Caroline Norton

Caroline Norton by Sir George Hayter in 1832

Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton (22 March 1808 – 15 June 1877) was an English feminist, social reformer, and author of the early and mid-nineteenth century.[1] Caroline left her husband in 1836, following which her husband sued her close friend Lord Melbourne, the then Whig Prime Minister, for criminal conversation. The jury threw out the claim, but Caroline was unable to obtain a divorce and was denied access to her three sons. Caroline's intense campaigning led to the passing of the Custody of Infants Act 1839, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 and the Married Women's Property Act 1870. Caroline modelled for the fresco of Justice in the House of Lords by Daniel Maclise, who chose her because she was seen by many as a famous victim of injustice.

Youth and marriage

Watercolour sketch of Caroline Norton by Emma Fergusson 1860, National Portrait Gallery of Scotland
Portrait engraving of Caroline Norton from the frontispiece of one of her books.

Caroline was born in London to Thomas Sheridan and the novelist Caroline Henrietta Callander.[2] Her father was an actor, soldier, and colonial administrator, and the son of the prominent Irish playwright and Whig statesman Richard Brinsley Sheridan.[3][4] Her mother was Scottish, the daughter of a landed gentleman, Col. Sir James Callander of Craigforth and Lady Elizabeth MacDonnell, the sister of an Irish peer, the 1st Marquess of Antrim.[5][6] Mrs. Sheridan authored three short novels described by one of her daughter's biographers as "rather stiff with the style of the eighteenth century, but none without a certain charm and wit..."[7]

In 1817, her father died in South Africa, where he was serving as the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope.[8] His family was left virtually penniless.[9] Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, an old friend of her grandfather's, arranged for Caroline's family to live at Hampton Court Palace in a "grace and favour" apartment, where they remained for several years.[7]

The combined beauty and accomplishments of the Sheridan sisters led to their being collectively referred to as the Three "Graces".[10] The eldest sister, Helen, was a songwriter who married Price Blackwood, the 4th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye. Through her, Caroline became the aunt of Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, who later served as the third Governor General of Canada and eighth Viceroy of India. Her younger sister, Georgiana, considered the prettiest of the three, later became the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset.

In 1827, Caroline married George Chapple Norton, barrister, M.P. for Guildford, and the younger brother of Lord Grantley.[1][11] Norton was a jealous and possessive husband, given to violent fits of drunkenness, and the union quickly proved unhappy due to his mental and physical abuse of Caroline.[3][12] To make matters worse, Norton was unsuccessful in his chosen career as a barrister, and the couple fought bitterly over money.[13]

During the early years of her marriage, Caroline used her beauty, wit, and political connections, to establish herself as a major society hostess.[4][13] Caroline's unorthodox behaviour and candid conversation raised more than a few eyebrows among 19th-century British high society; she made enemies and admirers in almost equal measure.[4] Among her friends she counted such literary and political luminaries as Samuel Rogers, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Trelawney, Abraham Hayward, Mary Shelley, Fanny Kemble, Benjamin Disraeli, the future King Leopold I of Belgium and William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire.[11][14][15]

In spite of his jealousy and pride, Norton encouraged his wife to use her connections to advance his career. It was entirely due to her influence that in 1831 he was made a Metropolitan Police Magistrate.[16] During these years, Caroline turned to prose and poetry as a means of releasing her inner emotions and earning money. Her first book, The Sorrows of Rosalie (1829), was well received.[11][17] The Undying One (1830), a romance founded upon the legend of the Wandering Jew soon followed.[18]

Separation and Melbourne scandal

In 1836, Caroline left her husband.[1][19] Caroline managed to subsist on her earnings as an author, but Norton claimed these as his own, arguing successfully in court that, as her husband, Caroline's earnings were legally his.[1][20] Paid nothing by her husband, her earnings confiscated, Caroline used the law to her own advantage.[21] Running up bills in her husband's name, Caroline told the creditors when they came to collect, that if they wished to be paid, they could sue her husband.[21]

Not long after their separation, Norton abducted their sons, hiding them with relatives in Scotland and later in Yorkshire, refusing to tell Caroline anything of their whereabouts.[12][22][23][24] Norton accused Caroline of being involved in an ongoing affair with her close friend, Lord Melbourne, the then Whig Prime Minister.[12][19] Initially, Norton demanded £10,000 from Melbourne, but Melbourne refused to be blackmailed, and Norton instead took the Prime Minister to court.[1][4]

Lord Melbourne wrote in a letter to Lord Holland that, "The fact is he (Norton) is a stupid brute, and she had not temper nor dissimulation enough to enable her to manage him."[19] Despite this admission, hoping to avert an even worse scandal, he pleaded with Caroline to return to Norton, insisting that "a woman should never part from her husband whilst she can remain with him."[19] Lord Melbourne relented a few days later, stating that he understood her decision to leave:

"This conduct upon his part seems perfectly unaccountable...You know that I have always counselled you to bear everything and remain to the last. I thought it for the best. I am afraid it is no longer possible. Open breaches of this kind are always to be lamented, but you have the consolation that you have done your utmost to stave this extremity off as long as possible."[25]

The trial lasted nine days, and in the end the jury threw out Norton's claim, siding with Lord Melbourne.[26] However, the resulting publicity almost brought down the government.[27] The scandal eventually died away, but not before Caroline's reputation was ruined and her friendship with Lord Melbourne destroyed.[28][29] Norton continued to prevent Caroline from seeing her three sons, and blocked her from receiving a divorce.[1] According to English law in 1836, children were the legal property of their father, and there was little Caroline could do to regain custody.[20]

Political activity

Caroline Norton, detail of a portrait by Frank Stone, circa 1845

Caroline was soon faced with an additional tragedy; the death of her youngest son, William, in 1842.[16][30] The child, out riding alone, suffered a fall from his horse and was injured.[12] According to Caroline, the child’s wounds were minor; however, they were not properly attended and blood-poisoning set in.[30] Norton, realising that the child was near death, sent for Caroline. Unfortunately, William died before she arrived in Scotland.[16][31] Caroline blamed Norton for the child's death, accusing him of neglect.[16] After William's death, Norton allowed Caroline to visit their sons, but he retained full custody, and all of her visits were supervised.[12]

Due to her dismal domestic situation, Caroline became passionately involved in the passage of laws promoting social justice, especially those granting rights to married and divorced women.[1][3][20][23] Her poems "A Voice from the Factories" (1836) and "The Child of the Islands" (1845) centred around her political views.

When Parliament debated the subject of divorce reform in 1855, Caroline submitted to the members a detailed account of her own marriage, and described the difficulties faced by women as the result of existing laws: "An English wife may not leave her husband's house. Not only can he sue her for restitution of "conjugal rights," but he has a right to enter the house of any friend or relation with whom she may take refuge...and carry her away by force...

If her husband take proceedings for a divorce, she is not, in the first instance, allowed to defend herself...She is not represented by attorney, nor permitted to be considered a party to the suit between him and her supposed lover, for "damages."

If an English wife be guilty of infidelity, her husband can divorce her so as to marry again; but she cannot divorce the husband, a vinculo, however profligate he may be....

Those dear children, the loss of whose pattering steps and sweet occasional voices made the silence of [my] new home intolerable as the anguish of death...what I suffered respecting those children, God knows ... under the evil law which suffered any man, for vengeance or for interest, to take baby children from the mother.[22][32]

Primarily because of Caroline's intense campaigning,[33] Parliament passed the Custody of Infants Act 1839, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 and the Married Women's Property Act 1870.[22][23] Her most recent biographer Diane Atkinson notes that unlike in 1839 and 1857 Caroline played no part in the campaigning for the 1870 Act.[34] Under the Custody of Children Act legally separated or divorced wives, provided they had not been found guilty of criminal conversation, were granted the right to custody of their children up to the age of seven, and periodic access thereafter. The Act applied in England, Wales and Ireland only. While Caroline could have hoped for custody of her youngest son, and access to her older sons who were seven and ten when the Act was passed into law, her husband insisted that her sons stay in Scotland. The Act gave married women, for the first time, a right to their children. However, because women needed to petition in the Court of Chancery, in practice few women had the financial means to petition for their rights.[35] The Matrimonial Causes Act reformed the law on divorce, amongst others making divorce more affordable, and established a model of marriage based on contract. The Married Women's Property Act 1870 allowed married women to inherit property and take court action on their own behalf. The Act granted married women in the UK, for the first time, a separate legal identity from their husband.[20][36]

In 1849 Daniel Maclise finished his fresco of Justice in the House of Lords, for which Norton had modelled. He chose her because she was seen by many as a famous victim of injustice.[37] Caroline's old friend, Lord Melbourne, opposed the reforms she fought for.[38] He was scolded for his opposition by Queen Victoria; the Queen wrote that he defended his actions, stating: "I don't think you should give a woman too much right...there should not be two conflicting powers...a man ought to have the right in a family."[38]

While Caroline fought to extend women's legal rights, she wasn't involved in further social activism, and had no interest in the 19th-century women's movement with regard to issues such as women's suffrage.[39] In fact, in an article published in The Times in 1838, countering a claim that she was a "radical", Caroline stated: "The natural position of woman is inferiority to man. Amen! That is a thing of God's appointing, not of man's devising. I believe it sincerely, as part of my religion. I never pretended to the wild and ridiculous doctrine of equality."[40]

Later life

Caroline is said to have had a five-year affair with prominent Conservative politician Sidney Herbert in the early 1840s; however, Herbert married another woman in 1846.[41] In middle age, she befriended the author George Meredith.[42] She served as the inspiration for Diana Warwick, the intelligent, fiery-tempered heroine of Meredith's novel Diana of the Crossways, published in 1885.[41] Caroline finally became free with the death of George Norton in 1875. She married an old friend, Scottish historical writer and politician Sir W. Stirling Maxwell in March 1877. Caroline died in London three months later.[43][44][45]

Family and descendants

Her eldest son, Fletcher Norton, died of tuberculosis in Paris at the age of thirty. Caroline was devastated by the loss.[46] In 1854, her remaining son, Thomas Brinsley Norton, married a young Italian, Maria Chiara Elisa Federigo, whom he met in Naples.[47] Thomas also suffered from poor health, and spent much of his life as an invalid, reliant upon his mother for financial assistance.[47] Despite his ill health, he lived long enough to succeed his uncle as 4th Baron Grantley of Markenfield.[43]

Lord Grantley also predeceased his mother, dying in 1877. His son, John, inherited the title and estates.[48] The 5th Lord Grantley was a numismatist, and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Royal Numismatic Society and the British Numismatic Society. He assembled a large collection of coins and also grew orchids. He caused a scandal in 1879, when he ran off with another man's wife, the former Katharine McVickar, daughter of a wealthy American stockbroker.[49] The jilted husband was the 5th Lord Grantley's older cousin, Major Charles Grantley Campbell Norton.[50] Katharine's marriage to Charles was annulled, and they were married that November, five days before the birth of their first child.[51] Despite her scandalous introduction to British society, Katharine went on to become a successful London hostess.[52]

Work

Political pamphlets

Poetry collections

Novels

Plays

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Perkin pp. 26–28
  2. ↑ Perkins, pp. 1–2, 5
  3. 1 2 3 Strauss, p. 141
  4. 1 2 3 4 Mitchell, pp. 219–221
  5. ↑ Perkins, p. 1
  6. ↑ Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume I, page 177.
  7. 1 2 Perkins, pp. 5–6
  8. ↑ Perkins, pp. 2–3
  9. ↑ Perkins, p. 4
  10. ↑ Kemble, p. 173
  11. 1 2 3 Scott-Kilvert, p. 614
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Caine, p. 67
  13. 1 2 Woodham-Smith, p. 220
  14. ↑ Perkin, p. 85
  15. ↑ Perkins, pp. 19, 26, 48, 84, 178
  16. 1 2 3 4 Woodham-Smith, pp. 220–221
  17. ↑ Perkins, p. 21
  18. ↑ Perkins, pp. 23–24
  19. 1 2 3 4 Mitchell, pp. 221–223
  20. 1 2 3 4 Yalom, p. 186
  21. 1 2 Perkin, pp. 28, 72–73
  22. 1 2 3 Stone, p. 178
  23. 1 2 3 Kertzer, pp. 125–126
  24. ↑ Perkin, pp. 26–28, 96
  25. ↑ Perkins, pp. 83–84
  26. ↑ Mitchell, pp. 223–224
  27. ↑ Mitchell, pp. 221–224, 226, 228
  28. ↑ Mitchell, pp. 223–224, 226, 228
  29. ↑ Caine, p. 68
  30. 1 2 Perkins, p. 166
  31. ↑ Perkins, p. 167
  32. ↑ Yalom, pp. 186–187
  33. ↑ Wroath, John (1998). Until They Are Seven, The Origins of Women's Legal Rights. Waterside Press. ISBN 1 872 870 57 0.
  34. ↑ Atkinson, p. 415
  35. ↑ Atkinson, Diane (2012). The Criminal Conversation of Mrs Norton. Random House. p. 274. ISBN 9781848093010.
  36. ↑ Perkin, p. 27
  37. ↑ Abstract of: Dolin, K. THE TRANSFIGURATIONS OF CAROLINE NORTON; Victorian Literature and Culture (2002), 30 : pp 503-527
  38. 1 2 Mitchell, p. 226
  39. ↑ Caine, pp. 57, 66, 68
  40. ↑ Stone, p. 263
  41. 1 2 Woodham-Smith, p. 221
  42. ↑ Mitchell, p. 220
  43. 1 2 Barron, p. 5
  44. ↑ Perkins, p. 296
  45. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  46. ↑ Perkins, p. 265
  47. 1 2 Perkins, p. 253
  48. ↑ MacColl pp. 239 and 342
  49. ↑ MacColl, pp. 239–240, 342
  50. ↑ MacColl, p. 239
  51. ↑ MacColl, p. 342
  52. ↑ MacColl, p. 240

References

External links

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