Khmer people
 Khmer couple | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| (at least 12 million[1]) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Cambodia | 9.3[1] to 13.7 million[2] |
 Thailand | > 1.2 million[1] |
 Vietnam | 1[1] to 1.4 million[3] |
 United States | 276,667[4] |
 France | 80,000[1] |
 Australia | 25,000[1] |
 Malaysia | 11,381 |
 South Korea | 10,000 |
 New Zealand | 6,918[5] |
 Taiwan | 6,000 |
 Laos | 3,900[1] |
.svg.png){kind=small} Belgium | 3,500 |
 Germany | 3,000 |
 Canada | 25,245[6] |
 United Kingdom | > 1,000[1] |
 Japan | ? |
 Russia | ? |
| Languages | |
| Khmer, Northern Khmer dialect | |
| Religion | |
 Theravada Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mon, Wa, and other Mon–Khmer groups | |
Khmer people (Khmer: ខ្មែរ, Khmer pronunciation: [kʰmaːe], Northern Khmer pronunciation: [kʰmɛr]) are the predominant ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 15.2 million[2] people in the country. They speak the Khmer language, which is part of the larger Austro–Asiatic language family found throughout eastern and central India and Bangladesh, Southeast Asia, southern China and numerous islands in the Indian Ocean.
The majority of the Khmer are followers of the Khmer style of Buddhism, a highly syncretic version which blends elements of Theravada Buddhism, Hinduism, animism and ancestor-spirit worship.[7] Significant populations of Khmers reside in adjacent areas of Thailand (Northern Khmer) and the Mekong Delta region of neighboring Vietnam (Khmer Krom) whilst there are over one million Khmers in the Cambodian diaspora living mainly in France, the United States and Australia.
Distribution
Cambodia
The majority of the world's Khmer people live in Cambodia, the population of which is 90% Khmer.[8] [9]
Thailand and Vietnam
There are also significant Khmer populations native to Thailand and Vietnam. In Thailand there are over one million Khmer, mainly in Surin (Soren), Buriram (Borei Rom) and Sisaket (Sri Saket) provinces, in Thailand. Estimates for the number of Khmer in Vietnam (known as Khmer Krom) vary from the 1.1 million given by government data to seven million advocated by the Khmer Krom Federation.[10]
Western nations
Due to the Cambodian Civil War, thousands of Khmer now reside in the United States, Canada, Australia and France as well.
History
The legendary founders of the kingdom of Kambuja are the Brahman priest Sage Kambu Swayambhuva and the Nāga princess Soma, or Mera as she is known in some versions of the founding myth. Their marriage is said to have given rise to the name Khmer. The Khmer people named their kingdom Kambuja, after a Kshatriya tribe of Iron Age India.
The Kambuja tribe are believed by modern scholars to be an Iranian-speaking people, but links between the Kambuja tribe and the Kambuja kingdom at this stage of research are still unclear. Ancient myths, some going back to the earliest written records in Southeast Asia, relate that in prehistoric times Cambodia was underwater, and that only the highest mountaintops were above sea level, forming a scattered group of islands. The inhabitants of these islands were the reptilian race of the Nāga.
Cambodia was created when an ancient Indian Brahmin priest married Princess Soma, a Naga princess, upon following an arrow in his dream that pointed in the direction of somewhere in Cambodia. As a dowry, the father of princess Soma drank the oceans, and the land that was revealed underneath became Cambodia, with the descendants of the priest and the princess the people known as the Khmer. This myth explains the phenomena of why the oldest Khmer wats, or temples, were always built on mountaintops, and why today mountains themselves are still revered as holy places.[11]
Arrival in Southeast Asia
The Khmers are one of the oldest ethnic groups in the area, having filtered into Southeast Asia around the same time as the Mon who settled further to the west and to whom the Khmer are ancestrally related. Most archaeologists and linguists, and other specialists like Sinologists and crop experts, believe they arrived no later than 2000 BCE (over four thousand years ago) bringing with them the practice of agriculture and in particular the cultivation of rice. This region is also one of the first places in the world to use bronze. They were the builders of the later Khmer Empire, which dominated Southeast Asia for six centuries beginning in 802 CE, and now form the mainstream of political, cultural, and economic Cambodia.
The Khmers developed the first alphabet still in use in Southeast Asia which in turn gave birth to the later Thai and Lao scripts. The Khmers are considered by archaeologists and ethnologists to be indigenous to the contiguous regions of Northeast Thailand, southern Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam. That is to say the Khmer have historically been a lowland people who lived close to one of the tributaries of the Mekong River. The reason they migrated into Southeast Asia is not well understood, but scholars believe that Mon–Khmer were pushed down by invading Sino-Tibetans from the north as evident by Austroasiatic vocabulary in Chinese, or because of agricultural purposes as evident by their migration routes along major rivers, or a combination of these and other factors.
Like the other early peoples of Southeast Asia such as the Pyu, Mon, Cham, Malay and Javanese, the Khmer were influenced by Indian culture and scholars, adopting their religions, sciences, and customs and borrowing from their languages. The first powerful trading kingdom in Southeast Asia, the Kingdom of Funan, was established in southeastern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta in the first century CE, although extensive archaeological work in Angkor Borei near the modern Vietnamese border has unearthed brickworks, canals, cemeteries and graves dating to the fifth century BCE.
The Kingdom of Funan is considered to be the mother of all later Southeast Asian kingdoms. During the Funan period (1st century - sixth century CE) the Khmer also acquired Buddhism, the concept of the Shaivite Deva Raja (God-King) and the great temple as a symbolic holy mountain. A rival Khmer kingdom, Chenla emerged in the fifth century, and later conquered the Funan. Chenla was an upland state whose economy was reliant on agriculture whereas Funan was a lowland state with an economy dependent on maritime trade.
These two states, even after conquest by Chenla in the sixth century, were constantly at war with each other and smaller principalities. During the Chenla period (5th century - 8th century CE) Cambodians left the world's earliest known zero in one of their temple inscriptions. Only when King Jayavarman II declared an independent and united Cambodia in 802 CE was there relative peace between the two lands, upper and lowland Cambodia.
Jayavarman II (802–830), revived Cambodian power and built the foundation for the Angkorean empire, founding three capitals—Indrapura, Hariharalaya, and Mahendraparvata—the archeological remains of which reveal much about his times. After winning a long civil war, Suryavarman I (reigned 1002–1050) turned his forces eastward and subjugated the Mon kingdom of Dvaravati. Consequently, he ruled over the greater part of present-day Thailand and Laos, as well as the northern half of the Malay Peninsula. This period, during which Angkor Wat was constructed, is considered the apex of Khmer civilization.
Khmer Empire (802–1431)
The Khmer kingdom became the Khmer Empire and the great temples of Angkor, considered an archeological treasure replete with detailed stone bas-reliefs showing many aspects of the culture, including some musical instruments, remain as monuments to the culture of the Khmer. After the death of Suryavarman II (1113–50), Cambodia lapsed into chaos until Jayavarman VII (1181–1218) ordered the construction of a new city. He was a Buddhist, and for a time, Buddhism became the dominant religion in Cambodia. As a state religion, however, it was adapted to suit the Deva Raja cult, with a Buddha Raja being substituted for the former Shiva Raja or Vishnu Raja.
The rise of the Tai kingdoms of Sukhothai (1238) and Ayutthaya (1350) resulted in almost ceaseless wars with the Cambodians and led to the destruction of Angkor in 1431. They are said to have carried off 90,000 prisoners, many of whom were likely dancers and musicians.[12] The period following 1432, with the Cambodian people bereft of their treasures, documents, and human culture bearers, was one of precipitous decline.
Post Empire (1431-present)
In 1434 King Ponhea Yat made Phnom Penh his capital, and Angkor was abandoned to the jungle. Due to continued Siamese and Vietnamese aggression Cambodia appealed to France for protection in 1863 and became a French protectorate in 1864. During the 1880s, along southern Vietnam and Laos, Cambodia was drawn into the French-controlled Indochinese Union. For nearly a century, the French exploited Cambodia commercially, and demanded power over politics, economics, and social life.
During the second half of the twentieth century, the political situation in Cambodia became chaotic. King Norodom Sihanouk (later, Prince, then again King), proclaimed Cambodia's independence in 1949 (granted in full in 1953) and ruled the country until March 18, 1970, when he was overthrown by General Lon Nol, who established the Khmer Republic. On April 17, 1975, the genocidal Khmer Rouge led by Saloth Sar, better known by his alias, Pol Pot, came to power and virtually destroyed the Cambodian people, their health, morality, education, physical environment, and culture.
On January 7, 1979 Vietnamese forces ousted the Khmer Rouge. After more than ten years of painfully slow rebuilding with only meager outside help, the United Nations intervened resulting in the Paris Peace Accord on October 23, 1992 and created conditions for general elections in May 1993, leading to the formation of the current government and the restoration of Prince Sihanouk to power as King in 1993. The Khmer Rouge continued to control portions of western and northern Cambodia until the late 1990s when they surrendered to government forces in exchange for either amnesty or re-adjustment for positions into the Cambodian government.
In the 21st century Cambodia's economy has grown faster than that of any other country in Asia except for China. In post-conflict Cambodia today, Cambodia exports over $5 billion worth of clothing to mainly the United States and European Union, is one of the top ten exporters of rice in the world, and has seen international tourist arrivals balloon from less than 150,000 in 2000 to over 4.2 million in 2013.
Cambodia is no longer seen as being on the brink of survival, a reputation it gained in the 1980s and 1990s as guerilla-style warfare was still being waged by the Khmer Rouge until their ceasefire in 1998. Cambodians in the diaspora are returning to their homeland to start businesses, and expatriate Western workers in fields as diverse as architecture, archaeology, philanthropy, banking, hospitality, agriculture, music, diplomacy and garments are increasingly attracted to Cambodia because of its relaxed lifestyle and traditional way of life.
Culture and society
The culture of the ethnic Khmer is fairly homogeneous throughout their geographic range. Regional dialects exist but are mutually intelligible. The standard is based on the dialect spoken throughout the Central Plain,[13] a region encompassed by the northwest and central provinces. The varieties of Khmer spoken in this region are representative of the speech of the majority of the population. A unique and immediately recognizable dialect has developed in Phnom Penh that, due to the city's status as the national capital, has been modestly affected by recent French and Vietnamese influence.
Other dialects are Northern Khmer dialect, called Khmer Surin by Cambodians, spoken by over a million Khmer native to Northeast Thailand and Khmer Krom spoken by the millions of Khmer native to the Mekong Delta regions of Vietnam adjacent to Cambodia and their descendants abroad. A little-studied dialect known as Western Khmer, or Cardamom Khmer, is spoken by a small, isolated population in the Cardamom Mountain range extending from Cambodia into eastern Central Thailand. Although little studied, it is unique in that it maintains a definite system of vocal register that has all but disappeared in other dialects of modern Khmer.
The modern Khmer strongly identify their ethnic identity with their religious beliefs and practices which combine the tenets of Theravada Buddhism with elements of indigenous ancestor-spirit worship, animism and shamanism.[7] Most Cambodians, whether or not they profess to be Buddhists (or Muslims), believe in a rich supernatural world. Several types of supernatural entities are believed to exist; they make themselves known by means of inexplicable sounds or happenings. Among these phenomena are khmaoc (ghosts), pret and besach (particularly nasty demons, the spirits of people who have died violent, untimely, or unnatural deaths), arak (evil spirits, usually female), neak ta (tutelary spirits residing in inanimate objects), mneang phteah (guardians of the house), meba (ancestral spirits), and mrenh kongveal (elf-like guardians of animals). All spirits must be shown proper respect, and, with the exception of the mneang phteah and mrenh kongveal, they can cause trouble ranging from mischief to serious life-threatening illnesses.
The majority of the Khmer live in rural villages either as rice farmers or fishermen and life revolves around the wat (temple) and the various Buddhist ceremonies throughout the year. However, if a Khmer becomes ill, they will frequently see a kru khmae (shaman/healer) whom they believe can diagnose which of the many spirits has caused the illness and recommend a course of action to propitiate the offended spirit, thereby curing the illness.[14] The kru khmae also is learned in herb lore and is often sought to prepare various "medicines" and potions or for a magical tattoo, all believed to endow one with special prowess and ward off evil spirits or general bad luck.[14] Khmer beliefs also rely heavily on astrology, a remnant of Hinduism. A fortune teller, called hao-ra or kru tieay in Khmer, is often consulted before major events, like choosing a spouse, beginning an important journey or business venture, setting the date for a wedding and determining the proper location for building new structures.
Throughout the year the Khmer celebrate many holidays, most of a religious or spiritual nature, some of which are also observed as public holidays. The two most important are Chol Chnam (Cambodian New Year) and Pchum Ben ("Ancestor Day"). The Khmer Buddhist calendar is divided into 12 months with the traditional new year beginning on the first day of khae chaet which coincides with the first new moon of April in the western calendar. The modern celebration has been standardized to coincide with April 13.
Khmer culture has influenced Thai and Lao cultures and vice versa. Many Khmer loanwords are found in Thai and Lao, and many Lao and Thai loanwords are also found in Khmer language. The Thai alphabet is derived from the Khmer alphabet
See also
- Anvaya (organization)
- Cambodian cuisine
- Chinese Cambodian
- Khmer Loeu
- Ethnic groups in Cambodia
- Ethnic groups in Thailand
References
- Benjamin Walker, Angkor Empire: A History of the Khmer of Cambodia, Signet Press, Calcutta, 1995.
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hattaway, Paul (ed.) (2004), "Khmer", Peoples of the Buddhist World (William Carey Library), p. 133
- 1 2 CIA FactBook. Accessed July 14, 2008.
- ↑ "CIA World Factbook: Vietnam". Retrieved October 28, 2014.
- ↑ "The Asian Population: 2010 Census Briefs" (PDF). United States Census Bureau.
- ↑ "2006 Census: Cambodians- Facts and Figures". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ↑ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada". Statistics Canada.
- 1 2 Faith Traditions in Cambodia; pg. 8; accessed August 21, 2006
- ↑ "Ethnic groups statistics - countries compared". Nationmaster. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
- ↑ "Birth Rate". CIA – The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ↑ Archived May 9, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ D'après l'épigraphie cambodgienne du X° siècle, les rois des "Kambuja" prétendaient descendre d'un ancêtre mythique éponyme, le sage ermite Kambu, et de la nymphe céleste Mera, dont le nom a pu être forgé d'après l'appellation ethnique "khmèr" (George Coedes). ; See also: Indianised States of Southeast Asia, 1968, p 66, George Coedes.
- ↑ Thailand 1969:151, Blanchard 1958:27
- ↑ Huffman, Franklin. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01314-0
- 1 2 Archived March 11, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
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