for those who wish to tour the western half of the island. It is accessible by boat from San Pedro and by bus or boat from Avalon. While tourists rarely have an opportunity to surf, two beaches on the "backside" of Catalina offer good waves: Shark Harbor and Ben Weston Beach. There is also a place called Camp Emerald Bay on the north end of the island that offers summer camps for children and Boy Scouts.

The Catalina Island Museum, located in the historic Catalina Casino building, is also an attraction as it is the keeper of the island's cultural heritage with collections numbering over 100,000 items and including over 7,000 years of Native American history, over 10,000 photographs and images, a large collection of Catalina-made pottery and tiles, ship models, and much more. The museum features dynamic exhibits on this history and also a unique gift store. Programs include walking tours of Avalon, classes for students, gallery docents, lectures, an annual silent film benefit and more. From 1927 until 1937, pottery and tiles were made on the island at the Catalina Clay Products Company, and these items are now highly sought-after collectibles.[44]

Catalina panorama, taken from a sail boat; Avalon is to the far left, Two Harbors to the mid-right.

Education

Children in Avalon attend schools in the Long Beach Unified School District. There are two schools on Catalina Island. Two Harbors is served by a one-room school house for grades K–5; students travel to Avalon for grades 6–12.[45] Avalon schools are housed on one main campus that includes Avalon Elementary School, Avalon Middle School and Avalon High School.[46] Thousands of school-age youths travel from the mainland to study at the Catalina Island Marine Institute every year.[47]

There is also a branch of the County of Los Angeles Public Library system in downtown Avalon, adjacent to the Sheriff's office.[48]

The USC Wrigley Institute research and teaching facilities at Big Fisherman's Cove, near Two Harbors, maintained by the University of Southern California and named for Philip K. Wrigley, consist of a 30,000-square-foot (3,000 m2) laboratory building, dormitory housing, cafeteria, a hyperbaric chamber,[49] and a large waterfront staging area complete with dock, pier, helipad, and diving lockers. The facility was made possible by a donation from the Wrigley family in 1995.[50]

Infrastructure

Transportation

KAVX Avalon Airport, Catalina
Little Harbor on the Backside of Catalina

Catalina is serviced by passenger ferries. Ferries depart from Orange County in Newport Beach and Dana Point as well as from Los Angeles County in Long Beach and San Pedro. The round trip takes approximately an hour and costs approximately $70. Helicopter service is also available from Long Beach or San Pedro.[51] Catalina has also been an active port of many cruise lines since the 1990s, with Royal Caribbean, Princess Cruises, and Carnival Cruise Lines making the port a regular for Baja cruises. Specifically, Carnival Cruise Lines' Carnival Paradise has made calls to the island every week since 2004, making it the ship to have the most weekly calls to the port, but left in November 2011 and was replaced by Carnival Inspiration. The ships anchor about 100 feet off of Avalon Harbor. Passengers disembark through shore boat tendering services.

The island is also home to the Catalina Airport (FAA Identifier: AVX), also known as Airport-in-the-Sky. The airport was founded by Dick Probert and built in 1946. The airport is located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Avalon. The 3,000 feet (910 m) runway sits on a mountaintop, 1,602 feet (488 m) above sea level.[52] Until the time of the airport's construction, the only scheduled passenger air service to the island was provided by seaplanes which served Avalon and Two Harbors. Fixed-wing flights pay a $25 landing fee as of January 1, 2009.[53]

The use of motor vehicles on the island is restricted; there is a limit on the number of registered cars, which translates into a 14-year-long wait list to bring a car to the island.[54] Most residents move around via golf carts. Because of these restrictions, there is no regular vehicle ferry service for visitors to take their car from the mainland to Catalina Island. Tourists can hire a taxi from Catalina Transportation Services. Bicycles are also a popular mode of transportation. There are a number of bicycle and golf cart rental agencies on the island. Only the city of Avalon is open to the public without restrictions. The only major road into the back country is Stage Road. Under an agreement with Los Angeles County, the Conservancy has granted an easement to allow day hiking and mountain biking, but visitors must first obtain a permit at the Conservancy's office (on which they declare the parts of the island they intend to visit). Hiking permits are free, whereas bicycle permits are available for a fee (as of 2006, $60 per person annual, $20 per person good for 2 consecutive days, helmets and mountain bikes with knobby tires required).

Communication

Catalina's isolation offered good opportunities to experiment with new communication technologies throughout its history. Although not high tech, the first of these communication innovations was the use of pigeons by Catalina's gold prospectors. Homing pigeons delivered messages to the mainland in 45 minutes, compared to 10 days to deliver mail from Isthmus to Wilmington by regular post in 1864. Even today, Avalon Post Office does not match the airmail service enjoyed by the miners. Pigeons were used to deliver messages for Catalina residents until 1899.[55] By 1902, the first commercial wireless telegraph station was built in Avalon where the Chimes Tower now stands. By 1919, the world's first wireless telephone system was installed. Engineers came from all over the world to study it, and people stood for hours to use this new technology (the only drawback was that all conversations could be monitored by anyone listening to their radio). Another communication first touched Catalina when the world's first commercial microwave telephone system was installed in 1946. Although microwave telephones had been used for wartime applications, this was the first peacetime use of this technology.[56]

Catalina's isolation also left the island as the last central office in the US Bell System to operate entirely using manual switchboard operators.[57] The Catalina Island exchange was converted to dial in 1978.[58]

Emergency services

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Avalon Station in Avalon, serving Santa Catalina Island.[59]

Fire Protection is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department Battalion 14 with Fire Station #55 in Avalon Canyon and Fire Station #155 at Two Harbors.[60]

Paramedic and lifeguard services are provided by the County Fire Department's Lifeguard Division, also known as Baywatch.[61] Catalina Island Medical Center, located in Avalon, is the only hospital/medical center on the island. It operates 24 hours, 7 days a week.

Utilities

A report released by the Natural Resources Defense Council listed Avalon as one of the 10 most chronically polluted beaches in the nation for failing state health tests as much as 73% of the time.[62] Researchers have identified Avalon's sewer system as the cause of the pollution. Many of the city's century-old clay and metal pipes have deteriorated to the point where they have vanished, allowing human sewage to enter the city's ground water and into Avalon Bay.[63]

Culture

In its heyday in the 1930s, due to its proximity to Hollywood, Catalina Island was a favored getaway destination for Hollywood stars such as Clark Gable. The island also served as a filming location for dozens of movies.[64]

Art Good, host of the Jazztrax Showcase of the Absolute Newest, holds the Catalina Island Jazztrax Festival there each year.

In music

Notable residents

Vehicles and transportation

The vehicles on Catalina Island are golf carts, electric bikes, sometimes regular cars, and trucks. To be eligible, the minimum age is 25 for a golf cart and if the car insurance company covers it. Golf carts have license plates just like regular cars. There are no highways on the island. Some portions of roads are pedestrian walkways.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Otte, Stacey; Pedersen, Jeannine (2004). "Catalina Island History". A Catalina Island History in Brief. Catalina Island Museum. Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  2. ↑ Holder, Charles F. (16 December 1899). "A California Verde Antique Quarry" (PDF). Scientific American. LXXXI (25): 393–394. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  3. ↑ Watson, Jim (7 August 2012). "Where in the world is Juan Cabrillo?". The Catalina Islander. Retrieved 31 January 2013. Many historians originally believed he was Portuguese and not Spanish...This assertion, however, has been basically debunked and explained as an error attributed to a single historian or perhaps even to a printing error.
  4. ↑ Baker, Gayle. "Catalina Island", HarborTown Histories, Santa Barbara, CA, 2002, p. 7, ISBN 0-9710984-0-9 (print), 978-0-9879038-0-8 (on-line)
  5. ↑ "United States. District Court (California : Southern District) Land Case 368 SD". Content.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  6. ↑ "Microsoft Word - Surveyor General Report for 1884 - 1886 _Willey_.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  7. ↑ Williamson, M. Burton (December 7, 1903). "History of Santa Catalina Island". The Historical Society of Southern California (Los Angeles: George Rice & Sons): 14–31.
  8. 1 2 Jessica Gelt, A day in: 90704, Los Angeles Times, January 7, 2007
  9. ↑ "The Chicago Cubs spring training & clubhouse". eCatalina.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  10. ↑ "Catalina Island Life During WWII, by Jeannine Pedersen, Curator of Collections, Catalina Island Museum". Ecatalina.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  11. ↑ "About Emerald Bay". Camp Emerald Bay. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  12. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  13. ↑ "About Us". Santa Catalina Island Company. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  14. ↑ "Natalie Wood Death - Homicide Investigation Re-Opened". TMZ.com. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  15. ↑ Sahagun, L. and S. Quinones. 2007. Catalina fire lays siege to Avalon: Hundreds of residents and tourists are forced to flee the island. Los Angeles Times. 11 May.
  16. ↑ Lopez, Robert (3 May 2011). "Firefighters contain Catalina brush fire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  17. ↑ Blankstein, Andrew (2 May 2011). "Catalina fire threatens yacht club; 100 firefighters sent to island by barge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  18. ↑ Rowland, Stephan M., Geology of Santa Catalina Island, California Geology, 1984
  19. ↑ "Catalina Ecology". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  20. ↑ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  21. ↑ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  22. ↑ "CA Avalon Catalina AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  23. ↑ "Catalina Ecology". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  24. ↑ "Endemic Species". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  25. ↑ "Rare and Endangered Plants". Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  26. ↑ Lili Singer, A plant pilgrimage, Los Angeles Times, August 10, 2006.
  27. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, (2008) Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), GlobalTwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg
  28. ↑ "A Catalina Oasis Offers the Mortal and the Vital: Rare plant life is nurtured alongside a memorial to the head of the Wrigley empire", Los Angeles Times, June 14, 2003
  29. ↑ Schoenherr, Allan; C. Robert Feldmeth; Michael J. Emerson (2003). Natural History of the Islands of California. University of California Press. p. 645. ISBN 0-520-21197-9.
  30. 1 2 "Animal Species". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  31. ↑ Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce and Visitors Bureau, Catalina Bison Birth Control, retrieved April 19, 2010
  32. ↑ "Non-native animals". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  33. ↑ "Catalina Island Conservancy". catalinaconservancy.org. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  34. ↑ http://ebird.org/ebird/hotspots?hs=L280831&yr=all&m=
  35. ↑ "Avalon Underwater Park & Kelp Forest Creatures". Franko's Maps. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  36. ↑ "Great white shark caught off Catalina". St. Joseph News-Press (San Pedro, CA). Associated Press. 17 April 1980. p. 2A. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  37. ↑ "About the Conservancy". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  38. ↑ Rich Zanelli and Frank Starkey, Catalina's foxes stage a comeback, Los Angeles Times, December 26, 2006.
  39. ↑ "Recovery of the Catalina Island Fox". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  40. ↑ "Birds Overview". Catalina Island Conservancy. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  41. ↑ "Monthly Visitor Count Report - June 2012" (PDF). Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  42. ↑ "Avalon Underwater Dive Park".
  43. ↑ "The Official Catalina Island Website". catalinachamber.com. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  44. ↑ "Catalina Island Pottery and Tile: Setting the Scene, excerpt from the book ''Catalina Island Pottery & Tile: Island Treasures'' by Carole Coates". Catalinacollectors.org. 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  45. ↑ "Two Harbors School". Long Beach Unified School District. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  46. ↑ "Avalon Schools Home Page". Avalon Schools. 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  47. ↑ Alvarez, Fred (April 9, 1995), "Rites of Passage Signal End of Fifth Grade", Los Angeles Times
  48. ↑ "Avalon Library". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  49. ↑ Ryan, RJ. "Initial analysis of diving accidents treated at the Catalina Hyperbaric Chamber (1985–1988).". In: Lang, MA (ed). Advances in Underwater Science...88. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Eighth annual scientific diving symposium. (American Academy of Underwater Sciences). Retrieved 2011-11-30.
  50. ↑ staff. "Santa Catalina Island – General Information FAQ 5. What is the Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies?". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
  51. ↑ Archived January 11, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ↑ "Catalina Airport". Airnav.com. December 15, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
  53. ↑ "PilotAge". Pilotage.com. November 23, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
  54. ↑ "Getting Around Catalina". Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  55. ↑ Baker, Gayle, pp. 27–28.
  56. ↑ Baker, Gayle, p. 47-48
  57. ↑ "Good-Bye, Central". AT&T Archives. c. 1977. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  58. ↑ "Electromechanical Telephone-Switching". ieeeghn.org. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  59. ↑ "Avalon Station." Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Retrieved on January 21, 2010.
  60. ↑ "Hometown Fire Stations". County of Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  61. ↑ Walker Cline, Sherri. "Catalina Island's Baywatch". County of Los Angeles Lifeguard Division. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  62. ↑ Barboza, Tony (30 June 2011). "Top 10 "Repeat Offender" beaches with chronic pollution problems". LA Times.
  63. ↑ Barboza, Tony (10 July 2011). "Avalon's dirty little secret". LA Times.
  64. ↑ "Filming Catalina: Hollywood’s Exotic Back Lot". Catalina Island Museum. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  65. ↑ Tyle, Chris. "Avalon (1920)". JazzStandards.com. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  66. ↑ "Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel". Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  67. ↑ Patton, Robert H., The Pattons, Crown Publishers, NY, 1994, ISBN 1-57488-690-8, Brassey's edition, 2004, p. 108.

External links

 Channel Islands National Park Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach		 Newport Harbor
Santa Barbara Island
San Nicolas Island		 Dana Point
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