Buspirone

Buspirone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
8-[4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione
Clinical data
Trade names Buspar
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a688005
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ~4%[1]
Protein binding 86-95%[1]
Metabolism Hepatic mostly via CYP3A4[1]
Biological half-life 2-3 hours[2]
Excretion Urine (29-63%), Faeces (18-38%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number 36505-84-7 YesY
ATC code N05BE01
PubChem CID 2477
IUPHAR/BPS 36
DrugBank DB00490 YesY
ChemSpider 2383 YesY
UNII TK65WKS8HL YesY
KEGG D07593 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:3223 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL49 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C21H31N5O2
Molar mass 385.50314 g/mol
  (verify)

Buspirone (/ˈbjuːspᵻroʊn/ BEW-spi-rohn), trade name Buspar, is an anxiolytic psychotropic drug of the azapirone chemical class.[3]   It is primarily used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Unlike most drugs predominantly used to treat anxiety, buspirone's pharmacology is not related to benzodiazepines or barbiturates, and so does not carry the risk of physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms for which those drug classes are known.

Buspirone was first identified by a team at Mead Johnson in 1972, but was not patented until 1975.[4][5]

In 1986, Bristol-Myers Squibb gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for buspirone in the treatment of GAD. The patent placed on buspirone expired in 2001 and buspirone is now available as a generic drug.

Medical uses

Buspirone is approved in the United States by the FDA for the treatment of anxiety disorders and the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety.[6] Likewise in Australia, buspirone is licensed for the treatment of anxiety disorders.[7][8] In the United Kingdom, buspirone is indicated only for the short-term treatment of anxiety.[9][10]

Although not approved for this indication, studies such as STAR*D have shown buspirone to be an effective augmentation agent alongside treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for clinical depression and is also used to counter the sexual side effects (anorgasmy and impotence) of the SSRI.[11][12][13][14]

Several clinical trials, most randomised double-blind trials (and in one buspirone was used as an adjunct to atomoxetine) and one open-label, have been conducted to evaluate the utility of buspirone in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with mostly positive results.[15][16][17][18]

Buspirone is also used in the treatment of mild to moderate cerebellar ataxia.[19]

Dosage

For generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): 15–60 mg. Starting dose is 5 mg, 3 times daily, average dosage being 20–30 mg a day. If symptoms still persist after several weeks then the dose may be titrated up to 60 mg. Due to Buspar's short half-life and linear pharmacokinetics,[20] dosage can be increased by 5 mg every two to three days.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Adverse effects

Buspar (buspirone) 10-mg tablets.

Adverse effects by incidence[1][6][7][9] include:

Very common (>10% incidence)

Common (1-10% incidence)

  • Nervousness
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep disorder
  • Disturbance in attention
  • Depression
  • Confusional state
  • Anger
  • Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
  • Chest pain
  • Sinusitis (nasal congestion)
  • Pharyngolaryngeal pain
  • Paraesthesia (tingling skin)
  • Blurred vision
  • Abnormal coordination
  • Tremor
  • Cold sweat
  • Rash
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dry mouth
  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation
  • Vomiting
  • Fatigue
  • Musculoskeletal pain

Uncommon (0.1-1%)

  • Syncope
  • Hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Redness and itching of the eyes
  • Altered taste
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Flatulence
  • Anorexia
  • Increased appetite
  • Salivation
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Urinary frequency
  • Urinary hesitancy
  • Menstrual irregularity or spotting
  • Dysuria
  • Muscle cramps
  • Muscle spasms
  • Muscle rigidity/stiffness
  • Involuntary movements
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest congestion
  • Changes in libido
  • Oedema
  • Pruritus
  • Flushing
  • Easy bruising
  • Dry skin
  • Facial oedema
  • Mild increases in hepatic aminotransferases (AST, ALT)
  • Weight gain
  • Fever
  • Roaring sensation in the head
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise
  • Depersonalisation
  • Noise intolerance
  • Euphoria
  • Akathisia
  • Fearfulness
  • Loss of interest
  • Dissociative reaction

Rare (<0.1% incidence)

Contraindications

Buspirone has these contraindications:[28][29]

Interactions

Buspirone has been shown in vitro to be metabolized by CYP3A4. This finding is consistent with the in vivo interactions observed between buspirone and these inhibitors inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), among others:[28]

The likely mechanism of the interaction caused by grapefruit juice is delayed gastric emptying or inhibition by a substance in grapefruit rind of cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated first-pass metabolism of buspirone.[30]

The occurrence of elevated blood pressure has been reported when buspirone hydrochloride has been added to a regimen including a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).[28]

Overdose

Activated charcoal is believed to be an effective treatment for overdose, provided the patient is treated promptly.  Expected symptoms (based on symptoms in male healthy volunteers treated with 375 mg/day — compared to the maximum daily licensed dosage in Australia, the UK, and the US):[6][7][9]

Buspirone appears to be relatively benign in cases of single-drug overdose, although no definitive data on this subject appear to be available.[31]

Pharmacology and mechanism

Buspirone functions as a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (IA = 0.465).[28][32][33]  It is this action that is thought to mediate its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.  Additionally, it functions as a presynaptic dopamine antagonist at the D2, D3 and D4 receptors.[28][34] [35]   Buspirone is also a partial α1 receptor agonist.[36][37][38]  Buspirone also appears to produce some oxytocin stimulation via 5-HT1A receptor-induced action. Buspirone binds to 5-HT type 1A serotonin receptors on presynaptic neurons in the dorsal raphe and on postsynaptic neurons in the hippocampus, thus reducing the firing rate of 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe. Buspirone also binds at dopamine type 2 (DA2) receptors, blocking presynaptic dopamine receptors. Buspirone increases firing in the locus ceruleus, an area of brain where norepinephrine cell bodies are found in high concentration. The net result of buspirone actions is that serotonergic activity is suppressed while noradrenergic and dopaminergic cell firing is enhanced. [39][40]

Binding Profile of Buspirone (towards cloned human receptors) [41]

 Receptor  Binding Affinity (Ki [nM])  Action
5-HT1A 28.62 Agonist
5-HT2A 138.03 Agonist
5-HT2B 213.79 Agonist
5-HT2C 489.77 Agonist
D2 484 Antagonist
D3 98 Antagonist
D4 29 Antagonist
α1 Agonist
α1D Agonist

Research

Comparison to benzodiazepines

Buspirone's efficacy is comparable to that of members of the benzodiazepine family in treating GAD, although it tends to have a delayed onset of action.[53][54]

Abrupt discontinuation of diazepam after six weeks of continuous administration resulted in withdrawal symptoms. This was not the case when administration of buspirone was ceased after six weeks.[55] It may take several weeks before buspirone's anxiolytic effects become noticeable, and many patients may also need a higher dosage to adequately respond to treatment.[28]

Buspirone's chemical structure and mechanism of action are completely unrelated to those of benzodiazepines and is not effective as a treatment for benzodiazepine withdrawal.[56] Unlike benzodiazepines, buspirone is not a drug of abuse.[7]

Synthesis

Buspirone synthesis:[57] DE 2057845  U.S. Patent 3,717,634 U.S. Patent 3,907,801 U.S. Patent 3,976,776

Alkylation of 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine (1) with 3-chloro-1-cyanopropane (2, 4-chlorobutyronitrile) gives 3, which is reduced either by hydrogenation over Raney nickel catalyst, or with LAH. The resulting 1° amine (4) from the previous step is then reacted with 3,3-Tetramethyleneglutaric anhydride (5, 8-Oxaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione) in order to yield buspirone (6).

analogues

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "buspirone (Rx) - BuSpar, Buspirex, more..". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  2. ↑ http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/mobileart-rx.asp?drug=buspar&monotype=rx-cp&monopage=10
  3. ↑ "Commonly Prescribed Psychotropic Medications". NAMI. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  4. ↑ Psychosedative agents. 2. 8-(4-Substituted 1-piperazinylalkyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-diones Yao-Hua Wu, J.W.Rayburn, L.E.Allen, H.C.Ferguson, J.W.Kissel J.Med.Chem., 1972, 15 (5) pages 477–479
  5. ↑ US Patent 3907801 N-(8 (4-pyridyl-piperazino)-alkyl(9 -azaspiroalkanediones
  6. 1 2 3 "BUSPIRONE HCL (buspirone hydrochloride) tablet [Watson Laboratories, Inc.]". DailyMed. Watson Laboratories, Inc. July 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "BUSPAR® (buspirone hydrochloride) Tablets 5 mg & 10 mg PRODUCT INFORMATION" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd. January 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  8. ↑ Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
  9. 1 2 3 "Buspirone 10mg Tablets". electronic Medicines Compendium. Actavis UK Ltd. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  10. ↑ Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 224.
  11. ↑ "The STAR*D Trial: First Results". Psych Central. The Carlat Psychiaty Report. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  12. ↑ National Institute Of Health. "Questions and Answers about the NIMH Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study — All Medication Levels". Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  13. ↑ Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Quitkin F, Warden D, Ritz L, Nierenberg AA, Lebowitz BD, Biggs MM, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Rush AJ (March 2006). "Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (12): 1243–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052964. PMID 16554526.
  14. ↑ Appelberg BG, Syvälahti EK, Koskinen TE, Mehtonen OP, Muhonen TT, Naukkarinen HH (June 2001). "Patients with severe depression may benefit from buspirone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and in a Class of Drugs called Benzodiazepines and effects similar if not idenical to Alprazelam,Lorazepam etc : results from a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, placebo wash-in study". J Clin Psychiatry 62 (6): 448–52. doi:10.4088/JCP.v62n0608. PMID 11465522.
  15. ↑ Malhotra S, Santosh PJ (April 1998). "An open clinical trial of buspirone in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37 (4): 364–371. doi:10.1097/00004583-199804000-00013. PMID 9549956.
  16. ↑ Mohammadi MR, Hafezi P, Galeiha A, Hajiaghaee R, Akhondzadeh S (November 2012). "Buspirone versus Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Children with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: Randomized Double-Blind Study". Acta Medica Iranica 50 (11): 723–728. PMID 23292622.
  17. ↑ Sutherland SM, Adler LA, Chen C, Smith MD, Feltner DE (Apr 2012). "An 8-Week, Randomized Controlled Trial of Atomoxetine, Atomoxetine Plus Buspirone, or Placebo in Adults With ADHD". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 73 (4): 445–450. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06788. PMID 22313788.
  18. ↑ Davari-Ashtiani R, Shahrbabaki ME, Razjouyan K, Amini H, Mazhabdar H (Dec 2010). "Buspirone Versus Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Double-Blind and Randomized Trial" (PDF). Child Psychiatry and Human Development 41 (6): 641–648. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0193-2. PMID 20517641.
  19. ↑ http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=593671
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  21. ↑ List, RX. "Buspar Dosage". RX List. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
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  23. ↑ "Buspirone, a novel nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic.". Clinical Pharmacy.
  24. ↑ "Clinical Studies of Buspirone". Psychopathology.
  25. ↑ "Effects of Buspirone on Agitation Associated With Dementia". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
  26. ↑ "Metabolism and disposition of buspirone". The American Journal of Medicine.
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  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Buspirone monograph". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  29. ↑ Geddes, John; Gelder, Michael G.; Mayou, Richard (2005). Psychiatry. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-19-852863-9.
  30. ↑ Lilja JJ, Kivistö KT, Backman JT, Lamberg TS, Neuvonen PJ (1998). "Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone*". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 64 (6): 655–660. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90056-X. PMID 9871430.
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  32. ↑ Blier P, Bergeron R, de Montigny C (1997). "Selective Activation of Postsynaptic 5-HT1A Receptors Induces Rapid Antidepressant Response". Neuropsychopharmacology 16 (5): 333–338. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(96)00242-4. PMID 9109104.
  33. ↑ Zuideveld KP, Rusiç-Pavletiç J, Maas HJ, Peletier LA, Van der Graaf PH, Danhof M (December 2002). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of buspirone and its metabolite 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine in rats". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303 (3): 1130–1137. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.036798. PMID 12438536.
  34. 1 2 "Efficacy of buspirone for attenuating cocaine and methamphetamine reinstatement in rats.". Drug Alcohol Dependence. Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine. Retrieved 5 March 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  35. ↑ Bergman J, Roof RA, Furman CA, Conroy JL, Mello NK, Sibley DR, Skolnick P (2013). "Modification of cocaine self-administration by buspirone (buspar (R)): potential involvement of D-3 and D-4 dopamine receptors". Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16: 445–458. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000661. PMID 22827916.
  36. ↑ "Role of α 1-adrenoceptors in the reduction of external carotid blood flow induced by buspirone and ipsapirone in the dog". Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  37. ↑ Maximiliano Marquez. "Pharmacological evidence for interactions between 5HT1A receptor agonists and subtypes of α1-adrenoceptors on rabbit aorta". Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  38. ↑ Manfrid Eltze, Helga König, Brigitte Ullrich,Thomas Grebe. "Buspirone functionally discriminates tissues endowed with α1-adrenoceptor subtypes A, B, D and L". Retrieved 17 September 2014.
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  42. ↑ "Buspirone Ameliorates the Morphine Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety through Synaptic Ultrastructural Changes in Hippocampus of Rat". Jialin Gao, Gang Qian, Suyuan Luo, Yan Tian, Mingsong Wu, Zhongxiang Yao. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  43. ↑ Malec TS, Malec EA, Dongier M; Malec; Dongier (1996). "Efficacy of buspirone in alcohol dependence: A review". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20 (5): 853–858. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05263.x. PMID 8865960.
  44. ↑ Olsen AS, Sozda CN, Cheng JP, Hoffman AN, Kline AE; Sozda; Cheng; Hoffman; Kline (July 2012). "Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Cognitive and Histological Deficits Are Attenuated by Delayed and Chronic Treatment with the 5-HT(1A)-Receptor Agonist Buspirone". J. Neurotrauma 29 (10): 1898–907. doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2358. PMC 3390982. PMID 22416854.
  45. ↑ Cheng JP, Hoffman AN, Zafonte RD, Kline AE; Hoffman; Zafonte; Kline (December 2008). "A delayed and chronic treatment regimen with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT after cortical impact injury facilitates motor recovery and acquisition of spatial learning". Behav. Brain Res. 194 (1): 79–85. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.025. PMC 2568997. PMID 18638506.
  46. ↑ Bergman J, Roof RA, Furman CA, Conroy JL, Mello NK, Sibley DR, Skolnick P; Roof; Furman; Conroy; Mello; Sibley; Skolnick (July 2012). "Modification of cocaine self-administration by buspirone (buspar®): potential involvementof D3 and D4 dopamine receptors". Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16 (2): 1–14. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000661. PMID 22827916.
  47. ↑ "Effects of Chronic Buspirone Treatment on Cocaine Self-Administration". Neuropsychopharmacology (Harvard Medical School) 38: 455–67. Feb 2013. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.202. PMID 23072835. Retrieved 5 March 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  48. ↑ Haleem DJ, Samad N, Haleem MA; Samad; Haleem (May 2007). "Reversal of haloperidol-induced tardive vacuous chewing movements and supersensitive somatodendritic serotonergic response by buspirone in rats". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 87 (1): 115–21. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.007. PMID 17498786.
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  52. ↑ Celada, Pau; Bortolozzi, Analía; Artigas, Francesc (Sep 2013). "Serotonin 5-HT1A receptors as targets for agents to treat psychiatric disorders: rationale and current status of research". CNS Drugs 27 (9): 703–716. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0071-0. ISSN 1172-7047. PMID 23757185.
  53. ↑ Cohn JB, Rickels K; Rickels (1989). "A pooled, double-blind comparison of the effects of buspirone, diazepam and placebo in women with chronic anxiety". Current Medical Research and Opinion 11 (5): 304–320. doi:10.1185/03007998909115213. PMID 2649317.
  54. ↑ Goldberg HL, Finnerty RJ; Finnerty (1979). "The comparative efficacy of buspirone and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety". The American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (9): 1184–1187. PMID 382878.
  55. ↑ Murphy SM, Owen R, Tyrer P; Owen; Tyrer (1989). "Comparative assessment of efficacy and withdrawal symptoms after 6 and 12 weeks' treatment with diazepam or buspirone". The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 154 (4): 529–534. doi:10.1192/bjp.154.4.529. PMID 2686797.
  56. ↑ Sontheimer DL, Ables AZ; Ables, A. Z. (2001). "Is imipramine or buspirone treatment effective in patients wishing to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine use?". The Journal of family practice 50 (3): 203. PMID 11252203.
  57. ↑ Wu, Y. H.; Ferguson, J. W.; Kissel, L. E.; Ferguson, H. C.; Kissel, J. W. (May 1972). "Psychosedative agents. 2. 8-(4-Substituted 1-piperazinylalkyl)-8-azaspiro(4.5)decane-7,9-diones". J. Med. Chem. 15 (5): 477–479. doi:10.1021/jm00275a009. PMID 5035267.
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