Cantonese opera

Cantonese opera
Traditional Chinese 1. 粵劇
2. 大戲

The Cantonese opera (Chinese: 粵劇), is one of the major categories in Chinese opera, originating in southern China's Guangdong Province. It is popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau and among the Chinese community in Southeast Asia. Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics, and acting.

History

There is a debate about the origins of Cantonese opera, but it is generally accepted that opera was brought from the northern part of China and slowly migrated to the southern province of Guangdong in late 13th century, during the late Southern Song dynasty. In the 12th century, there was a theatrical form called the Nanxi or "Southern drama", which was performed in public theatres of Hangzhou, then capital of the Southern Song. With the invasion of the Mongol army, Emperor Gong of the Song dynasty fled with hundreds of thousands of Song people into Guangdong in 1276. Among them were Nanxi performers from Zhejiang, who brought Nanxi into Guangdong and helped develop the opera traditions in the south.

Many well-known operas performed today, such as The Purple Hairpin and Rejuvenation of the Red Plum Flower, originated in the Yuan Dynasty, with the lyrics and scripts in Cantonese. Until the 20th century all the female roles were performed by males.

Development in Hong Kong

Beginning in the 1950s massive waves of immigrants fled Shanghai to destinations like North Point.[1] Their arrival boosted the Cantonese opera fan-base significantly. However, a decreased number of Cantonese opera troupes are left to preserve the art in Hong Kong today. As a result, many stages that were dedicated to the Cantonese genre are closing down. Hong Kong's Sunbeam Theatre is one of last facilities that is still standing to exhibit Cantonese opera.

To intensify education in Cantonese opera, the Cantonese Artists Association of Hong Kong started to run an evening part-time certificate course in Cantonese opera training with assistance from The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts in 1998. In 1999, the Association and the Academy further conducted a two-year daytime diploma programme in performing arts in Cantonese opera in order to train professional actors and actresses. Aiming at further raising the students' level, the Association and the Academy launched an advanced course in Cantonese opera in the next academic year.

In recent years, the Hong Kong Arts Development Council has given grants to Love and Faith Cantonese Opera Laboratory to conduct Cantonese opera classes for children and youths. The Leisure and Cultural Services Department has also funded the International Association of Theatre Critics (Hong Kong Branch) to implement the "Cultural Envoy Scheme for Cantonese Opera" for promoting traditional Chinese productions in the community.

Characteristics

Cantonese opera shares many common characteristics with other Chinese theatre genres. Commentators often take pride in the idea that all Chinese theatre styles are similar but with minor variations on the pan-Chinese music-theatre tradition and the basic features or principles are consistent from one local performance form to another. Thus, music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting are all featured in Cantonese opera. Most of the plots are based on Chinese history and famous Chinese classics and myths. Also, the culture and philosophies of the Chinese people can be seen in the plays. Virtues (like loyalty, love, patriotism and faithfulness) are often reflected by the operas.

Some particular features of Cantonese opera are:

  1. Cing sik sing (程式性; Jyutping: cing4 sik1 sing3) - formulaic, formalised.
  2. Heoi ji sing (虛擬性; Jyutping: heoi1 ji5 sing3) - abstraction of reality, distancing from reality.
  3. Sin ming sing (鮮明性; Jyutping: sin1 ming4 sing3) - clear-cut, distinct, unambiguous, well-defined.
  4. Zung hap ngai seot jing sik (綜合藝術形式; Jyutping: zung3 hap6 ngai6 seot6 jing4 sik1) - a composite or synthetic art form.
  5. Sei gung ng faat (四功五法; Pinyin: sì gōng wǔ fǎ, Jyutping: sei3 gung1 ng5 faat3) - the four skills and the five methods.

The four skills and five methods are a simple codification of training areas that theatre performers must master and a metaphor for the most well-rounded and thoroughly-trained performers. The four skills apply to the whole spectrum of vocal and dramatic training: singing, acting/movements, speech delivery, and martial/gymnastic skills; while the five methods are categories of techniques associated with specific body parts: hands, eyes, body, hair, and feet/walking techniques.

Significance

Before widespread formal education, Cantonese opera taught morals and messages to its audiences rather than being solely entertainment. The government used theatre to promote the idea of be loyal to the emperor and love the country (忠君愛國). Thus, the government examined the theatre frequently and would ban any theatre if a harmful message was conveyed or considered.

Performers and Roles

Types of play

There are two types of Cantonese opera plays: Mou (武, "martial arts") and Man (文, "highly educated", esp. in poetry and culture). Mou plays emphasize war, the characters usually being generals or warriors. These works contain action scenes and involve a lot of weaponry and armour. Man plays tend to be gentler and more elegant. Scholars are the main characters in these plays. Water sleeves (see Frequently Used Terms) are used extensively in man plays to produce movements reflecting the elegance and tenderness of the characters; all female characters wear them. In man plays, characters put a lot of effort into creating distinctive facial expressions and gestures to express their underlying emotions.

Roles

There are four types of roles: Sang, Daan, Zing, and Cau.

Sang (生)

These are male roles in Cantonese opera. As in other Chinese operas, there are different types of male roles, such as:

Daan (旦)

These are female roles in Cantonese opera. The different forms of female characters are:

Zing (淨)

These characters are known for painted-faces. They are often male characters such as heroes, generals, villains, gods, or demons. Painted-faces are usually:

Some characters with painted-faces are:

Cau (丑)

This is known for clown figures in Cantonese opera. Some examples are:

Major Career Artists

Major Cantonese Opera (Stage) Career Artists[2] include:

English Name Chinese
Bak Sheut Sin 白雪仙
Wong Chin Sui 黃千歲
Man Chin Sui 文千歲
Mak Bing-wing 麥炳榮
Yuen Siu Fai 阮兆輝[3]
Yan Fei Yin 尹飛燕[4]
Ng May Ying 吴美英[5][6]
Nan Feng 南凤[7]
Sun Ma Sze Tsang 新馬師曾
Kwan Tak Hing 關德興
Luo Pinchao 羅品超
Chan Kam-Tong 陳錦棠(武狀元)
Law Kar-ying 羅家英[8]
Leung Hon-wai 梁漢威
Kwan Hoi-san 關海山
Yam Bing-Yee 任冰兒(二幫王)
Lee Heung-kam 李香琴
Lam Kar Sing 林家聲(薛腔)
Ho Fei Fan 何非凡(凡腔)
Tang Pik-wan 鄧碧雲(萬能旦后)
Leung Sing Bor 梁醒波(丑生王)
Lang Chi Bak 靚次伯(武生王)
Tam Lan-Hing 譚蘭卿(丑旦)
Au Yeung Kim 歐陽儉

The Female Leads (文武全才旦后):

Actress Name Chinese
Fung Wong Leui 鳳凰女
Law Yim-Hing 羅艷卿
Yu Lai Zhen 余麗珍
Ng Kwun-Lai 吳君麗
Chan Ho-Kau 陳好逑
Chan Yim Nung 陳艷儂

Four Great Male Vocals (平喉四大天王):

Actress Name Chinese
Tsuih Lau Seen 徐柳仙(仙腔)
Siu Meng Sing 小明星(星腔)
Cheung Yuet Yee 張月兒
Cheung Waih Fong 張惠芳

Four Super Stars (四大天王):

Actor Name Chinese
Sit Gok Sin 薛覺先(薛腔)
Ma Sze Tsang 馬師曾
Kwai Ming Yeung 桂名揚[9]
Bak Yuk Tong 白玉堂

Four Super Clowns (Cau) (四大名丑):

Actor Name Chinese
Boon Yat On 半日安
Lee Hoi-Chuen 李海泉
Liu Hap Wai 廖俠懷
Ye Funuo 葉弗弱

Famous Female Vocal Styles (著名旦腔):

Actress Name Chinese
Sheung Hoi-Mui 上海妹(妹腔)
Hung Sin Nui 紅線女(紅腔)
Fong Yin Fun 芳艷芬(芳腔)
Lee Bo-Ying 李寶瑩(芳腔)

The Male Leads (著名女文武生[10]):

Actress Name Chinese
Yam Kim Fai 任劍輝(任腔)
Loong Kin Sang 龍劍笙(任腔)
Koi Ming Fai 蓋鳴暉
Lau Wai Ming 劉惠鳴 [11]
Fong Yeem Fun performing outside the realm of Cantonese opera in 1953

Visual Elements

Makeup

A female general

Applying makeup for Cantonese opera is a long and specialized process. One of the most common styles is the "white and red face": an application of white foundation and a red color around the eyes that fades down to the bottom of cheeks. The eyebrows are black and sometimes elongated. Usually, female characters have thinner eyebrows than males. There is black makeup around the eyes with a shape similar to the eyes of a Chinese phoenix (鳳眼; fung6 ngaan5). Lipstick is usually bright red (口唇膏; hau2 seon4 gou1).

Actors are given temporary facelifts by holding the skin up with a ribbon on the back of the head. This lifts the corners of the eyes, producing an authoritative look.

Each role has its own style of make-up: the clown has a large white spot in the middle of his face, for example. A sick character has a thin red line pointing upwards in between his eyebrows. Aggressive and frustrated character roles often have an arrow shape fading into the forehead in between the eyebrows (英雄脂; jing1 hung4 zi1).

Strong male characters wear "open face" (開面; hoi1 min4) makeup. Each character's makeup has its own distinct characteristics, with symbolic patterns and coloration.

Costumes

An exhibition displaying opera costumes

Costumes correspond to the theme of the play and indicate the character of each role.

As mentioned above, each type of play is associated with particular costumes. The water sleeves of man (文) plays can be attached to the waist or the sides of the breast areas. Costumes can be single or double breasted.

Costumes also indicate the status of the character. Lower-status characters, such as females, wear less elaborate dresses, while those of higher rank have more decorative costumes.

Major Career Artists (大老倌) listed above, playing the six main characters (generic combination of 2 Sang, 2 Daan, Zing, and Cau), are always supposed to pay for their own costumes.

Overtime, they build a fortune ($millions) by spending most of their income on good quality, such as Sequin (珠片), costumes for each and every performance.

Their collections, measured in number of Chest (furniture) , of such costumes, the quantity, reflect their status as professional performers (大老倌).

Those chests are only sold when they retire or passed for free onto appointed successors. To career artists, Sequin (珠片) costumes are essential for, the main source of income, their commercial, festive performances at various Bamboo Theatres or Opera met goddelijke krachten (神功戲)[12] for decades in Hong Kong. These costumes passed from generation to generation of, famous and successful, career performers (大老倌) are priceless, according to some art collectors.

In 1973, Yam Kim Fai gave Loong Kin Sang, her protégé, the complete set of Sequin (珠片) costumes needed for career debut leading her own commercial performance at Chinese New Year Bamboo Theatre.[13][14]

For those not to be used anymore, antiques as well as those of famous artists, Lam Kar Sing[15] and Ng Kwun-Lai,[16] are also on loan or donation to the Hong Kong Heritage Museum regularly.

Hairstyle, hats, and helmets

A Cantonese opera exhibit at the Hong Kong Museum of History, 2008.

Hats and helmets signify social status, age and capability: scholars and officials wear black hats with wings on either side; generals wear helmets with pheasants' tail feathers; soldiers wear ordinary hats, and kings wear crowns. Queens or princesses have jeweled helmets. If a hat or helmet is removed, this indicates the character is exhausted, frustrated, or ready to surrender.

Hairstyles can express a character's emotions: warriors express their sadness at losing a battle by swinging their ponytails. For the female roles, buns indicated a maiden, while a married woman has a 'dai tau' (低頭).

In the Three Kingdoms legends, Zhao Yun and especially Lü Bu are very frequently depicted wearing helmets with pheasants' tail feathers; this originates with Cantonese opera, not with the military costumes of their era, although it's a convention that was in place by the Qing Dynasty or earlier.

Aural Elements

Speech types

Commentators draw an essential distinction between sung and spoken text, although the boundary is a troublesome one. Speech-types are of a wide variety: one is nearly identical to standard conversational Cantonese, while another is a very smooth and refined delivery of a passage of poetry; some have one form or another of instrumental accompaniment while others have none; and some serve fairly specific functions, while others are more widely adaptable to variety of dramatic needs.

Cantonese opera uses Mandarin or Guān Huà (官話; Cantonese: Gun1 Waa6/2) when actors are involved with government, monarchy, or military. It also obscures words that are taboo or profane from the audience. The actor may choose to speak any dialect of Mandarin, but the ancient Zhōngzhōu (中州; Cantonese: Zung1 Zau1) variant is mainly used in Cantonese opera. Zhōngzhōu is located in the modern-day Hénán (河南) province where it is considered the "cradle of Chinese civilization" and near the Yellow River or Huáng Hé (黃河). Guān Huà retains many of the initial sounds of many modern Mandarin dialects, but uses initials and codas from Middle Chinese. For example, the words 張 and 將 are both pronounced as /tsœːŋ˥˥/ (jyutping: zœng1) in Modern Cantonese, but will respectively be spoken as /tʂɑŋ˥˥/ (pinyin: zhāng) and /tɕiɑŋ˥˥/ (pinyin: jiāng) in operatic Guān Huà. Furthermore, the word 金 is pronounced as /kɐm˥˥/ (jyutping: gam1) in modern Cantonese and /tɕin˥˥/ (pinyin: jīn) in standard Mandarin, but operatic Guān Huà will use /kim˥˥/ (pinyin: gīm). However, actors tend to use Cantonese sounds when speaking Mandarin. For instance, the command for “to leave” is 下去 and is articulated as /saː˨˨ tsʰɵy˧˧/ in operatic Guān Huà compared to /haː˨˨ hɵy˧˧ / (jyutping: haa6 heoi3) in modern Cantonese and /ɕi̯ɑ˥˩ tɕʰy˩/ (pinyin: xià qu) in standard Mandarin.

Music
Recognize Mutually (帝女花 之 認相)
There are actually two female singers with Yam Kim Fai and Bak Sheut Sin in this sample. Yam Kim Fai is using her trademark indistinguishable male voice behind the Cantonese opera disguise. Only traditional Chinese instruments are used.
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Cantonese opera pieces are classified either as "theatrical" or "singing stage" (歌壇). The theatrical style of music is further classified into western music (西樂) and Chinese music (中樂). While the "singing stage" style is always Western music, the theatrical style can be Chinese or western music. The "four great male vocals" (四大平喉) were all actresses and notable exponents of the "singing stage" style in the early 20th century.

The western music in Cantonese opera is accompanied by strings, woodwinds, brass plus electrified instruments. Lyrics are written to fit the play's melodies, although one song can contain multiple melodies, performers being able to add their own elements. Whether a song is well performed depends on the performers' own emotional involvement and ability.

Musical instruments

Bāngzi (梆子) is one of the main instruments used in Cantonese opera

Cantonese instrumental music was called ching yam before the People's Republic was established in 1949. Cantonese instrumental tunes have been used in Cantonese opera, either as incidental instrumental music or as fixed tunes to which new texts were composed, since the 1930s.

The use of instruments in Cantonese opera is influenced by both western and eastern cultures. The reason for this is that Canton was one of the earliest places in China to establish trade relationships with the western civilizations. In addition, Hong Kong was under heavy western influence when it was a British colony. These factors contributed to the observed western elements in Cantonese opera.

For instance, the use of erhu (two string bowed fiddle), saxophones, guitars and the congas have demonstrated how diversified the musical instruments in Cantonese operas are.

The musical instruments are mainly divided into melodic and percussive types.

Traditional musical instruments used in Cantonese opera include wind, strings and percussion. The winds and strings encompass erhu, gaohu, yehu, yangqin, pipa, dizi, and houguan, while the percussion comprises many different drums and cymbals. The percussion controls the overall rhythm and pace of the music, while the gaohu leads the orchestra. A more martial style features the use of the suona.

The instrumental ensemble of Cantonese opera is composed of two sections: the melody section and the percussion section. The percussion section has its own vast body of musical materials, generally called lo gu dim (鑼鼓點) or simply lo gu (鑼鼓). These 'percussion patterns' serve a variety of specific functions.

To see the pictures and listen to the sounds of the instruments, visit and .

Frequently used terms

These are attached to the helmet in mou (武) plays, and are used to express the character's skills and expressions. They are worn by both male and female characters.
These are long flowing sleeves that can be flicked and waved like water, used to facilitate emotive gestures and expressive effects by both males and females in man (文) plays.
Hand and finger movements reflect the music as well as the action of the play. Females hold their hands in the elegant "lotus" form (荷花手; Cantonese: Ho4 Faa1 Sau2).
A basic feature of Cantonese opera, the walking movement is one of the most difficult to master. Females take very small steps and lift the body to give a detached feel. Male actors take larger steps, which implies travelling great distances. The actors glide across the stage while the upper body is not moving.
These are black boots with high white soles worn by males, which can impede walking.
This is a movement in which two performers move in a cross-over fashion to opposite sides of the stage.
In this movement, two performers walk in a circle facing each other and then go back to their original positions.
These are the basic movements of the hands and arms. This is the MOST important basic movement in ALL Chinese Operas. ALL other movements and skills are based on this form.
This is a gliding effect used in walking.
Most common in mou (武) plays, the actor stamps before walking.
A crescent kick.
A circular swinging of the ponytail, expressing extreme sadness and frustration.
A flower-shaped decoration worn on the chest. A red flower on the male signifies that he is engaged.
Performers swing a whip and walk to imitate riding a horse.
Literally, master, this is a term for experienced performers and teachers.

Reception

Admiration for Cantonese opera has been minimal outside the Chinese community, and even in Hong Kong the popularity has been declining in the past several decades. Most audiences now restricted to the older generation.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wordie, Jason (2002). Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-209-563-1.
  2. ↑ 王勝泉, 張文珊(2011)編，香港當代粵劇人名錄，中大音樂系 The Chinese University Press ISBN 978-988-19881-1-9
  3. ↑ Artistic Director：Yuen Siu-fai
  4. ↑ Artistic Director：Wan Fai-yin
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ [ https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100003314793077 ]
  7. ↑ Rehearsal of “Red Silk Shoes and The Murder” (16.1.2016)
  8. ↑ Artistic Director：Law Ka-ying
  9. ↑ Yam Kim Fai is one of the more famous exponent of Kwai Ming Yeung style of acting and vocal (腔). Movie The Red Robe(1965) demonstrates ‘masculine’ traits of Yam style(任腔).
  10. ↑ CANTONESE OPERA YOUNG TALENT SHOWCASE - Artists Only about 15 in male costumes are lead actors. Actresses dominate as a result of the Yam-Loong Effect for over five decades. Both Koi Ming Fai and Lau Wai Ming were not old enough to be in the audience for Yam's final performance on stage in 1969.
  11. ↑ Wikipedia Chinese-劉惠鳴
  12. ↑ 2010 to 2015 Time table of Chinese Artist Association of Hong Kong 香港八和會館 神功戲台期表
  13. ↑ Maybe The Cantonese Opera Diva January 01, 2016 Australia
  14. ↑ 舞台下的龍劍笙 November 14, 2015 Hong Kong
  15. ↑ Virtuosity and Innovation - The Masterful Legacy of Lam Kar Sing 20 July 2011 - 14 May 2012
  16. ↑ A Synthesis of Lyrical Excellence and Martial Agility - The Stage Art of Ng Kwan Lai 22 December 2004 - 15 September 2005

External links

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