Carrefour

For other uses, see Carrefour (disambiguation).
Carrefour
Société Anonyme
Traded as Euronext: CA
Industry Retail
Founded 1 January 1958 (1 January 1958)
Headquarters Boulogne Billancourt, France
Number of locations
 Decrease 10,102
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Georges Plassat
(Chairman and CEO)
Products Cash & Carry/warehouse club, convenience/forecourt store, discount store, hypermarket/supercenter/superstore, supermarket
Revenue Increase €75.86 billion (2014)[1]
Increase €2.347 billion (2014)[1]
Profit Increase €1.249 billion (2014)[1]
Total assets Decrease €45.78 billion (2014)[1]
Total equity Increase €10.23 billion (2014)[1]
Number of employees
 381,227 (2015)[1]
Subsidiaries See below
Website www.carrefour.com

Carrefour S.A. (French pronunciation: ​[kaʁfuʁ]) is a French multinational retailer headquartered in Boulogne Billancourt, France, in the Hauts-de-Seine Department near Paris.[2] It is one of the largest hypermarket chains in the world (with 1,452 hypermarkets at the end of 2011[1]), the fourth largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue (after Wal-Mart, Tesco and Costco), and the third in profit (after Wal-Mart and Tesco[3][4]). Carrefour operates mainly in Europe, Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, China, Dominican Republic, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Qatar, Lebanon, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, but also has shops in North Africa and other parts of Asia, with most stores being of smaller size than hypermarket or even supermarket. Carrefour means "crossroads" and "public square" in French. Previously the company head office was in Levallois-Perret, also in the Paris suburbs.[5] The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[6]

History

The first Carrefour store opened on 1 January 1958 in suburban Annecy near a crossroads (carrefour in French). The group was created by Marcel Fournier, Denis Defforey and Jacques Defforey and grew into a chain from this first sales outlet. In 1999 it merged with Promodès, known as Continent, one of its major competitors in the French market.

Marcel Fournier, Denis Defforey and Jacques Defforey had attended several seminars in the United States led by "the Pope of retail" Bernardo Trujillo, who influenced them to move forward with Carrefour idea.

The Carrefour group was the first in Europe to open a hypermarket, a large supermarket and a department store under the same roof. They opened their first hypermarket on 15 June 1963 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, near Paris in France.[7]

In April 1976, Carrefour launched a private label Produits libres (free products – libre meaning free in the sense of liberty as opposed to gratis) line of fifty foodstuffs, including oil, biscuits (crackers and cookies), milk, and pasta, sold in unbranded white packages at substantially lower prices.

In September 2009, Carrefour updated its logo.[8]

In May 2011, Carrefour reviewed its situation under conditions of stagnant growth and increasing competition in France from rivals including Casino Guichard-Perrachon SA, and planned to invest €1.5 billion ($2.1 billion) to change the supermarket with the new concept of Carrefour Planet in Western Europe.

In April 2015, Brazilian businessman Abílio Diniz revealed he was in talks to raise his 5.07 percent stake in Carrefour and has the support of shareholders to take a board seat.[9]

Slogans

French slogans

International slogans

French operations

Groupe Carrefour head office : 33, avenue Émile Zola, Boulogne Billancourt, France

The head office of the Groupe Carrefour is in Boulogne Billancourt in the Paris metropolitan area. Carrefour leased space in the 9,257 square metres (99,640 sq ft) Gecina building at 36 avenue Émile Zola effective 1 December 2010. The complex has 208 parking spaces and has an aluminium facade. E. Naud and L. Poulx designed the building.[10]

The chain's Carrefour Hypermarket division has its head office in Courcouronnes, Essonne, France, near Évry.[11]

International operations

Asia

Armenia

Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Armenia at Yerevan Mall (shopping mall in the northern exit of Yerevan) on 11 March 2015, occupying approximately 10000 square meters.

Bahrain

Carrefour has also opened a franchise owned branch in the Bahrain City Centre in 2008.

China
Carrefour store front Shanghai China.
78th store of Carrefour China – ZhongShanPark, Shanghai, open 6 June 2006.

In 2007, expansion accelerated outside France, particularly in Asia, with the building of 36 new hypermarkets, including 22 in China – where the Group broke its record for store openings in a one-year period. It was the leading foreign retailer in terms of sales figures, until 2008 and has since lost its No. 1 position to RT-Mart. A selection of Carrefour products are sold in Hong Kong via Wellcome and its sister Market Place by Jasons.

Kazakhstan

Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Almaty at February 11, 2016. So far it is the only one in Kazakhstan.

India

Carrefour operates cash and carry stores in India under the name "Carrefour Wholesale Cash&Carry". The first store opened on 30 December 2010 in Shahdara, Delhi.[12] This was followed by a store in Jaipur in late 2011 and one in Meerut in October 2012, Agra in December 2013.

Prior to September 2012, India's foreign direct investment (FDI) policy did not allow foreign companies to open multi-brand retail stores in the country. However, 100% FDI in cash-and-carry has been permitted since 1997. As a result, most global retailers, including Carrefour, opted for the cash-and-carry route in India. A new FDI policy, allowing up to 51% FDI in multi-brand retail, came into effect on 20 September 2012.[13][14]

On 8 July 2014, Carrefour announced that it will shut down its Indian operations and close its five wholesale stores by the end of September.[15]

Iran

In February 2009, Carrefour opened its first store in Iran, called HyperStar[16] in Western region of Tehran. It opened its second store in Iran in April 2012. This store located in Persian Gulf Complex. It opened the third store in Isfahan located in Isfahan City Center in 2012. Three other stores are to be opened in Eastern region of Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz.

Iraq

Majid al Futtaim opened the first Carrefour in Erbil in 2011.

Jordan

Carrefour is very popular in Jordan, with tens of locations dotting the capital and the suburbs; the largest and most frequented would be Carrefour: City Mall in the suburb of Dabuk.[17] Another multi-story complex is about to open near the Sixth Circle. Carrefour Express are smaller sized stores that operate inside smaller shopping areas, best known is Carrefour Express: Swéfiéh Avenue, inside the Avenue Mall in Swéfiéh.

Kuwait

In March 2007, Carrefour opened a store in Kuwait in the Avenues mall.

Lebanon

On 4 April 2013, Carrefour opened a mega store in "Beirut City Center Mall", in the suburb of Beirut. Alwan And Rabaa Group.;Oman In Oman, Carrefour opened a store in 2001 on the outskirts of the city of Muscat. And in 2008, another branch opened in Qurum. In May 2011 Carrefour opened a store in Sohar. The fourth Carrefour opened in March 2012 at Muscat Grand Mall. The fifth branch opened in Salalah on 24 May 2013. It has officially been confirmed this as the biggest Carrefour in Oman.

Saudi Arabia

Carrefour has 12 franchise operated hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia, with 5 of them being in the capital Riyadh itself.

United Arab Emirates

Carrefour also operates in the United Arab Emirates and Jordan in a joint venture with Majid al Futtaim.[17]

Georgia

Carrefour operates two hypermarkets, two supermarkets and one Carrefour market in Georgia. It opened its first hypermarket in Georgia at Tbilisi Mall (shopping mall in the northern exit of Tbilisi) on 13 September 2012, occupying approximately 12000 sq m. The first supermarket was opened at Karvasla Mall (shopping mall near Tbilisi Central railway station) on 16 September 2013. In 2014, the second Carrefour supermarket was opened at Shopping Mall GTC on Orbeliani Square. On 10 November 2015, Carrefour opened its second hypermarket at East Point shopping mall near Kakheti Highway at 2 Aleksandre Tvalchrelidze Street. Shortly after the opening, Carrefour opened its first market in Isani district of Tbilisi at 8a Navtlughi Street.

Indonesia

Besides Carrefour stores, at the end of November 2011 Carrefour also has 5,670 Alfamart (IDX=AMRT) which mostly minimart, while at the end of December 2010 has 4,812 Alfamart.,[18][19][20] Carrefour Indonesia is managed by CT corp and its shares owned by Chairul Tandjung. CT corp also developed Transmart, a subsidiary of CT corp operated by Carrefour Indonesia, and it also developed Groserindo, a grocery store also operated by mostly Carrefour.

Japan

In 1999 Carrefour's Japanese subsidiary, Carrefour Japan Co. Ltd., opened.[21] The first Carrefour in Japan opened in a suburb of Tokyo in December 2000. In January and February 2001 new Carrefour stores opened in Tokyo and Osaka. Sales were initially strong, but Miki Tanikawa of The New York Times wrote that "But now, 10 months later, there is barely a line for most of the day at cash registers of most Carrefour stores here. Lengthy aisles of goods ranging from clothes to bicycles are mostly empty. "[22] On 10 March 2005, the subsidiary's name changed to AEON Marche´ Co., Ltd. after Aeon purchased the Carrefour Japanese division.[21] The stores were still operated in the Carrefour name until 31 March 2010, when the license expired.[23]

Pakistan

Carrefour opened up its first store in Lahore, Pakistan in a joint venture with MAF in 2009 under the name of Hyperstar, and a second store in Karachi in 2011, with a third fourth and fifth store under construction in Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore.

Taiwan

In 1989, Carrefour became the first international retailer to establish a presence in Asia when it entered Taiwan through a joint venture with Uni President Enterprises Corporation. It leveraged the experience it gathered in Taiwan to expand into other Asian markets.

Turkey

Carrefour also operates in Turkey in a joint venture with Sabancı Group under the name CarrefourSA.[24]

Europe

Albania

In November 2011, Carrefour opened its first store in Albania as part of TEG Shopping Center (Tirana East Gate) with the same rights as in the European Union and throughout the rest of Europe. Carrefour is integrated in the new shopping center in the same format as in other countries extending into a space of about 7000 square meters. Carrefour will have a policy of supplying imported products while promoting Albanian products, particularly agro-industrial ones.

Austria

In 1976 Carrefour opened a store in the Shopping City Süd at the southern edge of Vienna. Due to limited success the store closed soon after. Carrefour has not made any other attempt at entering the Austrian market thereafter.

Belgium

Carrefour starts its internationalization and that's how the group is established in 1969 in Belgium with a strategic alliance with GB Group. Between 1970 and 2000 several formats work with multiple brands and names Carrefour GB, but only until 2000, the Carrefour Group takes over GB. So officially born Carrefour Belgium, but keep some formats GB, only until 2007 becomes official unification of its various formats and being in operation Carrefour and Carrefour Express GB. In May 2008, starts EcoPlanet Carrefour, also starts selling gas and green energy in the whole of Belgium. In 2009, the formats are established Carrefour Hyper, GB Carrefour, Carrefour Market and Carrefour Express. Furthermore, launches online shopping, In February 2010 Carrefour announced the elimination of 1,672 jobs and the closure of 21 stores and the possibility of acquisition of 20 stores by the group Mestdagh.

Bulgaria
Bulgaria's largest Carrefour hypermarket within The Mall shopping centre in Sofia, Bulgaria that opened in spring 2010.

From 2009 to 2011 in Bulgaria were opened eight locations (five hypermarkets and three supermarkets) in Sofia, Plovdiv, Pleven, Varna, Burgas and Ruse.

In 2010, Carrefour and Marinopoulos Group, the largest group of retail in Greece, established a franchise company MSC Bulgaria to develop hypermarkets and supermarkets under the Carrefour banner within Southeastern Europe.

Macedonia

In October 2012, Carrefour opened its first store in Skopje. The store is part of a brand new shopping mall (City Mall) that opened the same day in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia. And by the end of summer 2014 planes to open the second store in Tetovo, a city located not too far from Skopje. Carrefour closed it supermarket and hypermarket because of debt

Portugal

In Portugal, Carrefour retail sold their stake in Continente Modelo to Sonae for €345 million on 16 November 2004.[25]

In 2008, Carrefour sold its Portuguese retail ventures existing under the Carrefour ensign to Sonae.

Romania

Carrefour is a top retailer in Romania.[26]

Spain

Spain is the 2nd most important market for Carrefour after France. Carrefour has actually 173 hypermarkets in Spain and there are more hypermarkets under construction or planned.[27]

United Kingdom

Carrefour opened the first of several hypermarkets in the UK in the 1970s and kept them open until the 1980s. The Dee Corporation bought the stores, which went on trading as Carrefour before becoming branches of the now-defunct Gateway supermarket chain, with some becoming branches of Asda - one such was the Merry Hill branch near Dudley, West Midlands, which opened on 1 July 1986 but became a Gateway branch in 1988 and an Asda in 1990.[28]

Since July 2011, online supermarket Ocado has sold a range of Carrefour's products in the UK.[29]

Africa

Kenya

Set to open in October 2015 in Kenya, East Africa's largest economy, is Two Rivers Mall. It will be the largest mall in East and central Africa with Carrefour as its anchor tenant.[30]

Egypt

Carrefour (Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [kɑɾˈfuːɾ]) has 17 outlets under franchise in Egypt, which are often situated in shopping malls and frequented by the Egyptian upper class. The location in Alexandria was severely looted during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Another 8 outlets or more are coming in 2012/2013. Opened Hyper Markets: (Maadi City Center, Dadny Mega Mall, Sun City Mall, Obour Golf City Mall, Alex City Center, Cairo Festival City, Sky Plaza (El-Shorouk City)). Opened Express Markets: (Maadi, Tiba Mall, Sharm-El-Sheik, Green Plaza Mall, Down Town Mall). Coming Hyper Markets: (Alex West, Capital Mall). Coming Express Markets: (Royal Plaza Mall, Dolphin Mall, Zezenya Mall, Alsaraya Mall).

Morocco

Carrefour has 10 hypermarkets in Morocco, with the most being located in and around the Casablanca metropolitan area. Carrefour Maroc is a partner of Label'vie, a Moroccan supermarket chain. All the Label'Vie stores are transformed into Carrefour Markets. There are 30 of them widely spread around the kingdom. Carrefour is still expanding its presence in Morocco by opening more supermarkets and hypermarkets to face the settled competition like the Moroccan hypermarket chain Marjane.

South America

Brazil

Carrefour in Brazil was founded in 1975 and today it is one of the three major super markets chains of Brazil in competition with Wal-Mart, Groupe Casino and others and now sell more than 25 million products per year.

Previous operations

In 2006, Carrefour sold all 16 stores in Korea to E-Land and exited Korea. In the same year it also sold all 11 Czech stores to Tesco in exchange for 6 stores and two shopping centers in Taiwan, plus €57.5 million. In 2010, Carrefour announced a decision to leave Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. In November 2010, Carrefour sold its Thailand operations and kept its Malaysian and Singaporean stores. Carrefour had already exited Singapore's market since 30 September 2012.[31] On 31 October 2012, Aeon Co. Ltd bought over Carrefour Malaysia and its subsidiaries for €147 million and being rebranded as Aeon Big.[32] All former Carrefour stores in Malaysia are rebranded as AEON BIG, and will be run as a separate brand from the existing AEON stores in the country.[33] All stores have fully completed the process of rebranding.

Stores per region

Carrefour around the world.
  Current locations
  To be closed
  Former locations

Asia

Country First store Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters Cash & Carry
China 1995 231 – – –
Bahrain 2008 1 – – –
Japan 2000 7 – – –
Jordan 2006 3 14 – –
Kuwait 2007 1 – – –
Lebanon 2013 1 – – –
Oman 2000 5 – – –
Pakistan 2009 2 – –
Indonesia 1998 88 - - -
Iran 2009 3 2 – –
Iraq 2012 2 1 – –
Qatar 2000 3 1 – –
Saudi Arabia 2004 11 4 – –
Syria 2009 1 – – –
Taiwan 1989 69 – – –
United Arab Emirates[34] 1995 19 28 – –

Africa

Country First store Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters Cash & Carry
Egypt 2002 10 26 – –
Morocco 2000 10 30 – –
Tunisia 2001 1 69* – 1

Carrefour has left Algeria in 2009, and opened in Morocco.
*37 Carrefour Market and 32 Carrefour Express, which are smaller supermarkets.[35]

Europe

Country First store Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters Convenience Stores Cash & Carry
Albania 2011 2 15 – – –
Armenia 2015 1 – – – –
Belgium 1969 45 370 – 225 –
Bulgaria 2009 5 3 – – –
Cyprus 2006 7 8 – – –
France 1960 221 1,021 897 3,245 134
Georgia 2012 2 3 – – –
Greece 1991 28 210 397 216 1
Italy 1993 45 485 – 1,015 20
Macedonia 2012 1 1 – – –
Monaco – – 1[36] – – –
Poland 1997 84 277 – 5 –
Portugal 1991 – – 365 – –
Romania 2001 25 77 – –
Spain 1973 173 162 - 122 114
Slovakia 2000 5 0 0
Slovenia 1998 15 12 6 198 2
Turkey 1993 73 99 519 – –
Carrefour has 173 hypermarkets in Spain, the second most important country of the Carrefour group.

On 15 October 2009, Carrefour announced plans to sell its Russian business, citing "absence of sufficient organic growth and acquisition opportunities".[37]

Americas

Country First store Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters Convenience Stores Cash & Carry
Argentina 1982 59 103 395 – –
Brazil 1975 150 38 300 5 34
Colombia 1998 70 – – 24 4
Dominican Republic 2000 5 10 – 20 85

Store brands

8 à Huit store in Étretat
Hypermarkets

Carrefour, Atacadão, Hyperstar.

Supermarkets

Carrefour Bairro, Carrefour Market (Formerly Champion as of 2008), Champion Mapinomovaoe, Globi, Carrefour GB, GS, Carrefour Mini, Gima.

Hard discount stores

Ed.

Convenience stores

Carrefour Express, Carrefour City, Carrefour Contact, Carrefour Montagne, 5 minutes, 8 à Huit, Marché Plus, Proxi (supermarket), Sherpa, Dìperdì, Smile Market, Express, Shopi (supermarket).

Cash & Carry

Promocash, Docks Market, Gross IPer.

Carrefour City, Paris

Carrefour Foundation

The Carrefour Foundation (Fondation d'Enterprise Carrefour) is a philanthropic fund created by Carrefour in 2000 to support social welfare programmes 'linked to [its] core business as a retailer' in countries the company operates and in countries where its suppliers are located.[39]

Criticism and controversies

The Carrefour supermarket at Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia

On 1 May 2007, more than 30 employees of the now closed Carrefour Ratu Plaza, Jakarta, Indonesia, were taken to the Central Pertamina Hospital (Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina), after being affected by CO2. The hypermarket was located on the mall's basement, which offered insufficient ventilation.[40]

On 26 June 2007, the company was convicted in a French court for false advertising. The suit alleged that Carrefour regularly stocked insufficient quantities of advertised products for sale. In addition, the company was convicted of selling products below cost and accepting kickbacks from wholesalers. Carrefour was ordered to pay a fine of €2 million and to prominently and legibly display a notice in all of its French stores disclosing the false advertising.[41]

In Carrefour Mangga Dua Square, Jakarta, Indonesia, a 5-metre high metal rack fell on top of a 3-year-old boy, killing him almost instantly due to internal bleeding.[42] Afterwards, the victim's family claimed that Carrefour has refused to meet with them to settle the case.[43] However, Carrefour Corporate Affairs Officer denied this allegation[44]

Carrefour has also received criticism for engaging in sweatshop practices.[45]

On 7 May 2009, the French government asked a tribunal to fine Carrefour some €220,000 for more than 2,500 violations. Meat products lacked proper tracking information (more than 25% of inventory at some locations), and some products had incorrect labels – such as meat products that "shrank" in weight by 15% after receiving labels. The chain sold products that had long since passed their expiration dates, including, in one case, packs of baby formula that had expired six months earlier. Some 1,625 frozen and refrigerated products were found that had been stored in warehouses at ambient temperature.[46]

Boycott of supplies in China

A Carrefour outlet in Beijing, China, promotes the use of canvas bags as opposed to plastic bags prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics.

In April 2008, after the 2008 Olympic torch relay was disrupted by Tibetan independence advocates in London and especially Paris, where some protesters attempted to wrest control of the torch from torch bearers, Chinese activists have promoted boycotting Carrefour because of its French roots.[47] The boycott of Carrefour in particular was further fueled by unsubstantiated rumours that a major shareholder, Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton, had donated to the Dalai Lama. In its response, Carrefour China stated that it does support the Beijing Olympics; and that they will never do anything to harm the feelings of Chinese people.[48] Protests occurred in and around a number of Carrefour outlets throughout China, and anti-Carrefour advocates campaigned for a one-day boycott of Carrefour on May Day, a public holiday in China.

As a result of the boycott, Chinese search engines Baidu.com.cn and sina.com blocked access to Carrefour's website in China for a short time. Users searching Carrefour in China, were sent an error page indicating "The search result may contain illegal content, so we can not display the result." in Chinese.[49]

Building collapse at Savar

On 24 April 2013, the eight-story Rana Plaza commercial building collapsed in Savar, a sub-district near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured.[50] The factory housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, and a bank[51] and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group, Joe Fresh,[52] The Children's Place, Primark, Monsoon, and DressBarn.[53][54] Of the 29 brands identified as having sourced products from the Rana Plaza factories, only 9 attended meetings held in November 2013 to agree a proposal on compensation to the victims. Several companies refused to sign including Walmart, Carrefour, Bonmarché, Mango, Auchan and Kik. The agreement was signed by Primark, Loblaw, Bonmarche and El Corte Ingles.[55]

Slavery in Thailand

In 2014, the Guardian reported, that Carrefour is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. During 6 months the Guardian traced down the whole chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers. [56]

Former stores

Former Carrefour store at the rear side of Wisma Atria, Shibuya, Japan
Former Carrefour store in Bangkok, Thailand
Previous branch of Carrefour in Niterói, Brazil (will be replaced by an Atacadão branch)

Future stores

Fiji Island

Main article: Fiji

Summary: Future Carrefour stores in Fiji will change Fiji's style from having each of the human-deserted areas of the island to an area of the future Fiji city-state.

Myanmar

Main article: Myanmar

Summary: Once all Carrefour Myanmar stores are completed, future shoppers liking Carrefour will go there.

Nga Moe Yeik Branch

Store layout
Store
Name		 Wideness Maximum
Stock
Basement 2
Carrefour 45,920,000 sq ft (4.266×1010 cm2) 5,000,000,000,000 (5×1012)
Basement 1
Ajisen Ramen 320 sq ft (300,000 cm2) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (1021)
Carrefour 45,920,000 sq ft (4.266×1010 cm2) 5,000,000,000,000 (5×1012)
DKNY 577 sq ft (536,000 cm2) 5,000 (5×103)
KT Optic 1,000 sq ft (930,000 cm2) 100 (102)
Levels 1 and 2
Uniqlo 4,028,284,986,900 sq ft (3.7423992127×1015 cm2) 5,000,000 (106)
Shopping Space

All floors will have a very large space.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carrefour.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Annual Report 2011" (PDF). Carrefour Group. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  2. ↑ "Legal Infos." Carrefour. Retrieved on 3 May 2012. "This site is published by Carrefour, a limited company (société anonyme) capitalised at €1,698,340,000, headquartered at 33, avenue Emile Zola, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt,[...]"
  3. ↑ Potter, Mark (16 February 2011). "Tesco to outpace growth at global rivals – study". Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  4. ↑ "Global Powers of Retailing 2010" (PDF). Deloitte. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  5. ↑ "Legal infos." Carrefour. Retrieved on 14 February 2011. "This site is published by Carrefour, a limited company (société anonyme) capitalised at €1,762,256,790, headquartered at 26 quai Michelet, 92300 Levallois-Perret,[...]"
  6. ↑ Frankfurt Stock Exchange
  7. ↑ (French) Hugues Joublin, L'aventure du premier hyper, L'Expansion, 06/05/1993
  8. ↑ "Carrefour Fades (to Color) – Brand New". Underconsideration.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  9. ↑ "Brazil tycoon Diniz to raise Carrefour stake, eyes board seat" (Press release). Reuters. 9 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Mezinis, Damien. "Gecina : installe le siège social de Carrefour Management à Boulogne-Billancourt" (Archive). Boursier.com. Retrieved on 28 November 2014.
  11. ↑ "Mentions Légales." Carrefour. Retrieved on 15 February 2011. "Ce Site est édité par la société CARREFOUR HYPERMARCHES, Société par Actions Simplifiée au capital de 37 000 Euros dont le siège social se situe 1, rue Jean Mermoz – ZAE Saint Guénault – BP 75, 91002 Evry Cedex et immatriculée au Registre du Commerce et des Sociétés de Evry sous le numéro B 451 321 335.."
  12. ↑ Carrefour opens shop in Delhi's Shahadara. ‘’Domain-B’’. 31 December 2010
  13. ↑ "FDI in multi-brand retail comes into effect, India Inc euphoric". The Times Of India. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  14. ↑ "FDI: Hypermarket chains Wal-Mart, Tesco and Carrefour biggest beneficiaries of FDI in retail". 20 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  15. ↑ "Carrefour to exit India, shut five wholesale stores". TODAY. 8 July 2014.
  16. ↑ "به هايپر استار خوش آمديد". Hyperstariran.com. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  17. 1 2 Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "Per November, Alfamart Buka 858 Gerai". 13 December 2011.
  19. ↑ Whery Enggo Prayogi. "CT: Saya Beli Perusahaan Asing Dengan Duit Asing, Kini Jadi". Finance.detik.com. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  20. ↑ Whery Enggo Prayogi. "Chairul Tanjung Kuasai 100% Saham Carrefour Indonesia". Finance.detik.com. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  21. 1 2 "Company Overview of AEON Marche´ Co., Ltd." (Archive) Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 13 October 2013.
  22. ↑ Tanikawa, Miki. "French Supermarket Struggles to Fit In." The New York Times. 5 October 2001. Retrieved on 13 October 2013.
  23. ↑ "Termination of License Agreement between Carrefour and AEON." (Archive) Aeon. 15 January 2010. Retrieved on 13 October 2013.
  24. ↑ "Carrefoursa.com - En Hesaplı Sanal Market Alışverişi". Carrefour.com.tr. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  25. ↑ "Carrefour announces the divestment of its stake in Modelo Continente and the acquisition of 13 hypermarkets in Poland from Ahold." (PDF). Carrefour. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  26. ↑ "GfK: Kaufland, Carrefour si Lidl cei mai puternici retaileri din Romania" (in Romanian). Yahoo! Romania. 24 December 2013.
  27. ↑ http://www.carrefour.es/grupo-carrefour/
  28. ↑ "Another High Street Rebrand - Page 57 - Metropol". Metropol247.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  29. ↑ "The French connection: Ocado strikes deal to deliver groceries from across the Channel to UK customers". Daily Mail. UK. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  30. ↑ "Dubai group signs Runda mall lease - Corporate News". Businessdailyafrica.com. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  31. ↑ "Carrefour announces the disposal of its business in Thailand" (PDF). Carrefour. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  32. ↑ "Carrefour becomes Aeon Big". The Malay Mail. 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  33. ↑ "News". AEON BIG Malaysia. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  34. ↑ "Carrefour Branches in United Arab Emirates (UAE) – TEN Yellow Pages". Yp.theemiratesnetwork.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  35. ↑ "la grande distribution en Tunisie par". Carrefour Tunisie. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  36. ↑ "Carrefour Monaco". Carrefour.fr. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  37. ↑ "Resilient sales in a persistently changing environment" (PDF). Carrefour. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
  38. ↑ "Carrefour purchases Atacadão and becomes leader of the segment in Brazil – UOL (Portuguese)". Noticias.uol.com.br. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  39. ↑ Carrefour Foundation http://www.fondation-carrefour.org/content/our-missions, accessed 6 July 2015
  40. ↑ "Puluhan Karyawan Carrefour Ratu Plaza Keracunan CO2". detikNews. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  41. ↑ lefigaro.fr. "(French) Carrefour condamné pour publicité mensongère". Le Figaro (in French). France. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  42. ↑ "A 3-year old boy died when a metal rack fell onto him". Detiknews.com. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  43. ↑ "Victims Family is Refused to Meet Carrefour Officials". Detiknews.com. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  44. ↑ "Carrefour Officials deny refusing victim's family". Detiknews.com. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  45. ↑ Bangladesh – Carrefour has to do better Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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  52. ↑ 'Extreme Pricing' At What Cost? Retailer Joe Fresh Sends Reps To Bangladesh As Death Toll Rises – Forbes
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