Castro District, San Francisco

"The Castro" redirects here. For other uses, see Castro (disambiguation).
Castro District
Neighborhood

Castro Street and its namesake neighborhood, the Castro
Nickname(s): The Castro
Castro District

Location within Central San Francisco

Coordinates: 37°45′42″N 122°26′06″W / 37.76171°N 122.43512°W / 37.76171; -122.43512Coordinates: 37°45′42″N 122°26′06″W / 37.76171°N 122.43512°W / 37.76171; -122.43512
Country  United States
State  California
City-county San Francisco
Named for José Castro
Government
 • Supervisor Scott Wiener
 • Assemblymember David Chiu (D)[1]
 • State Senator Mark Leno (D)[1]
 • U. S. Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D)[2]
Area[3]
 • Total 1.36 km2 (0.526 sq mi)
 • Land 1.36 km2 (0.526 sq mi)
Population [3]
 • Total 12,064
 • Density 8,900/km2 (23,000/sq mi)
Time zone PST (UTC-8)
 • Summer (DST) PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes 94110, 94114
Area codes 415/628
Castro Street Pedcrossing with Rainbow Flag Color
Corner of 20th Street and Castro

The Castro District, commonly referenced as The Castro, is a neighborhood in Eureka Valley in San Francisco, California. The Castro was one of the first gay neighborhoods in the United States.[4] Having transformed from a working-class neighborhood through the 1960s and 1970s, the Castro remains one of the most prominent symbols of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism and events in the world.

Location

San Francisco's gay village is mostly concentrated in the business district that is located on Castro Street from Market Street to 19th Street. It extends down Market Street toward Church Street and on both sides of the Castro neighborhood from Church Street to Eureka Street. Although the greater gay community was, and is, concentrated in the Castro, many gay people live in the surrounding residential areas bordered by Corona Heights, the Mission District, Noe Valley, Twin Peaks, and Haight-Ashbury neighborhoods. Some consider it to include Duboce Triangle and Dolores Heights, which both have a strong LGBT presence.

Castro Street, which originates a few blocks north at the intersection of Divisadero and Waller Streets, runs south through Noe Valley, crossing the 24th Street business district and ending as a continuous street a few blocks farther south as it moves toward the Glen Park neighborhood. It reappears in several discontinuous sections before ultimately terminating at Chenery Street, in the heart of Glen Park.

History

Castro Street was named for José Castro (1808–1860), a Californio leader of Mexican opposition to U.S. rule in California in the 19th century, and alcalde of Alta California from 1835 to 1836.[5] The neighborhood now known as the Castro was created in 1887 when the Market Street Railway Company built a line linking Eureka Valley to downtown.

In 1891, Alfred E. Clarke built his mansion at the corner of Douglass and Caselli Avenue at 250 Douglass which is commonly referenced as the Caselli Mansion. It survived the 1906 earthquake and fire which destroyed a large portion of San Francisco.

Finn Town

Early years

Up to the 19th century, the areal possession of the Russian Empire in North America included the modern-day U.S. State of Alaska and settlements in the modern-day U.S. states of California (1 settlement) and Hawaii (3 settlements, starting in 1817). These Russian possessions were collectively and officially referred to by the name Russian America from 1733 to 1867. Formal incorporation of the possessions by Russia did not take place until the establishment of the Russian-American Company (RAC) in 1799.

In 1809-1917, Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, a Grand Duchy, during which time the operations of both Russian merchant and naval fleets, as well as the building of naval vessels, relied heavily on Finnish knowhow and Finnish seamen and officers. At the time, Russia was a relatively young naval power, gaining gradually access to the Baltic Sea only after the city of Saint Petersburg was founded on its coast in 1703.[6]

In 1839, the first Protestant congregation on the west coast of the Americas and the first Lutheran congregation on the entire Pacific Rim was founded in Sitka, Alaska by Finns, and also other Lutherans who worked for the Russian-American Company. From the start, in 1840-1865, three consecutive Finnish pastors served this pastorate: Uno Cygnaeus (1840-1845), Gabriel Plathán (1845-1852) and Georg Gustaf Winter (1852-1865). The Finns Aaron Sjöstrom and Otto Reinhold Rehn served as the parish organists/sextons during the same period.[7]

In 1841, under the governorship of Russian America by Finnish Arvid Adolf Etholén (1840-1845) (promoted to rear admiral in 1847), the Russian-American area of Fort Ross in Bodega Bay, California, was sold to Johann Sutter.[7] On January 24, 1848, the first California gold was discovered on Sutter's land in Coloma, California, leading to the California Gold Rush, after news of this were spread abroad, mainly by the seamen serving for the Russian-American Company.

During the final three decades of the existence of Russian America, Finnish Chief Managers ("governors") of Russian America included Arvid Adolf Etholén (a.k.a. Etolin) in 1840-1845 and Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1859-1864.[8][9] A third Finn, Johan Joachim von Bartram, declined the offer for the five-year term between 1850 and 1855. All three were high ranking Imperial naval officers.[10] In reference to San Francisco, researcher Maria J. Enckell states the following about the Finns in the Russian-American Company:

"Russia relied heavily on Finnish seamen. These seamen manned Russian naval ships as well as its deep-sea-going vessels. Company records show that in the early 1800s these ships were crewed predominantly by merchant seamen from Finland. From 1840 onward the Company’s around-the-world ships were manned entirely by Finnish merchant skippers and crews. Most Company ships stationed in Sitka and the Northern Pacific were likewise manned by Finnish skippers and Finnish crews."[6]
"Significant too is that from the early 1800s the Finnish seamen sailing these ships had journeyed up and down the North and South American coasts. Salt, used by the Company in preserving pelts, was obtained on islands in Baja California. Fort Ross in Bodega Bay, just north of San Francisco, was a stop on that route until 1841 when the fort was sold to the “swindler” Johann Sutter, on whose land the first California Gold was found. Thus, all Finnish seamen plying these waters knew every nook and cranny on these shores. Similarly they knew equally well the coast on the Asiatic side. Returning to Finland on their mandatory around-the-world journeys, they spread the news of the riches they had seen."
"San Francisco’s harbor records and the Russian Consular records display the names of many Finnish and Baltic Russian Alaska skippers busily plying the waters between San Francisco, Petropavlovsk, Nikolajefsk and Vladivostok." ... "Long before the turn of the century 11% of San Francisco’s seaman community were Finns. The commercial activities of these former Finnish Russian-American Company skippers and their men were impressive. At least two are known to have become multimillionaires: Gustaf Nybom (later Niebaum), the founder of Inglenook wineries, and Otto Wilhelm Lindholm of Vladivostok. Their business ventures had interests spread across the Northern Pacific. This activity continued until 1922 and the Soviet terror, when Vladivostok's numerous Finns and Manchurians were rounded up, marched to the central square and shot."[10]

Late 19th century

During the California Gold Rush and in its aftermath, a substantial Finnish population had settled in San Francisco.[7][10] In addition to Etholén, Furuhjelm and Niebaum, a number of Finns had become household names in the social circles of San Francisco by the time when the Finnish corvette Kalevala, anchored in San Francisco on November 14, 1861. Accordingly, Kalevala's visit in the city received a very warm welcome and created much attention.[7][11]

A festive dinner party arranged in honor of Admiral Popoff and the naval officers of the Russian Pacific Fleet visiting San Francisco in 1863.

In 1863, a six-vessel Russian Imperial Navy squadron, a part of the Russian Pacific Fleet, sailed via Vladivostok to the West Coast of the United States, to help defend the waters there against a possible attack by the United Kingdom or France, during the American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 10, 1865).[12][13][14] In addition to the Finnish-built corvette Kalevala now returning to the U.S. West Coast, this squadron included three other corvettes, Bogatyr, Rynda and Novik (Russian: "Новик"), as well as two Finnish-built clippers, the sister-ships Abrek (Russian: "Абрек") and Vsadnik (Russian: "Всадник"), both built in the southwestern Finnish town of Pori and launched in 1860. Finnish officers serving in the squadron included Theodor Kristian Avellan, who later became the Minister of Naval Affairs of the Russian Empire (similar role to Great Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty).[15] Among Finnish officers participating in the expedition were also Mr. Enqvist and Mr. Etholén (not Governor Etholén of Russian America).[8][12]

At the time when Finnish Sea Captain Gustave Niebaum, the founder of Inglenook Winery (1879) in Rutherford, California, was busy conducting business in the San Francisco Bay Area and Alaska - from the late 19th to the early 20th century -, both places had considerably large Finnish settlements. As the Governor of Russian America from 1858 to 1864, Finnish Johan Hampus Furuhjelm helped pave way for the American Alaska purchase, just like Gustave Niebaum did as the Consul of Russia for the United States in San Francisco in 1867 (at the time Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy of Russia), when Alaska became a part of the United States of America.

During his governorship of Russian America, Furuhjelm put an end to the hostilities involving groups of the native peoples of Alaska, and he succeeded in abolishing the Alaskan Ice Treaty with San Francisco. According to a contract which had been signed, Russian America had to deliver a certain amount of ice to San Francisco at a fixed price. The problem was that the product melted down on the way to the warmer climates. The ice contract became very awkward for the Russian colony. Furuhjelm arranged for a new contract to sell ice to San Francisco: 3,000 tons at $25.00 a ton.

Officially registered Finnish Club No. 1 was established in the Castro District of San Francisco in 1882. Soon after, two "Finnish Halls" were erected nearby. One was located at the corner of 24th Street and Hoffman Street. The other hall was located on Flint Street, on the "Rocky Hill" above Castro, an area densely populated by Finns at the time, consequently nicknamed Finn Town. Before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, nearly all the kids attending the McKinley school (now McKinley Elementary School) at 1025 14th Street (at Castro) were Finnish. Following the earthquake, a large amount of Finns of San Francisco and Finns from elsewhere alike moved to Berkeley, where a Finnish community had been established already before the earthquake. A large part of the early Berkeley population was Finnish.[16]

This is the period when Finnila's Finnish Baths began serving customers in the Castro District of San Francisco, first starting in circa 1910 at 9 Douglass Street, opening as an official business in 1913; then starting in 1919 at 4032 17th Street, a half block west from the busy Castro Street; then starting in 1932 at 2284 Market Street; and finally in 1986 - after having been stationed in the San Francisco's Castro District for over seven decades - continuing as Finnila's Health Club at 465 Taraval Street in the San Francisco's Sunset District.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Despite of public outcry and attempts to prevent the closing of the popular Finnila's Market Street bathhouse, the old bathhouse building was demolished by Alfred Finnila soon after the farewell party held in the end of December, 1985. Today, the Finnila family still owns the new Market & Noe Center building attached to Cafe Flore, in the corner of Market and Noe Streets.[18]

In 1906, St. Francis Lutheran Church St. Francis Lutheran Church was erected at 152 Church Street, between Market Street and Duboce Avenue.[27] The construction work was completed by immigrants from the Nordic countries, where Lutheranism is the largest religious group. The project overseen primarily by Danes took place in the heart of what was then the Nordic-dominated Duboce-Market neighborhood of San Francisco. Facing the backside of St. Francis Lutheran Church, a small and light-colored Finnish church served Finnish-speaking church-goers on the one-block-long side street.

Change of character

From 1910 on, the Castro District of San Francisco and some of the surrounding areas was known by the term Little Scandinavia, because of the large number of the residents in the area originating from Finnish, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish ancestry.

The 1943 novel Mama's Bank Account by Kathryn Forbes focused on a Norwegian family living in the area in the 1910s. Forbes' book served as the inspiration for John Van Druten's 1944 play I Remember Mama. The play was adapted to a Broadway theater production in 1944; to a movie in 1948; to a CBS Mama television series running from 1949 until 1957; to a Lux Radio Theater play in the late 1950s; and to a Broadway musical in 1979.[28] "Mama's Bank Account" reflected a (then) Eureka Valley neighborhood, where for generations Norwegians worshiped at the Norwegian Lutheran Church at 19th and Dolores streets, and met for fraternal, social events, and Saturday night dances at Dovre Hall, 3543 18th Street, now the Women's Building.

The Cove on Castro used to be called The Norse Cove at the time. The Scandinavian Seamen's Mission operated for a long time on 15th Street, off Market Street, just around the corner from the Swedish-American Hall, which remains in the district. In the 1920s - during the prohibition -, the downstairs of the Swedish-American Hall served as a speak-easy, one of many in the area. "Unlicensed saloons" were known as ‘speak-easies’, according to an 1889 newspaper.[29] They were "so called because of the practice of speaking quietly about such a place in public, or when inside it, so as not to alert the police or neighbors." [30]

Scandinavian-style "half-timber" construction can still be seen in some of the buildings along Market Street, between Castro and Church Streets. A restaurant called Scandinavian Deli operated for decades on Market Street, between Noe and Sanchez Streets, almost directly across the street from Finnila's.

Receiving an influx of Irish, Italian and other settlers in the 1930s, the Castro gradually became an ethnically mixed working-class neighborhood, and it remained so until the mid-1960s. There was originally a cable car line with large double-ended cable cars that ran along Castro Street from Market Street to 29th St., until the tracks were dismantled in 1941 and the cable car line was replaced by the 24 MUNI bus. The Castro is at the end of the straight portion of the Market Street thoroughfare, and a mostly residential area follows Market Street as it curves and rises up and around the Twin Peaks mountains.

LGBT community

The U.S. military dishonorably discharged thousands of gay servicemen from the Pacific theater in San Francisco during World War II (early 1940s) because of their sexuality. Many settled in the bay area, San Francisco and Sausalito.[31][32] In San Francisco an established gay community had begun in numerous areas including Polk Street, the Tenderloin and south of Market Street. The 1950s saw large amounts of families moving out of the Castro to the suburbs in what became known as the "White flight", leaving open large amounts of real estate and creating attractive locations for gay purchasers. By 1963, the Castro's first gay bar was opened called the "Missouri Mule".[33]

The Castro's age as a gay mecca began during the late 1960s with the Summer of Love in the neighboring Haight-Ashbury district in 1967. The two neighborhoods are separated by a large mountain, topped by Buena Vista Park. The hippie and free love movements had fostered communal living and free society ideas including housing of large groups of people in hippie communes. Androgyny became popular with men even in full beards as gay hippie men began to move into the area. The 1967 gathering brought tens of thousands of middle-class youth from all over the United States to the Haight which saw its own exodus when well-organized individuals and collectives started to see the Castro as an oasis from the massive influx. Many of the hippies had no way to support themselves or places to shelter. The Haight became drug ridden and violent chasing off the gay population who looked for a more stable area to live.[34]

The gay community created an upscale, fashionable urban center in the Castro District in the 1970s.[35] The neighborhood previously known as Eureka Valley, became known as the Castro, after the landmark theatre by that name near the corner of Castro and Market Streets. Many San Francisco gays also moved there after about 1970 from what had been the formerly most prominent gay neighborhood, Polk Gulch, because large Victorian houses were available at low rents or available for purchase for low down payments when their former middle-class owners had fled to the suburbs.

A color photograph of Milk with long hair and handlebar moustache with his arm around his sister-in-law, both smiling and standing in front of a storefront window showing a portion of a campaign poster with Milk's photo and name
Harvey Milk, here with his sister-in-law in front of Castro Camera in 1973, had been changed by his experience with the counterculture of the 1960s. His store was used as his campaign headquarters and remains a tourist destination to date.

By 1973, Harvey Milk, who would become the most famous resident of the neighborhood, opened a camera store, Castro Camera, and began political involvement as a gay activist, further contributing to the notion of the Castro as a gay destination. Some of the culture of the late 1970s included what was termed the "Castro clone", a mode of dress and personal grooming that exemplified butchness and masculinity of the working-class men in construction—tight denim jeans, black or sand combat boots, tight T-shirt or, often, an Izod crocodile shirt, possibly a red plaid flannel outer shirt, and usually sporting a mustache or full beard—in vogue with the gay male population at the time, and which gave rise to the nickname "Clone Canyon" for the stretch of Castro Street between 18th and Market Streets.

There were numerous famous watering holes in the area contributing to the nightlife, including the Corner Grocery Bar, Toad Hall, the Pendulum, the Midnight Sun, Twin Peaks, and the Elephant Walk. A typical daytime street scene of the period is perhaps best illustrated by mentioning the male belly dancers who could be found holding forth in good weather at the corner of 18th and Castro on "Hibernia Beach," in front of the financial institution from which it drew its name. Then at night, after the bars closed at 2 AM, the men remaining at that hour often would line up along the sidewalk of 18th Street to indicate that they were still available to go home with someone (aka The Meat Rack).

The area was hit hard by the HIV/AIDS crisis of the 1980s. Beginning in 1984, city officials began a crackdown on bathhouses and launched initiatives that aimed to prevent the spread of AIDS. Kiosks lining Market Street and Castro Street now have posters promoting safe sex and testing right alongside those advertising online dating services.

Attractions

Stores on Castro near the intersection with 18th Street. Rainbow flags, which are commonly associated with gay pride, are hung as banners on streetlights along the road.[36][37][38]

One of the more notable features of the neighborhood is Castro Theatre, a movie palace built in 1922 and one of San Francisco's premier movie houses.

18th and Castro is a major intersection in the Castro, where many historic events, marches, protests have taken and continue to take place.

A major cultural destination in the neighborhood is the GLBT History Museum, which opened for previews on Dec. 10, 2010, at 4127 18th St. The first full-scale, stand-alone museum of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender history in the United States (and only the second in the world after the Schwules Museum in Berlin), The GLBT History Museum is a project of the GLBT Historical Society.[39]

The F Market heritage streetcar line turnaround at Market and 17th-streets where the Jane Warner city park let sits. Across Castro street is the Harvey Milk Plaza in honor of its most famous resident with its iconic giant flag pole with an oversized rainbow flag, symbol of the LGBT community. Below street level is the main entrance to the Castro Street Station, a Muni Metro subway station and a multitiered park. Milk's camera store and campaign headquarters which were at 575 Castro has a memorial plaque and mural on the inside of the store, now housing the Human Rights Campaign Action Center and Store. There is a smaller mural above the sidewalk on the building showing Milk looking down on the street fondly.

Across Market Street from Harvey Milk Plaza, and slightly up the hill, is the Pink Triangle Park - 17th Street at Market, a city park and monument named after the pink triangles forcibly worn by gay prisoners persecuted by the Nazis during World War II.[40]

Harvey's was formerly the Elephant Walk, raided by police after the White Night Riots.[41][42]

The Hot Cookie Bakery located on Castro Street[43] is a world famous destination serving some of the city's most interesting shaped cookies. It is especially known for its coconut macaroons.[44]

Twin Peaks is the first gay bar in the city, and possibly the United States, with plate glass windows to fully visibly expose patrons to the public is located at the intersection of Market and Castro.[45]

The Hartford Street Zen Center is also located in the Castro, as well as the Most Holy Redeemer Catholic Church, 100 Diamond Street.[46]

Special events, parade and street fairs that are held in the Castro include the Castro Street Fair, the Dyke March, the famed Halloween in the Castro which was discontinued in 2007 due to street violence, Pink Saturday, and the San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival.

A LGBT Walk of Fame was installed in August 2014 with an inaugural 20 sidewalk plaques representing past LGBT icons in their field, who continue to serve as inspirations. The walk is originally planned to coincide with the business district of the Castro and eventually include 500 bronze plaques.

The main business section of Castro St from Market to 19th street were under reconstruction and repaving in 2014 to address a number of neighborhood concerns. The area has heavy vehicular traffic as well as many visitors. As part of the work the sidewalks were widened and new trees were planted. Additionally 20 historical cement etchings covering from the inception to the area being settled to the 2010s sweeping gay marriage movement victories will be installed in September 2014.

LGBT tourism

The flag at the corner of Market, Castro, and 17th Street

San Francisco has a large and thriving tourist economy due to ethnic and cultural communities such as Chinatown, North Beach, Haight-Ashbury and the Castro. The Castro is a site of economic success that brings in capital all year round with many events catered to the gay community along with everyday business.

The Castro is a “thriving marketplace for all things gay” meaning everything in the area is catered to people who identify with LGBT culture and other associated meanings to the word gay.[47] There are cafes, the Castro Theater, and many businesses that cater to or openly welcome LGBT consumers. These establishments make the Castro an area of high spending and lead to high tourist traffic. In addition to the city's locals people travel to visit the shops and restaurants as well as the events that take place such as the Castro Street Fair. Events such as the fairs drum up business for the community and bring in people from all over the nation who visit solely for the atmosphere the Castro provides. People who do not necessarily feel comfortable expressing themselves in their own community have the freedom to travel to places such as the Castro to escape the alienation and feel accepted.[48] There is a sense of belonging and acceptance that is promoted throughout the district to accommodate non heteronormative people that many LGBT travellers are attracted to.

The Golden Gate Business Association (GGBA) was created in 1974 to help promote the Castro as a place for tourists, but also San Francisco and LGBT businesses as a whole. The GGBA sought to gain local political power and hoped to achieve their gains through an increase in gay tourism.[49] This association formed the San Francisco Gay Tourism and Visitor’s Bureau in 1983. Politically, the Bureau was neoliberal and focused on economic interests while denying poverty and prejudice.[50] The LGBT tourism industry drives and benefits the economy due to the constant influx of consumers.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  2. ↑ "California's 12th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
  3. 1 2 "Castro (Eureka Valley) neighborhood in San Francisco, California (CA), 94110, 94114 subdivision profile". City-Data. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  4. ↑ "What's the Castro Like?". SFGate. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  5. ↑ "San Francisco Streets Named for Pioneers". The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. April 24, 2007. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  6. 1 2 Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867. Author: Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell. Page 108.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867. Author: Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell.
  8. 1 2 Etholén, Arvid Adolf (1798 - 1876) Chief Manager of Russian America in 1840-1845, rear admiral, explorer (in Finnish).
  9. ↑ Johan Hampus Furuhjelm Chief Manager of Russian America in 1859-1864, admiral, explorer (in Finnish).
  10. 1 2 3 "Long before the turn of the century 11% of San Francisco’s seaman community were Finns." Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867. M.J. Enckell. Page 112.
  11. ↑ The Finnish migration to and from Russian Alaska and the Pacific Siberian Rim 1800–1900 M. J. Enckell. Article published in 'Siirtolaisuus - Migration', 4/2002. Pages 16-22. Turku, 2002.
  12. 1 2 1863-1864 Russian Fleet Expedition to North America
  13. ↑ From the History of Russia's Pacific Fleet – Founding of Vladivostok
  14. ↑ Latter Half of the 19th Century – The Ironclads – rusnavy.com
  15. ↑ Avellan, Theodor Kristian, Finnish generals and admirals in the Russian Armed Forces, 1809–1917 (in Finnish).
  16. ↑ Lutheran Church of the Cross - homepage.
  17. ↑ Auerbach, Stevanne. The Contest. ICR, 268 Bush Street, San Francisco 94104. 2010. ISBN 978-0-9785540-2-6.
  18. 1 2 Auerbach, Stevanne. The Contest - Finnila's-related exerts. ICR, 268 Bush Street, San Francisco 94104. 2010. ISBN 978-0-9785540-2-6.
  19. ↑ Edna Jeffrey Biography and synopsis of her novel, Till I'm with You Again.
  20. ↑ Oskari Tokoi, John Suominen, Henry Askeli. Who's who Among Finnish-Americans: A Biographical Directory of Persons of Finnish Descent who Have Made Noteworthy Contributions to the Pattern of American Life. Raivaaja Publishing Company, 1949. Page 24.
  21. ↑ University of California. À la Vôtre, Volume 7. À la Vôtre, 1977. Page 112. Digitalized on February 18, 2010.
  22. ↑ University of California. Who's who in the West. Marquis Who's Who, Incorporated, 1954. Page 204. Digitalized on July 2, 2010.
  23. ↑ City Celebration, Inc. City Celebration, 1979. City Celebration, 1979.
  24. ↑ San Francisco magazine. San Francisco, Volume 19. San Francisco magazine, Incorporated, 1977. Pages 47-48.
  25. ↑ University of California, San Francisco. Finnish Settlement in Northern California. University of California, 1966. Page 134. Digitalized on August 26, 2015.
  26. ↑ Bob Damron. Bob Damron's Address Book. Bob Damron Enterprises, 1985. Pages 98-99.
  27. ↑ "St. Francis Lutheran Church by San Francisco Conference of Lutheran Churches, ELCA". Sfconfelca.org. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  28. ↑ "I Remember Mama, 1979" Internet Broadway Database listing, accessed March 24, 2012
  29. ↑ Cheney Sentinel. September 13, 1889. p. 1, col. 1. (A newspaper in Cheney, Washington)
  30. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "speakeasy". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  31. ↑ Shilts, Randy. The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, p. 51
  32. ↑ Michael Nalepa (21 October 2008). Fodor's San Francisco 2009. Fodor's Travel Publications. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-1-4000-1961-8.
  33. ↑ George E. Haggerty (2000). Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-0-8153-1880-4.
  34. ↑ David Higgs (4 January 2002). Queer Sites: Gay Urban Histories Since 1600. Routledge. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-1-134-72467-3.
  35. ↑ Richard Sterling (26 March 2010). The Unofficial Guide to San Francisco. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-470-63724-1.
  36. ↑ Shilts, Randy (1982). The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, page 23. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-52330-0.
  37. ↑ "Harvey Bernard Milk". Biography Resource Center Online. Gale Group, 1999. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center, Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.
  38. ↑ "Harvey Bernard Milk". Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.
  39. ↑ Koskovich, Gerard (2011-01-11), "First GLBT History Museum in the United States opens in San Francisco's Castro district"; posted on Dot429.com; retrieved 2011-01-14.
  40. ↑ "pinktrianglepark.net". pinktrianglepark.net. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  41. ↑ Davis, Kevin (June 10, 2007). "Harvey's Marks 10 Years". The Bay Area Reporter. p. 13. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  42. ↑ Rogers, Fred (2000). "The Gay Pride 2000: Elephant Walk Took Brunt of Police Attack in the Castro". The San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  43. ↑ http://us.findnetone.com/restaurants/california-g-i/hot-cookie-bakery
  44. ↑ http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Restaurant_Review-g60713-d1066512-Reviews-Hot_Cookie-San_Francisco_California.html
  45. ↑ Higgs, David (1999). Queer Sites: Gay Urban Histories Since 1600. Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 9780415158978. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  46. ↑ Godfrey, Donal (2008). Gays and Grays. The Story of the inclusio of the Gay Community at Most Holy Redeemer Catholic Church in San Francisco. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1938-9.
  47. ↑ Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2011). "San Francisco's Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 9 (3): 242.
  48. ↑ Coon, David R. PhD (2012). "Sun, Sand, and Citizenship: The Marketing of Gay Tourism". Journal of Homosexuality 59 (4): 515. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.648883.
  49. ↑ Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2011). "San Francisco's Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 9 (3): 243.
  50. ↑ Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2011). "San Francisco's Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 9 (3): 245.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Francisco/Castro-Noe Valley.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Castro, San Francisco.
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