Camp Merritt, New Jersey

Camp Merritt Monument in Cresskill, New Jersey

Camp Merritt's location within Port of Embarkation Hoboken (1917-1918).

Camp Merritt was a military base in Cresskill, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, that was activated for use in World War I. It had a capacity for 38,000 transient troops and was one of three camps directly under the control of the New York Port of Embarkation.^[1] From this camp troops marched to board ferryboats at Old Closter Dock, Alpine Landing that took them to the piers at Hoboken, New Jersey to board troop transports for Europe.^[1][2] Approximately four million troops were sent to the Western Front during World War I, about one million of them passed through Camp Merritt. Camp Merritt was decommissioned in 1919.^[3]

Origin of the Camp

From Camp Tenafly to Camp Merritt

Camp Merritt was originally named Camp Tenafly. The camp was first named Camp Tenafly because all previous communication and negotiation concerning the building of the military base were completed in the town of Tenafly, New Jersey.^[4] The camp was later named in honor of Major General Wesley Merritt. General Merritt from New York State dedicated most of his life to the armed services.^[5] General Merritt served the United States throughout the Civil War, Indian campaigns, and the Spanish War. He participated in several major battles including Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Yellow Tavern, Battle of Hall’s Shop, Battle of Winchester, and Five Fork’s. At the age of 27 he was made a full Major General of volunteers. After making his way through the ranks and receiving high positions including Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point, Governor General of the Philippines, and other prestigious positions. Wesley retired from his long reign in the military in 1900. Ten years later General Merritt died and was buried at West Point with full military honors.^[6]

Selection of the Site

Troops disembarking at Hoboken piers.

The United States army needed a location to assemble and for the deployment of troops to the Western Front during World War I. In 1917, Brigadier-General William Wright, Commanding General of the New York Port of Embarkation, chose the location in Bergen County on Knickerbocker road and Grant Avenue.^[3] Camp Merritt was strategically situated approximately ten miles from New York City. The camp was located between Cresskill and Dumont, New Jersey. The camp was conveniently located between the Erie Railroad in Cresskill and the West Shore Railroad in Dumont.^[7] Some of the resourceful aspects of the area include the easy method of the sewerage, water supply, lighting, and railroad connections. The owners of the property on the site agreed to lease their property to the government on terms which the government deemed reasonable.^[8] The location of Camp Merritt was ideal because of the easy access to Hoboken from where the soldiers would be embarking on the transports.^[9] Troops were transported to Hoboken by ferryboat from Alpine Landing, over an hour's march from the camp, where contingents of 2,000-3,000 men would assemble to board the ferry to the embarkation piers from which they would board the transports for Europe.^[1][10]

Construction on the Camp

Construction of Camp Merritt began on August 20, 1917. The original plans called for seven regiments of infantry, six warehouses, miscellaneous buildings, and a base hospital with a capacity of five hundred beds. The plans were authorized four months later on December 20, 1917.^[8] The selected contractors for the job were MacArthur Brothers Company of engineers and contractors of New York. There were many local carpenters, electricians, and tradesmen who were hired to work on the camp as well.^[7] The camp cost about $11 million to build. Camp Merritt was 770 acres in size, and had a capacity of 42,000 men. There were approximately 1,300 buildings on the site.^[10]

Buildings on the Camp

Map of Camp Merritt

On the 770 acres camp there were a total of 1,302 buildings. The soldier’s barracks totaled 611 two-story buildings in which 60 men could reside in. Camp Merritt had 165 mess halls, 40 military officer’ quarters, 27 administration buildings, 4 fire stations, 93 hospital buildings, and many more.^[11] Also on the camp were four Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) buildings and American Red Cross buildings. In the spring of 1918 the Liberty Theatre opened on the camp for the entertainment of the soldiers while staying at Merritt. In addition, Merritt Hall the large soldier’s club on the camp opened on January 30, 1918. Major General David C. Shanks called Merritt Hall “the finest soldiers club in America.”^[7]

The Base Hospital

On January 9, 1918 the base hospital was opened. The base hospital had a staff of about 300 nurses who treated over 55,000 soldiers.^[10] The nurses and doctors treated various cases including anthrax, pneumonia, measles, scarlet fever, mumps, and particularly the influenza virus. In the fall of 1918 the influenza epidemic reached Camp Merritt and caused devastation^[12]

The Influenza Pandemic 1918

The first person in New Jersey to be diagnosed with influenza was a soldier at Fort Dix. From Fort Dix, the disease spread across the state. By the end of the 1919 wave of influenza approximately 675,000 Americans were dead due to the disease.^[13] The influenza pandemic at Camp Merritt began in September 1918. On September 19 fifty-eight soldiers were admitted to the base hospital due to influenza. Three weeks later, there were approximately 1,000 cases of influenza at Camp Merritt. In addition, there were already 265 deaths. Due to the increasing amount of cases some soldiers were sent to local hospitals. Many soldiers became sick during the time they left camp as they prepared to go to Europe.^[14]

The Closing of Camp Merritt

Camp Merritt officially closed in January 1920. The last troops to arrive to Camp Merritt from overseas while it was still active were on January 26, 1920. Following, the decision to close the camp the U.S. military ordered the camp to be dismantled. The remainder of troops was then sent to Fort Dix.^[14] The bidding process of Camp Merritt was opened at Washington, D.C. on December 22, 1919. There were many bids from various companies and corporations. The entire camp was eventually sold to the Harris Brothers Company of Chicago for $552, 524.^[15]

Fire in Camp Merritt

After Camp Merritt was dismantled for almost a year the camp underwent a series of three devastating fires. The reason for the three fires are still undetermined although there were various rumors and speculations to how they were started.^[16] The fire started in Block 17 and destroyed over 150 buildings in that particular area. Over eighteen fire companies attended to the fire including three from New York City. There were two reports of dynamite explosion because there were dynamite stored for the use in the wrecking of the camp. There were no reported injuries due to the fire, but what was left of the Camp was destroyed.^[17]

base of the monument

Camp Merritt Monument

To remember and honor those who were stationed at Camp Merritt a monument was erected. Bergen County purchased the land where the monument was to be built in 1919. The monument is located in Cresskill, New Jersey at the intersection of Madison Avenue and Knickerbocker Road.^[10] The monument is a 65 feet tall granite obelisk, modeled after the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. The 65 foot tall monument is inscribed with the names of fifteen officers, 558 enlisted men, four nurses, and a civilian who died at Camp Merritt during the war. The monument was constructed by Harrison Granite Company of New York with granite from the Stoney Creek Quarry in Connecticut. A former soldier and artist Robert Aitken commissioned the relief sculpture of a helmeted soldier on the one side of the base of the monument.^[18]

Dedication of the Monument

The monument was revealed and celebrated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1924. General John J. Pershing was given the opportunity to head the dedication process. In addition, many prominent speakers addressed a large crowd in front of the monument. Of these prestigious speakers included the Governor of New Jersey, George S. Silzer. Also, Mrs. Laura Williams Merritt, the widow of Major General Merritt, was in attendance for the dedication of the monument.^[18] The current President Calvin Coolidge was also invited to the event, but declined due to other obligations. There was an estimated amount of 20,000 people at the dedication ceremony for the monument.^[19]

See also

• Camp Shanks
• Camp Merritt, California

References

External links

• The March of the Forgotten
• The Monument in Cresskill

Coordinates: 40°56′29″N 73°58′36″W / 40.9413°N 73.9768°W / 40.9413; -73.9768