Cap Gris Nez

Cap Gris Nez seen from Spot Satellite

Cape Gris Nez

Cap Gris Nez (literally "cape grey nose"; see § Etymology) is a cape on the Côte d'Opale in the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France.

It is between Wissant and Audresselles, in the commune of Audinghen.

The cliffs of the cape are the closest point of France to England – 34 km (21 mi) from their English counterparts at Dover. Smothered in sea pinks and thrift, the cliffs are a perfect vantage point to see hundreds of ships, from oil tankers to little fishing trawlers, plying the waters below. On a clear day, the emblematic white cliffs of Dover on the English shore can be seen.

Etymology

Grisnez means literally "grey nose" in English. It derives from colloquial Dutch Grizenesse "grey cape"; officially the Dutch name was Swartenesse "black cape" to set it apart from the Blankenesse "white cape" (Cap Blanc Nez) to the north. The element -nesse is cognate to English -ness, denoting "headland", as in for example Sheerness.

Geology

The cliffs of Cap Gris Nez are made of sandstone, clay and chalk. They are mainly grey which gives the cape its name. It is also a good place to collect fossils, which are mainly from the Jurassic period. One can find bivalves, gastropods and wood. In the sandstone layers with small pebbles, one can find teeth of fish and reptiles. Sometimes larger ammonites are found in the sandstones.^[1]

History

The proximity of the cape to England led to the frequent destruction of the nearby village of Audinghen in wars between England and France. On the top of the cliff are the ruins of an English fortress, built by Henry VIII at the beginning of the 16th century. The English called the fort 'Blackness', a translation of the Dutch name Swartenisse.^[2] Napoleon stopped at the cape on 1 July 1803 whilst making an inspection of the coast around Boulogne-sur-Mer and of his invasion troops. He then envisioned setting up a cross-Channel optical telegraph, with a semaphore on the cape. The first semaphore of this line was installed on the cape in 1805, without waiting for the planned French invasion of England. On 18 July 1805, a memorable naval battle took place off the cape. A British flotilla with strong numerical superiority pursued Dutch ships that were following the coast and trying to get back into harbour of Ambleteuse. Expecting an attack of this type, Napoleon had stationed a battery of 300 guns on the cape, and a barrage from this force obliged the British vessels to withdraw.

Commandant Ducuing and his men died on May 25, 1940 while defending the semaphore, and a commemorative stela was later placed on the cape to commemorate this sacrifice. During the Second World War, the Germans built a blockhouse inside the Tudor ruins. The locality has a cluster of World War II bunkers, part of the Atlantic Wall intended to rebuff the anticipated allied invasion. There are heavy artillery sites - Batterie Grosser Kurfürst, formerly with three 170 millimetre guns and Todt Battery, with four 380 mm guns. These covered the approaches to both Calais and Boulogne and they were protected by massive concrete blockhouses and other lesser defensive sites. One of the Todt Battery blockhouses now houses the Atlantic Wall Museum.

On the afternoon of December 23, 1940, the German fortifications at Cap Gris Nez were visited by Adolf Hitler.^[3]

The area was liberated by units of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September 1944.

Sunset at Cape Gris Nez

The cylindrical concrete lighthouse at Cap Gris Nez dates from 1958. It is 31 metres (102 feet) high, and replaces an earlier structure destroyed in 1944.

See also

• Itius Portus
• Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War

References

• Media related to Cap Gris-Nez at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 50°52′15″N 1°35′01″E / 50.87083°N 1.58361°E / 50.87083; 1.58361