Postal codes in Canada

A Canadian postal code is a six-character string that forms part of a postal address in Canada.^[1] Like Irish, British and Dutch postcodes, Canada's postal codes are alphanumeric. They are in the format A1A 1A1, where A is a letter and 1 is a digit, with a space separating the third and fourth characters. As of January 2014, there are 845,990 postal codes ^[2] using Forward Sortation Areas from A0A in Newfoundland to Y1A in Yukon. As of September 2014, there were 855,815 postal codes.^[3]

Canada Post provides a free postal code look-up tool on its website,^[4] via its mobile application,^[5] and sells hard-copy directories and CD-ROMs. Many vendors also sell validation tools, which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes. Hard-copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices, and some libraries.

The postal code follows the abbreviation for the province or territory.

History

City postal zones

Numbered postal zones were first used in Toronto in 1925^[6] and arrived in other Canadian cities by the 1940s. Mail to a Toronto address in zone 5 would be addressed in this format:

Firstname Lastname

9999 Streetname Avenue

Toronto 5, Ontario

As of 1943, the City of Toronto was divided into 14 zones, numbered from 1 to 15, except that 7 and 11 were unused, and there was a 2B zone.^[7]

In the late 1960s, the Post Office began implementing a three-digit zone number scheme in major cities to replace existing one- and two-digit zone numbers.^[8] For example, zones numbered from 100 to 799 were assigned throughout Metropolitan Toronto, with a goal of sorting mail addresses into smaller districts. Toronto's renumbering took effect 1 May 1969, accompanied by an advertising campaign under the slogan "Your number is up".^[9] The system was introduced during 1968 in Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Montreal, and Windsor. Besides Toronto, the system was to have expanded in 1969 to London, Ottawa, Quebec City, and Vancouver.^[9]

With impending plans for a national postal code system, Postmaster General Eric Kierans announced that the Post Office would begin cancelling the new three-digit city zone system. Companies changed their mail addressing at their own expense, only to find the new zoning would prove to be short-lived.^[10]

Planning

As the largest Canadian cities were growing in the 1950s and 1960s, the volumes of mail passing through the country's postal system also grew, reaching billions by the 1950s, and tens of billions by the mid-1960s. Consequently, it was becoming progressively more difficult for employees who handsorted mail to memorize and keep track of all the individual letter-carrier routes within each city. New technology that allowed mail to be delivered faster also contributed to the pressure for these employees to properly sort the mail. Canada was one of the last Western countries to get a nationwide postal code system.^[11] A report tabled in the House of Commons in 1969 dealt with the expected impact of "environmental change" on the Post Office operations over the following 25 years. A key recommendation was the "establishment of a task force to determine the nature of the automation and mechanization the Post Office should adopt, which might include design of a postal code".^[12][13]

Implementation

In February 1970, Communications Minister Eric Kierans announced that a six-character postal code would be introduced, beginning with a test in the City of Ottawa on 1 April 1971 led by John E.J. Carisse, Canada's first Postal Code Officer.^[14] Coding of Ottawa was followed by a provincial-level rollout of the system in Manitoba, and the system was gradually implemented in the rest of the country from 1972 to 1974.^[13] The rollout was marked by a large advertising campaign, costing approximately C$545,000.^[15]

The introduction of such a code system allowed Canada Post to speed up easily, as well as simplify, the flow of mail in the country. However, when the automated sorting system was initially conceived, the Canadian Union of Postal Workers and other relevant unions objected to it, mainly because the wages of those who ran the new automated machines were much lower than those who had hand-sorted mail. The unions ended up staging job action and public information campaigns, with the message that they did not want people and business to use postal codes on their mail. 20 March 1974 was declared "boycott the postal code day" and the union promised that letters without postal codes would be given preferential service.^[16] Eventually the unions started being compensated once the automated system was put into use and eventually generating significant revenue for Canada Post. The boycott was called off in February 1976.^[17]

One 1975 Toronto ad generated controversy by showing a man writing a postal code on the bottom of a thonged woman with the ditty We're not 'stringing' you along/Use postal codes—you'll 'thing our 'thong'/Don't be cheeky—you've all got 'em/Please include them on the bottom. The ad ran only once before being accused of sexism by NDP MP John Rodriguez. Postmaster General Bryce Mackasey later apologized for it.^[18]

Components of a postal code

Forward sortation areas

A forward sortation area (FSA) is a geographical region in which all postal codes start with the same three characters.^[19] The first letter of an FSA code denotes a particular "postal district", which, outside of Quebec and Ontario, corresponds to an entire province or territory. Owing to Quebec's and Ontario's large populations, those two provinces have three and five postal districts respectively, and each has at least one urban area so populous that it has a dedicated postal district ("H" for the Montréal region, and "M" for Toronto). On the other hand, the low populations in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories (NWT) mean that even after Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories and became its own territory in 1999, they continue to share a postal district. The digit specifies if the FSA is urban or rural. A zero indicates a wide-area rural region, while all other digits indicate urban areas. The second letter represents a specific rural region, an entire medium-sized city, or a section of a major metropolitan area.

Map of Canadian postal districts

A

B

C

E

G

H

J

K

L

M

N

P

R

S

T

V

X

Y

A directory of FSAs is provided, divided into separate articles by postal district. Individual FSA lists are in a tabular format, with the numbers (known as zones) going across the table and the second letter going down the table. The FSA lists specify all communities covered by each rural FSA. Medium-sized cities may have one dedicated FSA, while larger cities have more than one FSA within their limits. For FSAs spanning more than one city, the city which is allocated the most codes in each such FSA is listed. For cities with a small number of FSAs (but more than one), the lists specify the relative location of each FSA in those cities. For cities with a large number of FSAs, applicable neighbourhoods and boroughs are specified.

Local delivery units

The last three characters denote a local delivery unit (LDU).^[1] An LDU denotes a specific single address or range of addresses, which can correspond to an entire small town, a significant part of a medium-sized town, a single side of a city block in larger cities, a single large building or a portion of a very large one, a single (large) institution such as a university or a hospital, or a business that receives large volumes of mail on a regular basis. LDUs ending in zero correspond to postal facilities, from post offices and small franchised retail postal outlets all the way up to sortation plants. In urban areas, LDUs may be specific postal carriers' routes. In rural areas where direct door-to-door delivery is not available, an LDU can describe a set of post office boxes or a rural route. LDU 9Z9 is used exclusively for Business Reply Mail. In rural FSAs, the first two characters are usually assigned in alphanumerical order by the name of each community.

LDU 9Z0 refers to large regional distribution centre facilities, and is also used as a placeholder, appearing in some regional postmarks such as the "K0H 9Z0" which formerly appeared on purely local mail within the Kingston, Ontario area.

Number of possible postal codes

Postal codes do not include the letters D, F, I, O, Q or U, and the first position also does not make use of the letters W or Z. This means the maximum number of FSAs available is 3,600. With 2,000 possible LDUs in each FSA, there is a theoretical limit of 7.2 million postal codes. The practical limit is a bit lower, as Canada Post reserves some FSAs for special functions, such as for test or promotional purposes, (e.g. the H0H 0H0 for Santa Claus, see below) as well as for sorting mail bound for destinations outside Canada. The current Statistics Canada estimate of over 830,000 active postal codes^[20] represents about 12% of the entire postal code "space", leaving more than ample room for expansion.

Urbanization

Urbanization is the name Canada Post uses to refer to the process where it replaces a rural postal code (a code with a zero as its second character) with urban postal codes.^[21] The vacated rural postal code can then be assigned to another community or retired. Canada Post decides when to urbanize a certain community when its population reaches a certain level, though different factors may also be involved. For example, in early 2008, the postal code G0N 3M0 (covering Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier, Fossambault-sur-le-Lac and Lac-Saint-Joseph, Quebec) was urbanized to postal codes beginning with G3N to remove ambiguities and confusions caused by similar street names.^[22] Unique among province-wide districts, New Brunswick (postal district E) is completely urbanized, its rural codes having been phased out.

Santa Claus

In 1974, staff at Canada Post's Montreal office were noticing a considerable number of letters addressed to Santa Claus entering the postal system, and those letters were being treated as undeliverable. Since employees handling those letters did not want the writers, mostly young children, to be disappointed at the lack of response, they started answering the letters themselves.^[23] The amount of mail sent to Santa Claus increased every Christmas, up to the point that Canada Post established an official Santa Claus letter-response program in 1983. By 2011, Santa's mail was being handled with the assistance of eleven thousand volunteers, mostly current or former postal workers,^[24] at multiple locations across Canada^[25][26] devoting an average twenty-one hours to this seasonal task.

Approximately one million letters are addressed to Santa Claus each Christmas, including some originating outside of Canada, and all of them are answered in the same language in which they are written.^[27] Canada Post introduced a special address for mail to Santa Claus, complete with its own postal code:^[28]

SANTA CLAUS

NORTH POLE  H0H 0H0

CANADA

In French, Santa's name Père Noël translates as "Father Christmas", addressed as:

PÈRE NOËL

PÔLE NORD  H0H 0H0

CANADA

The postal code H0H 0H0 was chosen for this special seasonal use as it reads as "Ho ho ho".^[29]

The H0- prefix is an anomaly: the 0 indicates a very small, rural village, but H is used to designate Montreal, the second-largest city in Canada. As such, the H0- prefix is almost completely empty. H0M, assigned to the international Akwesasne tribal reserve on the Canada-US border, is the only other H0- postal code in active use.

In 2013, Santa Claus was dragged into the ongoing Arctic sovereignty debate to support Canadian territorial claims extending to the North Pole. According to the 29th Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, "Everyone knows that Santa Claus is Canadian. His postal code is H0H 0H0."^[30]

Transition points to the Canadian Forces Postal Service

For transition of mail from the civilian to the Canadian Forces Postal Service, the postal codes of the three corresponding military post offices on Canadian soil are used. These being, depending upon the final destination.

• the Fleet Mail Offices (FMO) in Victoria, BC: V9A 7N2
• FMO in Halifax, NS: B3K 5X5
• the Canadian Forces Post Office (CFPO) in Belleville, ON: K8N 5W6^[31]

These postal codes each represent a number of military post offices abroad, which are specified not by postal code but by CFPO or FMO number. The LDUs in this case corresponding not so much to a physical as to a virtual delivery unit since mail is not delivered locally but is forwarded to the actual delivery units at Canadian military bases and ships abroad.

Name

Slot #

PO Box 5053 Stn Forces

Belleville ON  K8N 5W6

CANADA

In this example, Canada Post will deliver to the CFPO at Belleville and the Canadian Forces Postal System will continue transport to the addressee at CFPO 5053 (in Geilenkirchen, Germany)^[32] by whatever means and timing the military will deem appropriate.^[33]

Alternate uses

Postal codes can be correlated with databased information from censuses or health registries to create a geographic profile of an area's population. For instance, postal codes have been used to compare children's risk of developing cancer^[34] and to describe a neighbourhood's entrenched poverty ("Vancouver's Downtown Eastside is Canada's poorest postal code").

As Canadian electoral districts frequently follow postal code areas, citizens can identify their local elected representative using their postal code. Provincial and federal government websites offer an online "look-up" feature based on postal codes.^[35] Although A1A 1A1^[36] is sometimes displayed as a generic code for this purpose, it is actually a genuine postal code in use in the Lower Battery, St. John's Harbour, Newfoundland.^[37] Another common "example" code in Canada Post materials, K1A 0B1, is the valid code for the Canada Post office building in Ottawa.

See also

• Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories
• Geocoding
• List of postal codes in Canada

References

External links

• Canada Post
  • Precision Targeter: includes householder Counts and Maps
  • National Presortation Schematic: Includes monthly bulletin detailing postal code changes
• Postal Code Lookup
• Doug Ewell's page explaining Canadian Postal Codes
• Postal Districts as of 1925

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