Zhang Junmai

Zhang Junmai

Social democracy
Development Humanism Age of Enlightenment French Revolution Utopian socialism Revolutions of 1848 Marxism Orthodox Revisionist Ethical socialism Democratic socialism Market socialism Progressivism Reformism Gradualism Frankfurt Declaration Keynesianism Welfare capitalism Third Way Modern European socialism
Ideas Social justice Democracy economic representative Labor rights Mixed economy Welfare Trade unionism Fair trade Environmental protection Negative and positive rights Secularism Social corporatism Social market economy
Variants Bernsteinism Liberal socialism Nordic model Godesberg Third Way
People Attlee Awolowo Ben-Gurion Bernstein Betancourt Bhutto Brandt Branting Craxi Crosland Curtin Daszyński Debs Douglas Ecevit González Hilferding Jaurès Junmai Katayama Lassalle Layton Lévesque MacDonald Mandela Nehru Batlle y Ordóñez Palme Plekhanov Prodi Savage Thomas Williams
Organizations Social democratic parties Socialist International International Union of Socialist Youth Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance Young European Socialists (YES) International Trade Union Confederation

Zhang Junmai (Chinese: 张君劢; Wade–Giles: Chang Chun-mai; 1886–1969), also known by his courtesy name Carsun Chang, was a prominent Chinese philosopher, public intellectual and political figure. Zhang Junmai was a social democratic politician.^[1]

Biography

A pioneering theorist of human rights in the Chinese context, Zhang established his own small "Third Force" democratic party during the Nationalist era.

Zhang supported German-style social democracy while opposing capitalism, communism, and guild socialism.^[2] He supported socialization of major industries such as railroads and mines to be run by a combination of government officials, technicians, and consumers.^[3] the development of a mixed economy in China, like that advocated by the Social Democratic Party of Germany under Philipp Scheidemann.^[4]

Equipped with the traditional Confucian degree of xiucai or "accomplished scholar", Zhang went on to study at Waseda University in Japan where he came under the influence of Liang Qichao's theory of constitutional monarchy. In 1918 he accompanied Liang’s tour of post-war Europe, later going to Germany to study philosophy for a short time at Berlin University. While in Germany he came under the influence of the teachings of Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926) and Henri Bergson (1859–1941). With Hans Driesch, who was formerly Eucken's student, Zhang travelled throughout China in the early 1920s, serving as Driesch's Chinese translator as he lectured on Eucken's philosophical vision. Appointed a professor of philosophy at Beijing University, he instigated polemics over science and metaphysics (known in Chinese as the "worldview controversy.") He wrote extensively on what now forms part of modern neo-Confucianism.

With Zhang Dongsun, he organized a National Socialist Party (not connected with the Nazis in Germany). In 1933 he and Huang Yanpei organized the China Democratic League, a Third Force party with strong commitments to liberal doctrines of separation of powers, freedom of expression and human rights. The political scientist Qian Duansheng criticized Zhang as "neither an organizer himself nor a man able to pick capable men to organize for him." John Melby, an American diplomat who knew Zhang during the war, felt that Zhang was as "unrealistic" as his brother, Chang Kia-ngau, was hard headed. As a scholar, Melby conceded, Zhang was "highly intelligent and well educated," but as a politician he was "utopian" and "ineffectual." After the war against Japan, Zhang became the chairman of the China Democratic Socialist Party.^[5]

Opposed to the Chinese communists, but also dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's noncompliance with the constitution, Zhang Junmai went to the United States after 1949. The Democratic Socialist Party moved to Taiwan afterwards and continued resisting the implementation of a one-party dictatorship and oppression by the Kuomintang though its very survival in Taiwan was due to its tacit cooperation with the Kuomintang. Zhang Junmai reappeared in 1962 calling for the unity of the party, but returned to the United States before his death in 1969.

Family

Zhang Junmai was the older brother of the prominent banker and politician Chang Kia-ngau (Zhang Jia'ao). His sister, Zhang Youyi, was an educator, banker, and the first wife of poet Xu Zhimo.

See also

• Chinese philosophy

References

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhang Junmai.

• Junmai Zhang, The development of neo-confucian thought, New York: Bookman Associates, 1957
• -- , Wang Yang-ming: idealist philosopher of sixteenth-century China, Jamaica, New York: St. John's University Press, 1962
• -- , The Third Force in China (New York: Bookman Associates, 1952)
• -- et al., A Manifesto on the Reappraisal of Chinese Culture; Our Joint Understanding of the Sinological Study Relating to World Cultural Outlook, 1958
• Roger B. Jeans, Jr., Democracy and Socialism in Republican China: The Politics of Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang), 1906–1941, Lanham (Maryland) and Oxford (UK): Rowman & Littlefield, 1997
• Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929-1949. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521771242. 
• Xinzhong Yao, ed., RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, Vol. 2, pp. 799–800.

External links

"Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang, 1877-1969)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.