Désiré-Joseph Mercier
| His Eminence Désiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier | |
|---|---|
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Cardinal, Archbishop of Mechelen Primate of Belgium | |
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| See | Mechelen |
| Installed | 7 February 1906 – 23 January 1926 |
| Predecessor | Pierre-Lambert Goosens |
| Successor | Jozef-Ernest van Roey |
| Other posts | Previously Professor |
| Orders | |
| Created Cardinal | 1907 |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
21 November 1851 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium |
| Died |
23 January 1926 (aged 74) Brussels, Belgium |
| Coat of arms |
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Désiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier (21 November 1851 – 23 January 1926) was a Belgian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a noted scholar. A Thomist scholar, he had several of his works translated into other European languages. He was known for his book, Les origines de la psychologie contemporaine (1897). His scholarship gained him recognition from the Pope and he was appointed as Archbishop of Mechelen, serving from 1906 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1907.
Mercier is noted for his staunch resistance to the German occupation of 1914–1918 during the Great War.
| Styles of Désiré-Joseph Mercier | |
|---|---|
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| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Mechelen |
After the invasion, he distributed a strong pastoral letter, Patriotism and Endurance, to be read in all his churches, urging the people to keep up their spirits. He served as a model of resistance.
Biography
Early life and ordination
Désiré Mercier was born at the château du Castegier in Braine-l'Alleud, as the fifth of the seven children of Paul-Léon Mercier and his wife Anne-Marie Barbe Croquet. He entered the minor seminary at Mechelen in 1861 to prepare for the church. He attended Mechelen's Grand Seminary from 1870 to 1874.
Mercier received the clerical tonsure in 1871, and temporarily served as dean of the seminary. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Giacomo Cattani, the nuncio to Belgium, on 4 April 1874. Mercier continued with graduate studies, obtaining his licentiate in theology (1877) and doctorate in philosophy from the University of Louvain. He also took courses in psychology in Paris.
Three of Mercier's sisters also joined the Church and became nuns. His brother Léon became a physician.[1]
Family members and Native American connection
One of Mercier's maternal uncles was the Reverend Fr. Adrien Croquet. In the 1860s Fr. Croquet became a missionary to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation in western Oregon near the Pacific coast, where his surname was anglicized to Crockett. In the 1870s, a Mercier cousin, Joseph Mercier, joined their uncle Fr. Croquet in Oregon. He married a woman of one of the Native American tribes resident there. Today, several thousand descendants of Joseph and his wife are members of the tribe.[2]
Thomist scholarship
In 1877 Mercier began teaching philosophy at Mechelen's minor seminary, of which he also became spiritual director. His comprehensive knowledge of Saint Thomas Aquinas earned him the newly erected chair of Thomism at Louvain's Catholic university in 1882.
It was in this post, which he retained until 1905, that he forged a lifelong friendship with Dom Columba Marmion, an Irish Thomist. Raised to the rank of Monsignor on 6 May 1887, Mercier founded the Higher Institute of Philosophy at the Louvain University in 1899, which was to be a beacon of Neo-Thomist philosophy.
He founded in 1894 and edited until 1906 the Revue Néoscholastique, and wrote in a scholastic manner on metaphysics, philosophy, and psychology. Several of his works were translated into English, German, Italian, Polish, and Spanish. His most important book was Les origines de la psychologie contemporaine (1897).
His reputation within his field gained the recognition of Pope Pius X, and Mercier was appointed as Archbishop of Mechelen and Primate of Belgium on 7 February 1906.
Bishop and Cardinal
He received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 March from Archbishop Antonio Vico, and took as his episcopal motto: Apostolus Jesu Christi. Mercier was created Cardinal Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli by Pope St. Pius X in the consistory of 15 April 1907.
Pope Benedict XV sent his portrait and a letter of whole-hearted support to Mercier in 1916, and at one point told him "You saved the Church!"
He was also one of the cardinal electors in the 1922 papal conclave, which selected Pope Pius XI.
Final years and death
Mercier suffered from persistent dyspepsia. In early January 1926 he underwent surgery for a lesion of the stomach.[3] During surgery, the anaesthetized Cardinal held a conversation with his surgeon.[3]
In his final days, Mercier was visited by King Albert and Queen Elisabeth, Lord Halifax, and family members. He entered a deep coma around 2:00 p.m. on 23 January and died an hour later, at age 74.[4] The Cardinal was buried at St. Rumbolds Cathedral.
The Cardinal harbored great devotion to the Sacred Heart.[5]
Views
Inter-Belgian relations
Mercier is known for favoring French speakers and opposing the use of Dutch (the language spoken by about 60% of the Belgian population). In a conversation with a Flemish priest, he said, "Moi je suis d'une race destinée à dominer et vous d'une race destinée a servir" (English: "I belong to a race destined to dominate and you belong to a race destined to serve").[6]
Church and Science
Mercier recognized the mathematical talent of Georges Lemaître as a young seminarian, and urged him to study Einstein's theories of relativity. Lemaître became an early expert in general relativity as it applied to cosmological questions. He went on to propose an expanding model of the universe, based on both Einstein's and de Sitter's models. Abbé Georges Lemaître developed his Primeval Atom hypothesis, together with researchers of the University of Louvain, and Gamow, Alpher and Herman into the better known Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe.
World War I German Occupation
In 1914 the German army attempted a surprise invasion of France by invading neutral Belgium. Mercier had to leave his see on 20 August of that same year to attend the funeral of the late Pius X, and participate in the following conclave to elect a new pope.
Returning from the conclave Mercier passed through the Port of Le Havre, where he visited wounded Belgian, French and British troops. Once back in his archdiocese, he found the Mechelen Cathedral to have been partially destroyed. In the Imperial German atrocities that ensued in the Rape of Belgium, thirteen of the priests in Mercier's diocese were killed, not to mention many civilians, by Christmas 1914.
Mercier distributed a pastoral letter, Patriotism and Endurance, to be read aloud in all Belgian churches in January 1915. The pastoral letter had to be distributed by hand as the Germans had cut off the postal service. Mercier's passionate, unflinching words were taken to heart by the suffering Belgians. He embodied Belgian resistance to the occupying power. He sometimes became a focus of Allied propaganda during the War. He was kept under house arrest by the Germans, and many priests who had read the letter aloud in public were arrested as well.
Ecumenism
Following World War I, Mercier undertook an excursion to raise funds to rebuild and stock a new library of the University of Leuven. The original library had been burned by the Germans in the war. In his travels to raise funds, Mercier visited New York City for his first and only time.
From 1921 to 1926 he held regular conversations with Anglican theologians, notably Edward, Lord Irwin (later the ecumenical pioneer Lord Halifax), foreshadowing the Church's future dialogue with the Anglicans. Anglicanism, Mercier believed, must be "united, not absorbed".[7]
Notes
- ↑ Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. MERCIER, Desiré
- ↑ Fr. Cawley Martinus, Father Crockett of Grand Ronde: Adrien-Joseph Croquet, 1818–1902, Oregon Missionary, 1860–1898
- 1 2 TIME Magazine. Mercier 11 January 1926
- ↑ TIME Magazine. In Belgium 1 February 1926
- ↑ TIME Magazine. Homage 16 June 1924
- ↑ Het Vlaamse Kruis
- ↑ "A Pope on British Soil", TIME magazine, 7 June 1982
References
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "article name needed". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Further reading
- Schaepdrijver, Sophie de. 1999. De groote oorlog : het koninkrijk België tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. 7th ed. Amsterdam: Olympus.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Désiré-Joseph Mercier. |
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
- Catholic-Hierarchy
- Full text of his pastoral letter "Patriotism and Endurance"
- F. Mayence (1922). "Mercier, Désiré". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Pierre-Lambert Goosens |
Archbishop of Mechelen 1906–1926 |
Succeeded by Jozef-Ernest van Roey |
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