Bush ballad

Cover to Banjo Paterson's seminal 1905 collection of bush ballads, entitled The Old Bush Songs

Bush songs or bush ballads are a folk music and poetry tradition in Australia's outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia, a young country.^[1] The lyrical tradition of bush songs was born of settlers and influenced by Aboriginal society in the geographical areas referred to as The Bush. The performers are sometimes referred to as bush bards.

Many of the songs were composed in the 19th century and passed on through the generations. Several collectors have catalogued some of the songs. John Meredith's collection, assembled in the 1950s when he bought himself a very large tape recorder and carted it around to record people who had memories of the old songs, became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia.^[1] Earlier collections, such as Banjo Paterson's 1905 The Old Bush Songs, include only the lyrics and no musical notation; however, for some of the ballads a particular folk tune is suggested (see image of "The Dying Stockman" next section below).

Characteristics

The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking.

Although not technically bush ballads, there are also numerous sea shanties formerly sung by whalers and other sailors, as well as songs about the voyage made by convicts and other immigrants from England to Australia, which are sung in a similar style.

While subject matter may be constant, musical styles differ between traditional and contemporary bush ballads. Exemplars of the traditional bush ballad style include Slim Dusty's When the Rain Tumbles Down in July or Leave Him in the Long yard which have strong narrative in verses plus choruses set to a Pick n' Strum beat. Contemporary bush ballads may employ finger picking and strumming rock styles.^[2]

History

First page of "The Dying Stockman," a bush ballad published in Banjo Paterson's 1905 collection The Old Bush Songs

Australia's musical traditions include the English, Scottish, and Irish folk songs of the convicts, as well as the work of pastoral poets of the 1880s.^[3][4] There was also a hymn singing tradition brought by missionaries in the 19th century.^[1] and the convict songs of those incarcerated on the island. The represent attempts to European cultural forms to the Australian environment.^[4]

The distinctive themes and origins of Australia's bush music can be traced to the songs sung by the convicts who were sent to Australia during the early period of the British colonisation, beginning in 1788. Early Australian ballads sing of the harsh ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen and shearers. Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny. Classic bush songs on such themes include: The Wild Colonial Boy, Click Go The Shears, The Eumeralla Shore, The Drover's Dream, The Queensland Drover, The Dying Stockman and Moreton Bay.^[5]

Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's vast distances. Isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. For much of its history, Australia's bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, and was only later published in print in volumes such as banjo Paterson's Old Bush Songs, in the 1890s.

The songs often discuss the hardscrabble life and struggles of the Aussie battler. The songs are often ironic and humorous as with Beautiful Land of Australia chorus:

Waltzing Matilda, often regarded as Australia's unofficial National anthem, is a quintessential early Australian country song, influenced more by Celtic folk ballads than by American Country and Western music. The lyrics were composed by the poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. This strain of Australian country music, with lyrics focusing on strictly Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "bush band music".^[5]

The ballad genre continued in Australia after popular music took hold in Great Britain. "The oral ballad tradition centered on rural areas had been dying out in England for a generation as a consequence of the land clearances, industrialisation and urbanisation, found a new lease of life in the Australian bush, and one suspects that these traditional and reworked ballads were also sung in the early "free and easys." While popular music in England had begun to develop in the working-class music halls during the 1830s and 1840s, the spread of popular music in Australia was still in its infancy."^[6]

The diversity in Australia has increased, but even in the 1920s Poncie Cubillo introduced the rondalla with their Filipino string band in Darwin.^[1][7] The ballad tradition has grown to include some of these influences including Chinese and Filipino.^[1] There were also the Italians growing tobacco, the de Bortoli family, in "Texas in Queensland", adding to the amalgam of folk tunes and Tex Morton hillbilly tunes.^[1] Morton, a country music singer originally from New Zealand, released a number of Australian-themed 78s between 1936 and 1943 (including "Dying Duffer's Prayer," "Murrumbridgee Jack," "Billy Brink The Shearer," "Stockman's Last Bed," "Wrap Me Up in My Stockwhip and Blanket," "Rocky Ned (The Outlaw)," and "Ned Kelly Song"), which can be considered to have been inspired by the bush ballad tradition. However, Morton sang without an Australian accent and his yodeling style was closer to that of the American singer Jimmie Rodgers than earlier Australian folk singers.

Later influences from American cowboy and country songs and 1950s rock 'n' roll led to the performance of bush ballads being influenced by and combined with these forms.^[3] With the advance of technology and mass communications, the bush ballads were joined on the modern Australian music scene by rockabilly, country music, blues, Texas swing, bluegrass, trail songs, and country pop.^[3]

Country and folk artists including Slim Dusty, Stan Coster, Rolf Harris, The Bushwackers, John Williamson, Graeme Connors and John Schumann of the band Redgum have continued to record and popularise the old bush ballads of Australia through the 20th and into the 21st century - and contemporary artists including Sara Storer and Lee Kernaghan draw heavily on this heritage.

Ashley Cook, a contemporary balladeer, sings about topics relevant to life in agriculture and mining work in Australia's outback: Cattle, Dust and Leather and Blue Queenland Dogs. His song "Road to Kakadu" laments the slaughter of water buffalo in Northern Territory in the 1990s to control the Brucellosis disease.^[8] Beneath the Queensland Moon covers the life and death as a drover.

Public perceptions

The genre is sometimes represented as unsophisticated in contrast to the more popular and "important" rock music, partially due to cliched images and stereotypes.^[9]

The genre has been influential and inspirational in theater and movies.^[10][11] Since the mid-20th century, bush songs have often been performed by bush bands, such as The Bandicoots or Franklyn B Paverty.^[12] Female bush balladeers have also been studied.^[13]

A number of awards have been set up to recognize bush balladeers.^[14] Jeff Brown was nominated for a Golden Guitar Award in the Bush Ballad of the Year category for a song he recorded In the wings of the yard in 2008.^[15] Past winners of the Country Music Awards Australia Bush Ballad of the Year include Anne Kirkpatrick and Joy McKean. The Stan Coster Memorial Bush Ballad Award is presented in several categories. 2007 winners included Reg Poole for male vocalist of the year for ‘A Tribute To Slim’, Graham Rodger for Songwriter of the Year ‘The Battle Of Long Tan’, and Dean Perrett^[16] for Album of the Year ‘New Tradition’^[17] The publishers of the Balladeers Bulletin magazine also hold a "Bush Balladeer Starquest" competition.^[18] At the 2008 36th Country Music Australia Awards held in Tamworth, Amos Morris became the youngest artist ever to win the Golden Guitar trophy for the Bush Ballad of the Year category with Sign of the Times. ^[19]

Examples

Some examples of popular bush ballad poems and songs include:^[20]

Traditional:

• The Wild Colonial Boy
• Click Go The Shears
• The Eumeralla Shore
• The Drover's Dream
• The Queensland Drover
• The Dying Stockman
• Moreton Bay

The Bush Bards:

• The Ballad of the Drover by Henry Lawson
• On the Range by Barcroft Boake
• The Man From Snowy River by Banjo Paterson
• Waltzing Matilda by Paterson
• Clancy of the Overflow by Paterson

Modern writers and singers:

• When the Rain Tumbles Down in July by Slim Dusty
• Leave Him in the Longyard by Kelly Dixon (versions by Slim Dusty and Lee Kernaghan)
• Three Rivers Hotel by Stan Coster (versions by Slim Dusty and John Williamson)
• 'Ballad of Camooweal sung by Slim Dusty
• The Biggest Disappointment by Joy McKean (sung by Slim Dusty and Troy Cassar-Daley)
• Mallee Boy by John Williamson
• Diamantina Drover by John Williamson

Bush balladeers

• Banjo Paterson^[21] (1864–1941; he was a poet and bush ballad collector, but not a singer)
• Jack O'Hagan (1898–1987)
• Jeff Brown
• Slim Dusty (1927–2003)
• C. J. Dennis (1876–1938)
• Warren Fahey
• Phil Garland (from New Zealand)
• Edward Harrington (1896–1966)
• Gordon Parsons
• John Williamson^[22] (b. 1945)
• Adam Lindsay Gordon^[23] (1833–1870)
• Barcroft Boake^[24]
• John Shaw Neilson (1872–1942)
• Henry Lawson (1867–1922)
• Shirley Thoms
• Yvonne Bradley
• Francis MacNamara^[25]
• Lex Banning (1921–1965)
• Clive James
• Geoffrey Lehmann
• Kenneth Slessor
• David Campbell (poet)
• James McAuley
• Francis Webb (poet)
• Ulf Stenback (Swedish nyckelharpa player in New South Wales)
• Stan Coster (1930–1997) (Australian country musician)
• Dean Perrett

Collectors of bush songs

• John Manifold^[26] (balladeer and collector)
• John Meredith
• Les Murray
• Banjo Paterson
• Bill Scott (author) (balladeer and collector)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bush ballads.

• Cowboy poetry

References

External links

• Bush Balladeers page

Video

• Warren Fahey videos