Caledonian Forest

Map of the ecoregion
Caledonian Forest above the Allt Ruadh

The Caledonian Forest is the name given to the former (ancient old-growth) temperate rainforest of Scotland. The name comes to us from Pliny the Elder who tells us that 30 years after the Roman invasion of Britain their knowledge of it did not extend beyond the neighbourhood of ‘silva caledonia’. He gives no information about where ‘silva caledonia’ was, but the known extent of the Roman occupation suggest that it was north of the Clyde and west of the Tay.

The Scots pines of the Caledonian Forest are directly descended from the first pines to arrive in Scotland following the ice-age; arriving about 7,000 BCE. The forest reached its maximum extent about 5,000 BCE after which the Scottish climate became wetter and windier. This changed climate reduced the extent of the forest significantly by 2,000 BCE. From that date, human actions (including the grazing effects of sheep and deer) reduced it to its current extent.

Today, that forest exist as 35 remnants, as authenticated by Steven & Carlisle (1959)[1] (or 84 remnants, including later subjective subdivisions of the 35) covering about 180 square kilometres (44,000 acres). The Scots pines of these remnants are, by definition, directly descended from the first pines to arrive in Scotland following the ice-age. These remnants have adapted genetically to different Scottish environments, and as such, are globally unique; their ecological characteristics form an unbroken, 9,000 year chain of natural evolution with a distinct variety of soils, vegetation, and animals.

To a great extent the remnants survived on land that was either too steep, too rocky, or too remote to be agriculturally useful. The largest remnants are in Strathspey and Strath Dee on highly acidic freely drained glacial deposits that are of little value for cultivation and domestic stock. An examination of the earliest maps of Scotland suggests that the extent of the Caledonian Forest remnants has changed little since 1600 AD.

History

Trees began to recolonise what is now the British Isles over a land bridge which is now beneath the Strait of Dover. Forests of this type were found all over what is now the island of Great Britain for a few thousand years, before the climate began to slowly warm in the Atlantic Period, and the temperate coniferous forests began retreating north into the Scottish Highlands, the last remaining climatic region suitable for them in the British Isles (see Climate of Scotland).

Caledonian pinewoods near Loch an Eilein

The native pinewoods which formed this westernmost outpost of the boreal forest of post-glacial Europe are estimated to have covered 15,000 km2 (3,700,000 acres) as a vast wilderness of Scots pine, birch, rowan, aspen, juniper, oak and a few other hardy species. On the west coast, oak and birch predominated in a temperate rainforest ecosystem rich in ferns, mosses and lichens.

Legend and folklore

In Arthurian lore and early literature, the forest is the site of one of King Arthur's Twelve Battles, according to the Historia Brittonum, in which the battle is called Cat Coit Celidon. Scholars Rachel Bromwich and Marged Haycock suggest that the army of trees animated by sorcerers in the Old Welsh poem Cad Goddeu (The Battle of the Trees) are intended to be the Caledonian Forest.[2]

In related Merlin literature, the figure of Myrddin Wyllt retreated to these woods in his madness after the battle of Arfderydd in the year 573. He fled from the alleged wrath of the king of Strathclyde, Rhydderch Hael, after the slaying of Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio. This is written in the two Merlinic poems in Middle Welsh Yr Oinau and Yr Afallenau in the Black Book of Carmarthen. The forest is also the retreat of another character named Lailoken from the Vita Kentigerni, who also fled into the woods in a fit of madness and who may be the original model for Myrddin Wyllt.

In the Middle Welsh story Culhwch ac Olwen, the main character Culhwch is the son of a king named Celyddon Wledig who may or may not be related to the forest in name. Another figure from the same story, Cyledyr Wyllt hints at a close relationship of the forest being a retreat for people who suffered from a special kind of madness or Gwyllt (Geilt in Irish). In line 994 to 996 of the story, it is briefly explained, ".. .a Chyledyr Wyllt y uab, a llad Nwython a oruc a diot y gallon, a chymhell yssu callon y dat, ac am hynny yd aeth Kyledyr yg gwyllt" ("... and his son Kyledyr the Wild. Gwynn killed Nwython and cut out his heart, and forced Kyledyr to eat his father's heart, and that is how Kyledyr went mad"). Though not named directly, the very name Kyledyr Wyllt is close to the two related notions of the forest of Celyddon being where people suffering madness or Gwyllt hide.

Wildlife

Capercaillie – a species which depends on the Caledonian Forest

Being a unique ecosystem in the British Isles, the Caledonian Pinewoods are home to some of the country's rarest wildlife. It is considered to be one of the last remaining wildernesses in the British Isles.

Breeding bird species in Caledonian pine forests found breeding nowhere else in the British Isles:

Breeding bird species in Caledonian pine forests rare elsewhere in the British Isles:

Mammal species present in Caledonian pine forests:

Red deer in Caledonian pinewood

Mammal species extinct in Caledonian pine forests:

Conservation

A review of the native pinewoods of Scotland Steven & Carlisle (1959)[1] highlighted the plight of the remaining 35 ancient pinewood sites, many of which had been damaged by felling, fire and intensive grazing from sheep and deer. A later review in the 1980s [4] showed that further damage had occurred through ploughing and planting with non-native conifers with less than 12,000 ha of the ancient habitat remaining. A subsequent guide to the ancient pinewoods reviews the conservation story and provides a summary of the management in each site as well as a guide on how to reach all the woods using public transport walking and cycling [5] Much of remaining Caledonian pine forest is fully protected, and much of the forest now lies within the Cairngorms National Park. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the Forestry Commission also own several areas of pinewood on their reserves. One of the largest remaining areas is Ballochbuie Forest on the Balmoral Estate, which is protected as a Special Area of Conservation under the European Union Habitats Directive.[6]

Scientific research continues on the ecology of the Caledonian Forest and its restoration. Populations of the rare groundcover, Linnaea borealis, may be too isolated from one another to produce viable seed.[7] Diversity of fungi has also been affected by the decrease in habitat.[8] The agaric fungus Mycena purpureofusca is commonly found in Caledonian pine woods,[9] and it is considered an indicator species for that habitat type.[10] Fire appears to increase the natural recruitment of Scots pine seedlings.[11]

Reintroductions

In recent years, there has been a growing interest to reintroduce animals which are currently extinct in Great Britain, back into Caledonian pine forests. Corporations have been set up to persuade the government to allow this. The long-running campaign to reintroduce European beavers to Knapdale in Argyll has been successful,[12] and there is some support for the reintroduction of the grey wolf and Eurasian lynx.

Recently, some landowners have announced plans to build large game reserves on their land and release the species within them.[13] Paul Lister plans to release Eurasian lynx, brown bear, grey wolf, elk, wild boar and species already present in Scotland into a huge 200 km2 (49,000-acre) enclosure at his estate, Alladale,[13] although releasing top predators such as wolves and bears has become a difficult proposition with local and national regulations.[13] An initial trial enclosure of 5.5 km2 (1,400 acres) was built with elk, wild boar, red deer and roe deer.[13]

Remaining pinewoods

Bain (2013) lists 38 ancient pinewood sites in Britain which have been identified as the most genuinely native and natural. All of them occur in the Scottish Highlands. The Caledonian Pinewood Inventory [14] identifies 84 pinewood sites which includes smaller sub-units of the main sites. A new comprehensive survey of the native woodlands of Scotland from Forestry Commission Scotland and supported by Scottish Natural Heritage is due to be completed in 2014.

Mam Sodhail as seen from Glen Affric

References

  1. 1 2 Steven, H. M. & Carlisle, A. (1959). The Native Pinewoods of Scotland. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh
  2. ↑ Green, Thomas (2007). Concepts of Arthur, p. 64. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-4461-1.
  3. ↑ The Scottish Beaver Network (viewed June 11th 2009)
  4. ↑ Bain C.G. (1987). Native Pinewoods in Scotland: A Review 1957-1987, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy.
  5. ↑ Bain C.G. (2013) The Ancient Pinewoods of Scotland, A Travellers Guide. Sandstone Press, Dingwall
  6. ↑ "Ballolchbuie SAC: Site Details". Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  7. ↑ Scobie, A. R.; Wilcock, C. C. (2009). "Limited mate availability decreases reproductive success of fragmented populations of Linnaea borealis, a rare, clonal self-incompatible plant". Annals of Botany 103 (6): 835–46. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp007.
  8. ↑ A. C. Newton, E. Holden, L. M. Davy, S. D. Ward, L. V. Fleming, and R. Watling (Oct 2002). "Status and distribution of stipitate hydnoid fungi in Scottish coniferous forests". Biological Conservation 107 (2): 181–92. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00060-5.
  9. ↑ Orton PD. (1986). "Fungi of northern pine and birch woods". Bulletin of the British Mycological Society 20 (2): 130–45. doi:10.1016/S0007-1528(86)80042-6.
  10. ↑ Tofts RJ, Orton PD. (1998). "The species accumulation curve for agarics and boleti from a Caledonian pinewood". Mycologist 12 (3): 98–102. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(98)80002-5.
  11. ↑ Mark Hancock, Siobhán Egan, Ron Summers, Neil Cowie, Andrew Amphlett, Shaila Rao and Alistair Hamilton (1 July 2005). "The effect of experimental prescribed fire on the establishment of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris seedlings on heather Calluna vulgaris moorland" (PDF). Forest Ecology and Management 212 (1-3): 199–213. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.039.
  12. ↑ "They're back!" The Scottish Beaver Network (viewed 11 June 2009)
  13. 1 2 3 4 "In Scotland’s Search for Roots, A Push to Restore Wild Lands", Yale Environment 360, 16 Sep 2010
  14. ↑ Jones, A. T. (1999). The Caledonian Pinewood Inventory of Scotland's Native Scots Pine Woodlands. Scottish Forestry, 53, pp. 237–242


Alps conifer and mixed forests Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland
Altai montane forest and forest steppe China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia
Caledon conifer forests United Kingdom
Carpathian montane conifer forests Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine
Da Hinggan-Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests China, Russia
East Afghan montane conifer forests Afghanistan, Pakistan
Elburz Range forest steppe Iran
Helanshan montane conifer forests China
Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests China
Hokkaido montane conifer forests Japan
Honshu alpine conifer forests Japan
Khangai Mountains conifer forests Mongolia, Russia
Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests Algeria, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia
Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests China, India, Bhutan
Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests Turkey
Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests China
Qilian Mountains conifer forests China
Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests China
Sayan montane conifer forests Mongolia, Russia
Scandinavian coastal conifer forests Norway, Finland, Sweden
Tian Shan montane conifer forests China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

External links

Coordinates: 57°07′12″N 4°42′36″W / 57.1200°N 4.7100°W / 57.1200; -4.7100

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