Caning of Charles Sumner

Representative Preston Brooks (left) brutally beat Senator Charles Sumner after Sumner gave an impassioned anti-slavery speech.

On May 22, 1856, in the United States Congress, Representative Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner with a walking cane in retaliation for a speech given by Sumner two days earlier. The beating nearly killed Sumner and it drew a sharply polarized response from the American public on the subject of the expansion of slavery in the United States. It has been considered symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse"[1] that eventually led to the American Civil War.

Background

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In 1856, during the "Bleeding Kansas" crisis, Sumner denounced the Kansas–Nebraska Act in his "Crime against Kansas" speech, delivered on May 19 and May 20. The long speech argued for the immediate admission of Kansas as a free state and went on to denounce the "Slave Power"—the political arm of the slave owners:

"Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of slavery in the National Government."[2]

Sumner then attacked the authors of the Act, Senators Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Andrew Butler of South Carolina, saying,

"The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight—I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator."

In addition Sumner mocked Butler's speaking ability, which had been impeded by a recent stroke:

[He] "touches nothing which he does not disfigure with error, sometimes of principle, sometimes of fact. He cannot open his mouth, but out there flies a blunder."[3]

According to Manisha Sinha (2003), Sumner had been ridiculed and insulted by both Douglas and Butler for his opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas Nebraska Act earlier, with Butler crudely race baiting Sumner by making sexual allusions to black women, like many slaveholders who accused abolitionists of promoting interracial marriage.[4]

According to Hoffer (2010), "It is also important to note the sexual imagery that recurred throughout the oration, which was neither accidental nor without precedent. Abolitionists routinely accused slaveholders of maintaining slavery so that they could engage in forcible sexual relations with their slaves."[5] Douglas said during the speech that "this damn fool is going to get himself killed by some other damn fool."[6]

Representative Preston Brooks, Butler's cousin, was infuriated. He later said that he intended to challenge Sumner to a duel, and consulted with fellow South Carolina Representative Laurence M. Keitt on dueling etiquette. Keitt told him that dueling was for gentlemen of equal social standing, and that Sumner was no better than a drunkard, due to the supposedly coarse language he had used during his speech. Brooks said that he concluded that since Sumner was no gentleman, it would be more appropriate to beat Sumner with a cane.[7]

The day of the attack

Congressman Laurence Keitt advised Brooks and was with him when he assaulted Sumner.

Two days later, on the afternoon of May 22, Brooks entered the Senate chamber with Keitt and another ally, Congressman Henry A. Edmundson. They waited for the galleries to clear, especially concerned that there be no ladies present to witness what Brooks intended to do.[8] He confronted Sumner as he sat writing at his desk in the almost empty Senate chamber. "Mr. Sumner, I have read your speech twice over carefully. It is a libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine," Brooks calmly announced in a low voice. As Sumner began to stand up, Brooks beat Sumner severely on the head before he could reach his feet, using a thick gutta-percha cane with a gold head. The force of the blows so shocked Sumner that he lost his sight immediately. "I no longer saw my assailant, nor any other person or object in the room. What I did afterwards was done almost unconsciously, acting under the instincts of self-defense," he recalled later.[9]

Congressman Henry A. Edmundson also advised Brooks and was with him during the assault on Sumner.
Lithograph of Preston Brooks' 1856 attack on Sumner; the artist depicts the faceless assailant bludgeoning the learned martyr

Sumner was knocked down and trapped under the heavy desk, which was bolted to the floor. His chair, which was pulled up to his desk, moved back and forth on a track; Sumner either could not or did not think to slide his chair back to escape, so it pinned him under his desk. Brooks continued to strike Sumner until Sumner rose to his feet and ripped the desk from the floor in an effort to get away from Brooks.[10] By this time, Sumner was blinded by his own blood. He staggered up the aisle and, arms outstretched, vainly attempted to defend himself. But then he was an even larger and easier target for Brooks, who continued to beat him across the head, face, and shoulders "to the full extent of [my] power." Brooks didn't stop when his cane snapped; he continued thrashing Sumner with the piece which held the gold head. Sumner stumbled and reeled convulsively, "Oh Lord," he gasped "Oh! Oh!" Near the end of the attack, Sumner collapsed unconscious, although shortly before he succumbed he "bellowed like a calf" according to Brooks. Brooks grabbed the falling Sumner, held him up by the lapel with one hand, and continued to lash out at him with the cane in the other.[11][12] Several other Senators and Representatives attempted to help Sumner, but were blocked by Edmundson, who yelled at the spectators to leave Brooks and Sumner alone,[13] and Keitt, who brandished his own cane and a pistol, and shouted, "Let them be!" and "Let them alone, God damn you, let them alone!"[14][15][16]

Senator John J. Crittenden attempted to intervene, and pleaded with Brooks not to kill Sumner. Senator Robert Toombs then interceded for Crittenden, telling Keitt not to attack someone who was not a party to the dispute, though Toombs also indicated later that he had no issue with Brooks beating Sumner, and in fact approved of it.[17]

Representative Ambrose S. Murray and Senator Edwin D. Morgan were finally able to intervene and restrain Brooks, at which point he quietly left the chamber.[18] Murray obtained the aid of a Senate page and the Sergeant at Arms, Dunning R. McNair.[19] As Sumner regained consciousness they were able to assist him to walk to a cloakroom.[20] Sumner received medical attention, including several stitches.[21] With the aid of Nathaniel P. Banks, the Speaker of the House, and Senator Henry Wilson, Sumner was able to travel by carriage to his lodgings, where he received further medical treatment.[22]

Brooks also required medical attention before leaving the Capitol; he had hit himself above his right eye with one of his backswings.[23]

The cane Brooks used was broken into several pieces, which he left on the blood soaked floor of the Senate chamber. Some, including the cane's gold head, were recovered by Edmundson, who gave the portion with the head to Adam John Glossbrenner, the House Sergeant at Arms.[24][25] This portion of the cane was worked to smooth the edges and finish, and eventually ended up at the Old State House Museum in Boston, where it is on display.[26] Southern lawmakers made rings out of the other pieces Edmundson recovered from the Senate floor, which they wore on neck chains to show their solidarity with Brooks, who boasted "[The pieces of my cane] are begged for as sacred relics." [27]

Aftermath

The walking cane used to attack Charles Sumner on exhibit at the Old State House in Boston.

The episode revealed the polarization in America, as Sumner became a martyr in the North and Brooks a hero in the South. Northerners were outraged. The Cincinnati Gazette said, "The South cannot tolerate free speech anywhere, and would stifle it in Washington with the bludgeon and the bowie-knife, as they are now trying to stifle it in Kansas by massacre, rapine, and murder."[28] William Cullen Bryant of the New York Evening Post, asked, "Has it come to this, that we must speak with bated breath in the presence of our Southern masters?... Are we to be chastised as they chastise their slaves? Are we too, slaves, slaves for life, a target for their brutal blows, when we do not comport ourselves to please them?"[29] Thousands attended rallies in support of Sumner in Boston, Albany, Cleveland, Detroit, New Haven, New York, and Providence. More than a million copies of Sumner's speech were distributed. Two weeks after the caning, Ralph Waldo Emerson described the divide the incident represented: "I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state. I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom."[30]

Conversely, Brooks was praised by Southern newspapers. The Richmond Enquirer editorialized that Sumner should be caned "every morning", praising the attack as "good in conception, better in execution, and best of all in consequences" and denounced "these vulgar abolitionists in the Senate" who "have been suffered to run too long without collars. They must be lashed into submission." Southerners sent Brooks hundreds of new canes in endorsement of his assault. One was inscribed "Hit him again."

Representative Anson Burlingame publicly humiliated Brooks by goading him into challenging Burlingame to a duel, only to set conditions designed to intimidate Brooks into backing down. (As the challenged party, Burlingame, who was a crack shot, had the choice of weapons and dueling ground. He selected rifles on the Canada side of Niagara Falls, where U.S. anti-dueling laws would not apply. Brooks withdrew his challenge, claiming that he did not want to expose himself to the risk of violence by traveling through northern states to get to Niagara Falls.)[31]

Brooks also threatened Senator Henry Wilson, Sumner's colleague from Massachusetts. Wilson called the beating by Brooks "brutal, murderous, and cowardly," and in response Brooks challenged Wilson to a duel.[32] Wilson declined, saying that he could not legally or by personal conviction participate, and calling dueling "the lingering relic of a barbarous civilization."[33] In reference to a rumor that Brooks might attack him in the Senate, Wilson told the press "I have sought no controversy, and I seek none, but I shall go where duty requires, uninfluenced by threats of any kind."[34] Wilson continued to perform his Senate duties, and Brooks did not make good on his threat.

Historian William Gienapp has concluded that Brooks' "assault was of critical importance in transforming the struggling Republican party into a major political force."[35]

Sumner suffered head trauma that caused him chronic pain and symptoms consistent with what is now called traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, and spent three years convalescing before returning to his Senate seat. He suffered chronic pain and debilitation for the rest of his life.[36]

Brooks claimed that he had not intended to kill Sumner, or else he would have used a different weapon.[37] In a speech to the House defending his actions, Brooks stated that that he "meant no disrespect to the Senate of the United States" or the House by his attack on Sumner.[38] He was tried in a District of Columbia court, convicted for assault, and fined $300 ($7,900 in today's dollars), but received no prison sentence.[39] A motion to expel Brooks from the House failed, but he resigned on July 15 in order to permit his constituents to ratify or condemn his conduct via a special election.[40] They approved; Brooks was quickly returned to office in the August 1 special election,[41] and then re-elected to a new term of office later in 1856,[42] but he died before the new term began.[43]

Keitt, who facilitated Brooks' attack, was censured by the House.[44] He resigned in protest, but his constituents ratified his conduct by overwhelmingly reelecting him to his seat within a month.[45] In 1858, he attempted to choke Representative Galusha Grow of Pennsylvania (Republican) for calling him a "negro driver".[46]

An effort to censure Edmundson failed to obtain a majority of votes in the House.[47]

During the 1856 lame duck session of Congress, Brooks made a speech calling for the admission of Kansas "even with a constitution rejecting slavery". His conciliatory tone impressed Northerners and disappointed slavery's supporters.[48]

References

  1. ↑ "The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner". United States Senate. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  2. ↑ Michael William Pfau, "Time, Tropes, and Textuality: Reading Republicanism in Charles Sumner's 'Crime Against Kansas'", Rhetoric & Public Affairs vol 6 #3 (2003) 385–413, quote on p. 393 online in Project MUSE
  3. ↑ Hendrix, Pat (2006). Murder and Mayhem in the Holy City. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-59629-162-1.
  4. ↑ Manisha Sinha, "The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, race and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War," Journal of the Early Republic 23 (Summer 2003): 233–262.
  5. ↑ William James Hoffer, The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War (2010) p. 62
  6. ↑ Walther, Eric H. (2004). The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s. Lanham, MD: SR Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8420-2799-1.
  7. ↑ Daigh, Michael (2015). John Brown in Memory and Myth. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7864-9617-4.
  8. ↑ Walther, Eric H. (2004). The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. ISBN 0-8420-2799-8.
  9. ↑ Green, Michael S. (2010). Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-313-08174-3.
  10. ↑ Thoreau, Henry David, author; Hyde, Lewis, editor (2002). The Essays of Henry D. Thoreau: Selected and Edited by Lewis Hyde. New York, NY: North Point Press. p. xliii. ISBN 978-0-86547-585-4.
  11. ↑ Puleo, Stephen (2013). The Caning: The Assault That Drove America to Civil War. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-59416-187-2.
  12. ↑ Civil War Times Illustrated, Volume 11. Harrisburg, PA: Historical Times Incorporated. 1972. p. 37.
  13. ↑ Walther, Eric H. (2004). The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 99.
  14. ↑ Green, Michael S. (2010). Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-275-99095-4.
  15. ↑ Kagan, Neil (2006). Eyewitness to the Civil War: The Complete History from Secession to Reconstruction. Washington, DC: National Geographic. p. 21. ISBN 978-0792262060.
  16. ↑ Shelden, Rachel A. (2013). Washington Brotherhood: Politics, Social Life, and the Coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4696-1085-6.
  17. ↑ Scroggins, Mark (2011). Robert Toombs: The Civil Wars of a United States Senator and Confederate General. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7864-6363-3.
  18. ↑ Devens, R. M. (1882). "Assault on the Hon. Charles Sumner, by Hon. Preston S. Brooks". American Progress (Chicago, IL: Hugh Herron): 438.
  19. ↑ Campbell, L. D. (June 2, 1856). U.S. House of Representatives Report 182, 34th Congress, 1st Session: Select Committee Report, Alleged Assault upon Senator Sumner. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 64–65.
  20. ↑ Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8018-9468-8.
  21. ↑ Langguth, A. J. (2014). After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4516-1732-0.
  22. ↑ Phelps, Charles A. (1872). Life and Public Services of Ulysses S. Grant. New York, NY: Lee and Shepard. p. 362.
  23. ↑ Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-8018-9468-8.
  24. ↑ Dickey, J.D. (2014). Empire of Mud: The Secret History of Washington, DC. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7627-8701-2.
  25. ↑ Rives, John C. (June 2, 1856). The Congressional Globe. Washington, DC: John C. Rives. p. 1362.
  26. ↑ "#7 Raising Cane". Military History in 100 Objects – A Farewell to Arms (and Legs). MHN: Military History Now. May 5, 2015.
  27. ↑ Puleo, 102, 114-115
  28. ↑ James M. McPherson (2003). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
  29. ↑ William E. Gienapp (1988). The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856. Oxford University Press. p. 359.
  30. ↑ Puleo, 36-7
  31. ↑ Hollister, Ovando James (1886). Life of Schuyler Colfax. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 98.
  32. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography IV. New York, NY: James T. White & Company. 1895. p. 14.
  33. ↑ Boller, Paul F. (2004). Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-516715-3.
  34. ↑ "Senator Wilson and Mr. Brooks". Daily Courier (Louisville, KY). June 4, 1856. p. 3. (subscription required (help)).
  35. ↑ William E. Gienapp, "The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party", Civil War History, 25 25 (1979): 218-45
  36. ↑ Mitchell, Thomas G. Anti-slavery politics in antebellum and Civil War America (2007) p. 95
  37. ↑ Brewster, Todd (2014). Lincoln's Gamble. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-4516-9386-7.
  38. ↑ Lossing, Benson J.; Wilson, Woodrow (1905). Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909 1. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. p. 409.
  39. ↑ Hoffer, p. 83
  40. ↑ Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John (1898). Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography. V, Pickering-Sumter. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company. p. 747.
  41. ↑ Amar, Akhil Reed (2006). America's Constitution: A Biography. New York, NY: Random House. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-8129-7272-6.
  42. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C. (2015). American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 382. ISBN 978-1-59884-528-0.
  43. ↑ A Biographical Congressional Directory. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1913. p. 502.
  44. ↑ Ilisevich, Robert D. (1988). Galusha A. Grow: The People’s Candidate. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8229-3606-0.
  45. ↑ Draper, Robert (2012). Do Not Ask What Good We Do: Inside the U.S. House of Representatives. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4516-4208-7.
  46. ↑ Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Volume 7. Topeka, KS: W. Y. Morgan. 1902. p. 424.
  47. ↑ Sumner, Charles (1873). The Works of Charles Sumner, Volume IV. Boston, MA: Lee & Shepard. p. 266.
  48. ↑ Puleo, p. 204

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