Canadian Space Agency

Canadian Space Agency

Agence Spatiale Canadienne
Agency overview
Formed	March 1, 1989
Jurisdiction	Government of Canada
Headquarters	John H. Chapman Space Centre Longueuil, Quebec
Employees	621 Full Time Equivalents 2013/14 [1]
Annual budget	CAD $300 M (A-Base); $409 M (Actual 2013/14) [1]
Minister responsible	Navdeep Bains, Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development
Agency executive	Sylvain Laporte, President
Website	www.asc-csa.gc.ca

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) (French: Agence spatiale canadienne; ASC) was established by the Canadian Space Agency Act which received Royal Assent on May 10, 1990. The president of the agency is Sylvain Laporte who reports to the Minister of Industry. He was appointed as president on February 27, 2015 effective March 9, 2015.^[2]

The headquarters of the CSA is located at the John H. Chapman Space Centre in Saint-Hubert, Quebec. The agency also has offices in Ottawa, Ontario, at the David Florida Laboratory (which is mainly an engineering installation), and small liaison offices in Washington, Paris, Cape Canaveral, and Houston.

History, mission and mandate

The coat of arms of the Canadian Space Agency granted on 25 July 1991, by the Canadian Heraldic Authority

The origins of the Canadian upper atmosphere and space program may be traced back to the end of the Second World War.^[3] Between 1945 and 1960, Canada undertook a number of small launcher and satellite related projects under the aegis of defence research, including the development of the Black Brant rocket as well as series of advanced studies examining both orbital rendezvous and re-entry.^[4] In 1957, scientists and engineers at the Canadian Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) under the leadership of John H. Chapman embarked on a project initially known simply as S-27 or the Topside Sounder Project. This work would soon lead to the development of Canada's first satellite known as Alouette 1.

With the launch of Alouette 1 in September 1962 Canada became the third country to put an artificial satellite into space. At the time, Canada only possessed upper atmospheric launch capabilities (sounding rockets), therefore, Alouette 1 was sent aloft by the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from Vandenberg AFB in California. The technical excellence of the satellite, which lasted for ten years instead of the expected one, prompted the further study of the ionosphere with the Canadian-designed, US-launched, international ISIS program. This undertaking was designated an International Milestone of Electrical Engineering by IEEE in 1993. The launch of Anik A-1 in 1972 made Canada the first country in the world to establish its own domestic geostationary communication satellite network.

These and other space related activities in the 1980s compelled the Canadian government to promulgate the Canadian Space Agency Act which established the Canadian Space Agency. The Act received royal assent on May 10, 1990 and came into force on December 14, 1990.^[5]

In 1999 the CSA was moved from project based to 'A-base' funding and given a fixed annual budget of $300 Million.^[1] The actual budget varies from year to year due to additional earmarks and special projects.

The mandate of the Canadian Space Agency is to promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the knowledge of space through science and to ensure that space science and technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians. The Canadian Space Agency's mission statement says that the agency is committed to leading the development and application of space knowledge for the benefit of Canadians and humanity.

Presidents

• March 1, 1989 – 1992 – Larkin Kerwin^[6]
• May 4, 1992 – July 15, 1994 - Roland Doré^[7]
• November 21, 1994–? – William MacDonald Evans^[8]
• November 22, 2001 – November 28, 2005 – Marc Garneau^[9]
• April 12, 2007 – December 31, 2008 - Larry J. Boisvert^[10]
• January 1, 2008 - September 2, 2008 - Guy Bujold
• September 2, 2008 – February 1, 2013 - Steven MacLean^[11]
• February 2, 2013 – August 5, 2013 - Gilles Leclerc (acting)
• August 6, 2013 - November 3, 2014 - Walter Natynczyk
• November 3, 2014 - March 9, 2015 - Luc Brûlé, Interim^[12]
• March 9, 2015 - Sylvain Laporte^[13]

Cooperation with the European Space Agency

The CSA has been an "associated member" of the European Space Agency (ESA) for more than three decades,^[14][15] and has several formal and informal partnerships and collaborative programs with space agencies in other countries, such as NASA, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and Indian Space Research Organisation.

Canada's collaboration with Europe in space activities predated both the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.^[14] From 1968, Canada held observer status in the European Space Conference (ESC), a ministerial-level organization set up to determine future European space activities, and it continued in this limited role after ESA was created in 1975.^[14] Since January 1, 1979, Canada has had the special status of a "Participating State" with the ESA,^[15] paying for the privilege and also investing in working time and providing scientific instruments which are placed on ESA probes. Canada is allowed to participate in optional programs; it also has to contribute to the General Budget but not as much as associate membership would have entailed. This status was unique at the time and remains so today.

On 15 December 2010 the accord was renewed for a further 10 years, until 2020.^[15] By virtue of this accord, Canada takes part in ESA deliberative bodies and decision-making and in ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision specifically ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The head of the Canadian delegation to ESA is the president of the Canadian Space Agency. As of February 2009, there are currently 30 Canadians that are employed as staff members at ESA. (Distributed over various ESA sites: 20 at ESTEC; 4 at ESOC; 4 at ESA HQ; 2 at ESRIN).

Canadian space program

Canadarm (right) during Space Shuttle mission STS-72

The Mobile Base System just before Canadarm2 installed it on the Mobile Transporter during STS-111

The Canadian Space Program is administered by the Canadian Space Agency. Canada has contributed technology, expertise and personnel to the world space effort, especially in collaboration with NASA and ESA.

There have been three recruiting campaigns for astronauts for the CSA. The first, in 1983, led to the selection of Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Robert Thirsk, Ken Money, Bjarni Tryggvason and Steve MacLean. The second, in 1992, selected Chris Hadfield, Julie Payette, Dafydd Williams and Mike Mackay. On May 13, 2009, it was announced after the completion of a third selection process that two new astronauts, Jeremy Hansen of Ailsa Craig, Ontario, and David Saint-Jacques, of Quebec City, had been chosen.^[16] As of December 2012 there have been 17 space flights by Canadians.

In addition to its astronauts, some of the most notable Canadian technological contributions to space exploration include the Canadarm on the Space Shuttle, as well as the Canadarm2 and the rest of the Mobile Servicing System on the International Space Station. The Canadarm and Canadarm2 employ the Advanced Space Vision System which allows more efficient use of the robotic arms. Another Canadian technology of note is the Orbiter Boom Sensor System, which is an extension of the Canadarm used to inspect the Space Shuttle's thermal Protection System for damage while in orbit.

As of 2009 funding was C$350 million per year. Revenues for the 2009–2010 FY stood at C$328 million, and for 2013-2014, C$488 million.

Canadian satellites

The Alouette 1 was the first satellite built by a country other than the United States or Soviet Union.

Additionally, there are some commercial satellites launched by the telecommunications company Telesat Canada. These are the 13 Anik satellites (3 of which are still in service), the 3 Nimiq satellites (all currently used by Bell TV), and a satellite called M-Sat 1 launched on April 20, 1996, at 22h36 UTC. Further, technology and research satellites have been developed by the University of Toronto, including the CanX series.

International satellite projects

Canadian astronauts

Nine Canadians have participated in 17 manned mission in total: 14 NASA Space Shuttle missions and 3 Roscosmos Soyuz missions:

On December 19, 2012, Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield launched aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to reach the International Space Station where he worked for six months as part of the crew of the ISS Expedition 34 and Expedition 35. During the second half of his mission Hadfield became the first Canadian Commander of the ISS. In addition to overseeing operations as Commander, he carried out scientific experiments, operated Canadarm2 and performed various robotics tasks.^[23] This mission marked completion of NASA's "compensation" to Canada for its contribution to the Shuttle and International Space Station programs, meaning that there were no confirmed remaining space flight opportunities for Canadian astronauts.^[24] In June 2015, the Canadian government announced a renewed commitment to the International Space Station, securing flights for both of Canada's remaining active astronauts (Hansen and St-Jacques). It is anticipated that one Canadian astronaut will fly by 2019, with the other to follow by 2024.^[25]

Two former Canadian astronauts never flew in space; Michael McKay resigned due to medical reasons and Ken Money resigned in 1992, eight years after his selection.

Facilities

• John H. Chapman Space Centre – Longueuil, Quebec
• David Florida Laboratory – Ottawa, Ontario
• Fort Churchill – Manitoba
• Canadian Space Agency Building – Innovation Place Research Park – Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

A number of foreign launch facilities have been used by the CSA to launch their payload:

• Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan (leased to Russian Federal Space Agency and Russian Space Forces)
• Vandenberg Air Force Base in California (USAF)
• Cape Canaveral in Florida (NASA)
• Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia (Russian Federal Space Agency)
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India (Indian Space Research Organisation)

Future programs

With the successful launching of Radarsat-2 in December 2007 and near completion of Canada's C$1.4 billion contribution to the ISS the agency in early 2008 found itself with no major follow-on projects. This fact was highlighted by Marc Garneau, Canada's first astronaut and former head of the CSA who in the fall of 2007 called upon the Canadian government to develop and institute a space policy for Canada.

A modest step has been taken to resolve this problem. In November 2008, the Agency signed a $40 million 16-month contract with MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates of Vancouver to begin the design of the RADARSAT Constellation (3 satellite) earth observation mission.^[26] In August 2010 further funding was awarded for detailed design work scheduled for completion by 2012. Launch of the three satellites is scheduled for 2018. Also in the 2009 Federal budget, the agency was awarded funding for the preliminary design of robotic Lunar/Martian rovers.^[27]

However, a number of initiatives are without funding. The CSA is the lead agency for the Polar Communication and Weather mission (PCW) which involves the planned launch of two satellites in polar orbit to provide Canadian authorities with improved weather information and communications capabilities in the high arctic.^[28] Launch of the two satellites is proposed to take place in 2016. Funding for further development of the mission has yet to be approved.^[29]

Rockets

A Canadian Black Brant XII launching from Wallops Flight Facility

The Canadian Space agency has no indigenous launch system capability beyond upper atmospheric sounding rockets.^[26][30] Canada relies on other countries, such as the U.S., India and Russia, to launch its spacecraft into orbit, but both the Defence Department and the space agency are looking at the option of constructing a Canadian-made launcher.^[30][31]

The CSA has been researching locations in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and Fort Churchill, Manitoba, for a possible micro satellites (150 kg) launch site for the CSA,^[31] and end its reliance on foreign launch providers. However, Canadian politicians seldom change funding without having at least some idea of the expected economic, social and national defense benefits that could reasonably accrue to their constituents from the program.^[26][32] According to Canadian Space Agency officials, it would take 10 to 12 years for a full-scale project to design and build a small satellite launcher.^[26] There is no funding for these activities yet.^[33]

See also

• Canadian Geospace Monitoring
• Canadian government scientific research organizations
• Canadian industrial research and development organizations
• Canadian university scientific research organizations
• List of space agencies
• Science and technology in Canada
• Timeline of space travel by nationality

References

Further reading

• John Melady (2011). Maple Leaf in Space: Canada's Astronauts. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55488-752-1. 
• Andrew B. Godefroy (2011). Defence & Discovery: Canada's Military Space Program, 1945–1974. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1959-6. 

External links

• Official website
• Canadian Space Agency's channel on YouTube
• SpaceRef Canada – Canada in Space
• Text of the Canadian Space Agency Act
• SPIE Video: John B. Hutchings -- Canadian Space Astronomy: Past, Present and Future

Canadian Space Agency Canadian astronauts Active Jeremy Hansen David Saint-Jacques Retired Marc Garneau Roberta Bondar Steven MacLean Chris Hadfield Robert Thirsk Bjarni Tryggvason Dafydd Williams Julie Payette Satellites Alouette 1 Alouette 2 Anik A series Anik B series Anik C series Anik D series Anik E series Anik F series Anik G series CASSIOPE Hermes ENVISAT ISIS-1 ISIS-2 M3MSat MOST MSAT NEOSSat Nimiq 1 Nimiq 2 Nimiq 3 Nimiq 4 Nimiq 5 Nimiq 6 RADARSAT Constellation (2018) Radarsat-1 Radarsat-2 SCISAT-1 Sapphire UniBRITE-1 Others space technology Canadarm Mobile Servicing System/Canadarm2 Dextre Space Infrastructure Servicing Facilities John H. Chapman Space Centre David Florida Laboratory Contractors Magellan Aerospace (Bristol Aerospace) MDA (MDA Space Missions/Spar Aerospace) Telesat Related Institutions National Research Council European Space Agency Other Astro-H Bell TV Black Brant rocket Fort Churchill spaceport International Space Station James Webb Space Telescope (Fine Guidance Sensor) Shaw Direct

Departments of the Government of Canada Principal departments Agriculture and Agri-Food Canadian Heritage Employment and Social Development Environment and Climate Change Finance Fisheries and Oceans Global Affairs Health Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Indigenous and Northern Affairs Innovation, Science and Economic Development Justice National Defence Natural Resources Privy Council Office Public Safety Public Services and Procurement Transport Veterans Affairs Major agencies Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency Canada Border Services Agency Canadian Coast Guard Canadian Armed Forces Canada Revenue Agency Canadian Food Inspection Agency Canadian Space Agency Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec Geological Survey of Canada Parks Canada Passport Canada Public Health Agency Royal Canadian Mounted Police Service Canada Western Economic Diversification Canada Other departments Infrastructure Library and Archives Statistics Canada Historic departments Canadian International Development Agency Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment Solicitor General of Canada