Isotopes of californium

Actinides and fission products by half-life
Actinides[1] by decay chain Half-life
range (y)		 Fission products of 235U by yield[2]
4n 4n+1 4n+2 4n+3
4.5–7% 0.04–1.25% <0.001%
228Ra№ 4–6 † 155Euþ
244Cm 241Puƒ 250Cf 227Ac№ 10–29 90Sr 85Kr 113mCdþ
232Uƒ 238Pu№ 243Cmƒ 29–97 137Cs 151Smþ 121mSn
248Bk[3] 249Cfƒ 242mAmƒ 141–351

No fission products
have a half-life
in the range of
100–210 k years ...

241Amƒ 251Cfƒ[4] 430–900
226Ra№ 247Bk 1.3 k – 1.6 k
240Pu 229Th№ 246Cm 243Amƒ 4.7 k – 7.4 k
245Cmƒ 250Cm 8.3 k – 8.5 k
239Puƒ№ 24.1 k
230Th№ 231Pa№ 32 k – 76 k
236Npƒ 233Uƒ№ 234U№ 150 k – 250 k ‡ 99Tc₡ 126Sn
248Cm 242Pu 327 k – 375 k 79Se₡
1.53 M 93Zr
237Np№ 2.1 M – 6.5 M 135Cs₡ 107Pd
236U№ 247Cmƒ 15 M – 24 M 129I₡
244Pu№ 80 M

... nor beyond 15.7 M years[5]

232Th№ 238U№ 235Uƒ№ 0.7 G – 14.1 G

Legend for superscript symbols
₡  has thermal neutron capture cross section in the range of 8–50 barns
ƒ  fissile
m  metastable isomer
№  naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)
þ  neutron poison (thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)
†  range 4–97 y: Medium-lived fission product
‡  over 200,000 y: Long-lived fission product

Californium (Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic mass cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 245Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from 237Cf to 256Cf and one nuclear isomer, 249mCf. The longest-lived isotope is 251Cf with a half-life of 900 years.

Californium-252

Californium-252 (Cf-252) undergoes spontaneous fission and is used in small sized neutron sources. Fission neutrons have an energy range of 0 to 13 MeV with a mean value of 2.3 MeV and a most probable value of 1 MeV.[6]

This isotope produces high neutron emissions and can be used for a number of applications in industries such as nuclear energy, medicine, and petrochemical exploration. The neutron sources produced from Cf-252 are most notably used in the start-up of nuclear reactors.

Once a reactor is filled with nuclear fuel, the stable neutron emissions from the source material initiates the chain reaction known as fission.

Californium 252 has also been used in the treatment of serious forms of cancer. In patients suffering from certain types of brain and cervical cancer, Cf-252 can be used as a more cost-effective substitute for radium.[7]

Table

nuclide
symbol		 Z(p) N(n)  
isotopic mass (u)
 		 half-life decay
mode(s)[8][n 1]		 daughter
isotope(s)		 nuclear
spin
excitation energy
237Cf 98 139 237.06207(54)# 2.1(3) s SF (various) 5/2+#
β+ 237Bk
α 233Cm
238Cf 98 140 238.06141(43)# 21.1(13) ms SF (various) 0+
β+ (rare) 238Bk
α (rare) 234Cm
239Cf 98 141 239.06242(23)# 60(30) s
[39(+37−12) s]		 α 235Cm 5/2+#
β+ (rare) 239Bk
240Cf 98 142 240.06230(22)# 1.06(15) min α (98%) 236Cm 0+
SF (2%) (various)
β+ (rare) 240Bk
241Cf 98 143 241.06373(27)# 3.78(70) min β+ (75%) 241Bk 7/2−#
α (25%) 237Cm
242Cf 98 144 242.06370(4) 3.49(15) min α (80%) 238Cm 0+
β+ (20%) 242Bk
SF (.014%) (various)
243Cf 98 145 243.06543(15)# 10.7(5) min β+ (86%) 243Bk (1/2+)
α (14%) 239Cm
244Cf 98 146 244.066001(3) 19.4(6) min α (99%) 240Cm 0+
EC (1%) 244Bk
245Cf 98 147 245.068049(3) 45.0(15) min β+ (64%) 245Bk (5/2+)
α (36%) 241Cm
246Cf 98 148 246.0688053(22) 35.7(5) h α 242Cm 0+
EC (5×10−4%) 246Bk
SF (2×10−4%) (various)
247Cf 98 149 247.071001(9) 3.11(3) h EC (99.96%) 247Bk (7/2+)#
α (.04%) 243Cm
248Cf 98 150 248.072185(6) 333.5(28) d α (99.99%) 244Cm 0+
SF (.0029%) (various)
249Cf 98 151 249.0748535(24) 351(2) y α 245Cm 9/2−
SF (5×10−7%) (various)
249mCf 144.98(5) keV 45(5) µs 5/2+
250Cf 98 152 250.0764061(22) 13.08(9) y α (99.92%) 246Cm 0+
SF (.077%) (various)
251Cf[n 2] 98 153 251.079587(5) 900(40) y α 247Cm 1/2+
252Cf[n 3] 98 154 252.081626(5) 2.645(8) y α (96.9%) 248Cm 0+
SF (3.09%)[n 4] (various)
253Cf 98 155 253.085133(7) 17.81(8) d β− (99.69%) 253Es (7/2+)
α (.31%) 249Cm
254Cf 98 156 254.087323(13) 60.5(2) d SF (99.69%) (various) 0+
α (.31%) 250Cm
β−β− (rare) 254Fm
255Cf 98 157 255.09105(22)# 85(18) min β− (99.99%) 255Es (7/2+)
SF (.001%) (various)
α (10−5%) 251Cm
256Cf 98 158 256.09344(32)# 12.3(12) min SF (99%) (various) 0+
β− (1%) 256Es
α (10−6%) 252Cm
β−β− (rare) 256Fm
  1. ↑ Abbreviations:
    EC: Electron capture
    SF: Spontaneous fission
  2. ↑ High neutron cross-section, tends to absorb neutrons
  3. ↑ Most common isotope
  4. ↑ High neutron emitter, average 3.7 neutrons per fission

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no isotopes have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived isotope in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
  2. ↑ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
  3. ↑ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics 71 (2): 299. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
    "The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 y. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 y. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 y."
  4. ↑ This is the heaviest isotope with a half-life of at least four years before the "Sea of Instability".
  5. ↑ Excluding those "classically stable" isotopes with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is nearly eight quadrillion years.
  6. ↑ Dicello, J. F.; Gross, W.; Kraljevic, U. (1972). "Radiation Quality of Californium-252". Physics in Medicine and Biology 17 (3): 345. Bibcode:1972PMB....17..345D. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/17/3/301.
  7. ↑ Maruyama, Y.; van Nagell, J. R.; Yoneda, J.; Donaldson, E.; Hanson, M.; Martin, A.; Wilson, L. C.; Coffey, C. W.; Feola, J. (1984-10-01). "Five-year cure of cervical cancer treated using californium-252 neutron brachytherapy". American Journal of Clinical Oncology 7 (5): 487–493. doi:10.1097/00000421-198410000-00018. ISSN 0277-3732. PMID 6391143.
  8. ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (registration required (help)).
Isotopes of berkelium Isotopes of californium Isotopes of einsteinium
Table of nuclides
Isotopes of the chemical elements
1
H		 2
He
3
Li		 4
Be		 5
B		 6
C		 7
N		 8
O		 9
F		 10
Ne
11
Na		 12
Mg		 13
Al		 14
Si		 15
P		 16
S		 17
Cl		 18
Ar
19
K		 20
Ca		 21
Sc		 22
Ti		 23
V		 24
Cr		 25
Mn		 26
Fe		 27
Co		 28
Ni		 29
Cu		 30
Zn		 31
Ga		 32
Ge		 33
As		 34
Se		 35
Br		 36
Kr
37
Rb		 38
Sr		 39
Y		 40
Zr		 41
Nb		 42
Mo		 43
Tc		 44
Ru		 45
Rh		 46
Pd		 47
Ag		 48
Cd		 49
In		 50
Sn		 51
Sb		 52
Te		 53
I		 54
Xe
55
Cs		 56
Ba		 1 asterisk 72
Hf		 73
Ta		 74
W		 75
Re		 76
Os		 77
Ir		 78
Pt		 79
Au		 80
Hg		 81
Tl		 82
Pb		 83
Bi		 84
Po		 85
At		 86
Rn
87
Fr		 88
Ra		 2 asterisks 104
Rf		 105
Db		 106
Sg		 107
Bh		 108
Hs		 109
Mt		 110
Ds		 111
Rg		 112
Cn		 113
Uut		 114
Fl		 115
Uup		 116
Lv		 117
Uus		 118
Uuo
1 asterisk 57
La		 58
Ce		 59
Pr		 60
Nd		 61
Pm		 62
Sm		 63
Eu		 64
Gd		 65
Tb		 66
Dy		 67
Ho		 68
Er		 69
Tm		 70
Yb		 71
Lu
2 asterisks 89
Ac		 90
Th		 91
Pa		 92
U		 93
Np		 94
Pu		 95
Am		 96
Cm		 97
Bk		 98
Cf		 99
Es		 100
Fm		 101
Md		 102
No		 103
Lr
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  • Categories: Isotopes
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  • Metastable isotopes
  • Isotopes by element
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