Busulfan

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Busulfan
Systematic (IUPAC) name
butane-1,4-diyl dimethanesulfonate
Clinical data
Trade names Myleran
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a682248
Licence data US FDA:link
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Oral, IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60-80% (oral)
Protein binding 32.4%
Metabolism Hepatic
Biological half-life 2.5 hours
Excretion Urine (25-60%)
Identifiers
CAS Number 55-98-1 YesY
ATC code L01AB01
PubChem CID 2478
IUPHAR/BPS 7136
DrugBank DB01008 YesY
ChemSpider 2384 YesY
UNII G1LN9045DK YesY
KEGG D00248 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:28901 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL820 YesY
Synonyms 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate
Chemical data
Formula C6H14O6S2
Molar mass 246.304 g/mol
  (verify)

Busulfan (Myleran, GlaxoSmithKline, Busulfex IV, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.) is a cancer drug, in use since 1959.

Busulfan is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent, in the class of alkyl sulfonates. Its chemical designation is 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate.

History

Busulfan was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in 1999. Busulfan was the mainstay of the chemotherapeutic treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) until it was displaced by the new gold standard, imatinib, though it is still in use to a degree as a result of the drug's relative low cost.

Indications

Busulfan is used in pediatrics and adults in combination with cyclophosphamide or fludarabine/clofarabine as a conditioning agent prior to bone marrow transplantation, especially in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloproliferative disorders. Busulfan can control tumor burden but cannot prevent transformation or correct cytogenic abnormalities.

The drug was recently used in a study to examine the role of platelet-transported serotonin in liver regeneration.[1]

Availability

Myleran is supplied in white film coated tablets with 2 mg of busulfan per tablet. After 2002, a great interest has appeared for intravenous presentations of busulfan. Busulfex is supplied as an intravenous solution with 6 mg/ml busulfan. Busulfex has proved equally effective as oral busulfan, with presumedly less toxic side effects. Pharmacokinetic and dynamic studies support this use, that has prompted its usage in transplantation regimes, particularly in frail patients. Fludarabine + busulfan is a typical example of this use.

Side effects

Toxicity may include interstitial pulmonary fibrosis ("Busulfan Lung"), hyperpigmentation, seizures, hepatic (veno-occlusive disease) (VOD), emesis, and wasting syndrome. Busulfan also induces thrombocytopenia, a condition of lowered blood platelet count and activity. Seizures and VOD are serious concerns with busulfan therapy and prophylaxis is often utilized to avoid these effects. Hepatic VOD is a dose-limiting toxicity.

Antiemetics are often administered prior to busulfan to prevent emesis.

Phenytoin may be used concurrently to prevent the seizures. Levetiracetam, has shown efficacy for the prophylaxis against busulfan-induced seizures. Benzodiazepines can also be used for busulfan-induced seizures.[2]

Ursodiol may be considered for prophylaxis of veno-occlusive disease.

Busulfan is listed by the IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen.

Dosing, Administration, and Pharmacokinetics

As an adjunct therapy with cyclophosphamide for conditioning prior to bone marrow transplantation in adults and children >12 kg, intravenous (IV) busulfan (Bulsulfex) is dosed at 0.8 mg/kg every 6 hours for 16 doses (4 days). IV busulfan is usually administered over two hours. Both IV and oral formulations require prophylactic antiemetic agents administered prior to the busulfan dose and scheduled antiemetics administered thereafter. Taking busulfan on an empty stomach is recommended to reduce the risk of nausea and emesis.

Peak plasma concentrations are achieved within one hour of oral administration. About 30% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins, such as albumin.

Busulfan therapeutic drug monitoring is completed based on trough (pre-dose) levels with a target 6-hour area under the curve (AUC) of between 900 and 1500 micromolxmin. AUCs (6-hour) >1500 micromolxmin are associated with hepatic VOD and subsequent dose reduction should be considered. AUCs (6-hour) <900 micromolxmin are associated with incomplete bone marrow ablation and subsequent dose escalation should be considered. Dose adjustments are performed using first order kinetics, such that the adjusted dose = current dose x (target AUC/actual AUC).

Drug Interactions

Busulfan is metabolized via glutathione conjugation in the liver to inactive metabolites. Itraconazole can decrease busulfan clearance by up to 25%, resulting in AUC levels >1500 micromolxmin and increased risk of hepatic VOD. Concomitant use of acetaminophen within 72 hours of busulfan use can reduce busulfan clearance (resulting in increased busulfan AUC), as acetaminophen is also metabolized via glutathione and may deplete stores. Phenytoin increases hepatic clearance of busulfan (resulting in decreased busulfan AUC). However, clinical studies of busulfan were completed with patients taking phenytoin, so no empiric dose adjustment is necessary if patients are taking phenytoin with busulfan.

Pharmacology

Busulfan is an alkylsulfonate. It's an alkylating agent that forms DNA-DNA intrastrand crosslinks between the DNA bases guanine and adenine and between guanine and guanine.[3] This occurs through an SN2 reaction in which the relatively nucleophilic guanine N7 attacks the carbon adjacent to the mesylate leaving group. DNA crosslinking prevents DNA replication. Because the intrastrand DNA crosslinks cannot be repaired by cellular machinery, the cell undergoes apoptosis.[4]

Complexation

The molecular recognition of ureido-cyclodextrin with busulfan was investigated.[5] The formation of complexes was observed with electrostatic interactions between urea and the sulfonate part of busulfan.

Another structure was used for this complexation type, two disaccharidyl units connected by urea linkers to a diazacrown ether organizing platform.[6]

Synthesis

Busulfan synthesis: GB 700677  U.S. Patent 2,917,432.

Ms = mesyl (MeSO2)

References

  1. ↑ Lesurtel M, Graf R, Aleil B, Walther D, Tian Y, Jochum W, Gachet C, Bader M, Clavien P (2006). "Platelet-derived serotonin mediates liver regeneration". Science 312 (5770): 104–7. doi:10.1126/science.1123842. PMID 16601191.
  2. ↑ Eberly, AL.; Anderson, GD.; Bubalo, JS.; McCune, JS. (Dec 2008). "Optimal prevention of seizures induced by high-dose busulfan.". Pharmacotherapy 28 (12): 1502–10. doi:10.1592/phco.28.12.1502. PMID 19025431.
  3. ↑ Iwamoto T, Hiraku Y, Oikawa S, Mizutani H, Kojima M, Kawanishi S (May 2004). "DNA intrastrand cross-link at the 5'-GA-3' sequence formed by busulfan and its role in the cytotoxic effect". Cancer Sci. 95 (5): 454–8. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03231.x. PMID 15132775.
  4. ↑ Karstens A, Kramer I (2007). "Chemical and physical stability of diluted busulfan infusion solutions". EJHP Science 13: 40–7.
  5. ↑ Menuel S, Joly JP, Courcot B, Elysee J, Ghermani NE, Marsura A (2007). "Synthesis and inclusion ability of a bis-beta-cyclodextrin pseudo-cryptand towards Busulfan anticancer agent". Tetrahedron 63 (7): 1706–14. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2006.10.070.
  6. ↑ Porwanski S, Florence DCB, Menuel S, Joly JP, Bulach V, Marsura A (2009). "Bis-beta-cyclodextrinyl- and bis-cellobiosyl-diazacrowns: synthesis and molecular complexation behaviors toward Busulfan anticancer agent and two basic aminoacids". Tetrahedron 65 (31): 6196–6203. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.057.

External links

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