Candidatus

In bacterial nomenclature, Candidatus (Latin for candidate of Roman office, named after the white gown worn by Roman senators) is a component of the taxonomic name for a bacterium that cannot be maintained in a bacteriology culture collection. It is an interim taxonomic status for yet-to-be-cultured organisms. An example would be "Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". This can be abbreviated to "Ca. Phytoplasma allocasuarinae".[1] Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well characterized but yet-uncultured. With today's technology much information is obtained by 16S ribosomal RNA or even near-complete genomes with modern metagenomics techniques.[2]

History

For valid publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection. However, some bacteria require special culture conditions and cannot be maintained in such collections. These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge. In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note in which they recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain putative taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon. It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology - IJSB (now International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology).

The taxonomic note proposing the establishment of the provisional status Candidatus for incompletely described prokaryotes was published in the January 1995 issue of the IJSB.[3][4][5] According to this note, the category Candidatus should be used for describing prokaryotic entities for which more than a DNA sequence is available but for which characteristics required for description according to the Bacteriological Code are lacking. In addition to genomic information such as sequences, all information, including structural, metabolic, and reproductive features, should be included in the description.

Newly proposed culturable bacteria must be deposited in at least two publicly accessible culture collections in different countries.[6]

Usage

According to the "Ad Hoc Committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology", microbiologists are encouraged to use the Candidatus concept for well characterised but as-yet uncultured organisms.

The names included in this category are usually written as: Candidatus (in italics), the subsequent name(s) in Roman type (with an initial capital letter for the genus name) and the entire name in quotation marks. For example, "Candidatus Phytoplasma", "Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae".

See also

References

  1. ↑ IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team--Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group (2004). "'Candidatus Phytoplasma', a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 (4): 1243–1255. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02854-0. PMID 15280299.
  2. ↑ Bryant, D. A.; Costas, A. M. G.; Maresca, J. A.; Chew, A. G. M.; Klatt, C. G.; Bateson, M. M.; Tallon, L. J.; Hostetler, J.; Nelson, W. C.; Heidelberg, J. F.; Ward, D. M. (2007). "Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum: An Aerobic Phototrophic Acidobacterium". Science 317 (5837): 523–526. doi:10.1126/science.1143236. PMID 17656724.
  3. ↑ Murray, R. G. E.; Schleifer, K. H. (1994). "Taxonomic Notes: A Proposal for Recording the Properties of Putative Taxa of Procaryotes". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44 (1): 174–6. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-1-174. PMID 8123559.
  4. ↑ Murray, R. G. E.; Stackebrandt, E. (1995). "Taxonomic Note: Implementation of the Provisional Status Candidatus for Incompletely Described Procaryotes". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 45 (1): 186–187. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-1-186. PMID 7857801.
  5. ↑ Frederiksen, W. (1995). "Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology: Minutes of the Meetings, 2 and 6 July 1994, Prague, Czech Republic". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 45: 195–196. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-1-195.
  6. ↑ Euzéby, J. P.; Tindall, B. J.; International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (2004). "Status of strains that contravene Rules 27(3) and 30 of the Bacteriological Code. Request for an opinion". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 (Pt 1): 293–301. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03022-0. PMID 14742499.
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