Buddhist mummies

Buddhist mummies, also called flesh body bodhisattvas, full body sariras, or living buddhas (Sokushinbutsu) refer to the bodies of Buddhist monks and nuns that remain incorrupt, without any traces of deliberate mummification. These are venerated by some Buddhists who believe they successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death.[1] The practise to purposely make undecomposed bodies is seen as controversial and contradictory to the Buddhist belief in impermanence. Many were destroyed or lost in history.[2] Hungarian Natural History Museum recently found a Buddhist mummy inside a statue of Buddha.[3]

Causes

Some were naturally formed. Some Mahayana buddhist monks left instructions to be followed after their deaths, which often included having them buried sitting in a lotus posture, put into a vessel with drying agents (such as coal, wood, paper, or lime) and surrounded by bricks, to be exhumed later, usually after three years. The preserved bodies would then be decorated with paint and adorned with gold.[4] It is a common method in China. Some covered the bodies with clay or salt. According to Victor H. Mair in the Discovery Channel series The Mystery of the Tibetan Mummy, the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in the 1990s, was achieved by the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected the neck with his knees in a lotus position.[5] The mummies of monks (Sokushinbutsu) in Japan practised nyūjō (入定), which caused their own death by adhering to a wood eating diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and urushi tea. They were then buried alive in a pine-wood box full of salt connected by a tube for air and would ring a bell signaling they were alive. When the bell stopped ringing the air tube was removed.[6][7] Japan banned unburying in 1879 and assisted suicide, including religious suicide is now illegal.

My affair will become a big one, not only get known by the Xianghe county, but by the whole China and eventually by the whole world.(我的事大着呢,不但让香河县知道,还要让全中国知道,最后让全世界都知道。)

Zhou Fengchen[8]

My original life span should have been 81 years, but I leave my fortune and life of the last 20 years to all suffering lives. After I leave this world for Sukhavati, don't burn my body, or bury it. Leave my body quietly, it would naturally achieve an incorruptible body of Buddhism. It would be a miracle of mankind and treasure of Buddhism.(本来我的寿命是81岁,我把后20年的福寿留给一切苦难的众生。我往生后,不要把我的身体火化,也不要安葬。给我一处静地,让我这个身体继续养着。自然就会成为佛门的金刚不坏之肉身舍利,也称为“紫磨真金色身”,是人类的奇迹,是佛门的珍宝。)

Huang Yulan[9]

List

Theravada

Some names lost[10] or unknown.[11]

Mahayana

Some names lost,[35][36][37] Taoists[38][39] or Way of Former Heaven religion.

  • Shōnyo (証如)[40]
  • Zōga shōnin (増賀上人)[40]
  • Ninga (仁賀), a student of Zōga[40]
  • Gensan shōnin (源算上人)[40]
  • Komatsuji shōnin (小松寺上人)[40]
  • Ganzai (願西尼) (nun)[40]
  • Kaijin (沙門戒深)[40]
  • Senkaku (priest) (暹覚法師)[40]
  • Angin Kitsudō (案山吉道)[40]
  • Kyūen (久円), a student of Kitsudō[40]
  • Jikigyō Miroku (食行身禄)[40]
  • Nikkan (日鑑上人)[40]
  • Itō Sankō (伊藤産行), a student of Miroku[40]
  • Manzō (萬蔵)[41]
  • Shan Daokai (單道開)[40]
  • Huizhi (慧直)[42]
  • Zhiyi[40]
  • Zhikai (智鍇), a student of Zhiyi[40]
  • Zhixi (智晞), a student of Zhiyi[40]
  • Sengche (僧徹)[40]
  • Daoxiu (道休)[40]
  • Dayi Daoxin[40]
  • Daman Hongren[40]
  • Fapu (法普)[40]
  • Youxuan (幽玄)[40]
  • Suiduan (遂端)[40]
  • Hangxiao (行修)[40]
  • Wang (王羅漢)[40]
  • Laode (老德和尚)[42]
  • Baoyin (寶印)[42]
  • Chang (常羅漢)[42]
  • Chongyan (崇演)[42]
  • Chunan (楚南)[42]
  • Cunshou (存壽)[42]
  • Daxing (大行)[42]
  • Daoang (釋道昂)[42]
  • Daolin (釋道林)[42]
  • Daoyin (釋道因)[42]
  • Dexiu (德秀)[42]
  • Fachong (法充)[42]
  • Faqin (法欽)[42]
  • Guting (古庭)[42]
  • Guangyu (廣玉)[42]
  • Heluojie (訶羅謁)[42]
  • Faming (法明)[42]
  • Huanzhong (寰中)[42]
  • Hui (慧禪師)[42]
  • Huikong (慧空)[42]
  • Huishi (慧寔)[42]
  • Huiyan (慧嚴)[42]
  • Jianzhen[42]
  • Jueqing (覺慶)[42]
  • Pengpeng (沙門釋彭彭)[42]
  • Puyuan (普願)[42]
  • Ruyu (如玉)[42]
  • Shifan (師範)[42]
  • Shiyu (世瑜)[42]
  • Wenyan (文偃禪師)[42][43]
  • Qingliang Wenyi (清涼文益)[42]
  • Wuji (無迹)[42]
  • Wulou (無漏)[42]
  • Hangxiu (行修)[42]
  • Yefang (業方)[42]
  • Yi Xing[42]
  • Zhiyuan (智圓禪師)[42]
  • Zhutanyou (竺昙猷)[42]
  • Ziyu (子瑀)[42]
  • Zongyuan (宗淵)[42]
  • Niunao (拗撓)[42]
  • Baoan (寶安)[42]
  • Canghuan (藏奂)[42]
  • Daibing (代病)[42]
  • Daozhou (道舟)[42]
  • Guangyi (光儀)[42]
  • Guangji (沙門廣寄)[42]
  • Huayan (華嚴和尚)[42]
  • Huaiyu (懷玉)[42]
  • Sengbian (僧辯)[42]
  • Wenxi (文喜)[42]
  • Yuanshao (圓紹)[42]
  • Jinggan (靜感比丘尼) (nun)[4]
  • Lingjiao (靈覺比丘尼) (nun)[4]
  • Huiyin (惠隱尼) (nun)[4]
  • Yingong (銀公)[44]
  • Mosi (摩斯)[44]
  • Hongyi Daci (宏一达慈)[45]
  • Danru (淡如)[46]
  • Longshan (隆山祖師)[47]
  • Defeng (德風和尚)[47]
  • Shengchuan (聖傳和尚)[47]
  • Chang'en (常恩和尚)[48]
  • Falong (法龍和尚)[47]
  • Dinghui (定慧和尚)[47]
  • Huade (華德和尚)[47]
  • Bi Yuexia (碧月俠) (Taoist)[49]
  • Bi Dengxia (碧燈俠) (Taoist),[49] a peer of Bi Yuexia
  • Bi Chenxia (碧塵俠) (Taoist),[49] a peer of Bi Yuexia
  • Jisheng (濟生和尚)[46]
  • Jingshen (淨參)[50]
  • Chushan (楚山和尚)[51]
  • Zhou (周老禪師)[52]
  • Liu (劉舍人) (folk)[53]
  • Chen Jinggu (陳靖姑) (Taoist woman)[54][55]
  • Yibo (義波和尚)[56]
  • Qin (秦善人) (layman)[57]
  • Lingying (靈應祖師)[56][58][59]
  • Chen Yi (仁遠王)[60]
  • Zhang Liuchuan (章公六全祖師)[61]
  • Deqin (德欽)[62]
  • Xianhua (顯化禪師)[63][64]
  • Từ Đạo Hạnh (徐道幸)[65]
  • Tuệ Tĩnh (慧靜禪師)[66]
  • Wuji (無際大師)[67][68]
  • Shinsō Gyōjun (心相行順大行者)[69]
  • Kōchi (弘智法印)[69]
  • Tanzei (弾誓上人)[69]
  • Arisada (宥貞法印)[69]
  • Shungi (舜義上人)[69]
  • Shūkai (秀快上人)[69]
  • Myōshin (妙心法師)[70][71]
  • Longde (隆德禅师)[72]
  • Huihuan (慧寬法師)[73]
  • Xianliang (顯亮沙彌尼) (nun), student of Huihuan[73]
  • Benfeng (本丰长老)[74]
  • Haiyun (海雲禪師).[75]
  • Benru (本如)[76][77]
  • Zhou Fengchen (周凤臣) (laywoman)[78][79]
  • Tian Zhichao (田志超)[80]
  • Jiaofeng (焦豐居士) (layman)[81]
  • Yuantong (圓通和尚)[81]
  • Xinhui (性慧)[44]
  • Xintian (性添)[44]
  • Haicheng (海澄)[44]
  • Chanhua (禪化)[44]
  • Lijin (立謹)[44]
  • Zhiyuen (智遠)[44]
  • Faxing (法信)[44]
  • Yikong (一空)[44]
  • Yunhe (雲鶴)[44]
  • Mingyue (明月)[44]
  • Mingliang (明亮)[44]
  • Siben (思本)[82]
  • Huaide (懷德)[82]
  • Shixian (師顯)[82]
  • Zhixuan (智玄)[82]
  • Mingzhe (明哲)[82]
  • Shenyuan (神遠)[82]
  • Puqin (普欽)[82]
  • Yuankong (圓空)[82]
  • Xuanxu (玄虛道人) (Taoist)[82][83]
  • Xuanzhi (玄智道人) (Taoist), a student of Xuanxu[82]
  • Songfeng (松風道人) (Taoist)[82]
  • Songzhu (松竹道人) (Taoist)[82]
  • Tianran (天然尼师) (nun)[84]
  • Nengren (能忍法师) (nun)[85]
  • Fazhong Daci (法众达鉴)[86]
  • Haimo (海墨老和尚)[4]
  • Haiqing (释海庆)[87]
  • Wu Yunqing (吴云青) (Taoist)[88][89]
  • Changjing (昌净法师) (nun)[90]
  • Xukai (绪开和尚)[91]
  • Zhenshi (真实老和尚)[92]
  • Zongxu (宗旭)[93]
  • Guowu (釋果悟)[94]
  • Miguang (弥光老和尚), a student of Hsu Yun[95]
  • Dizang(Jin qiaojiao) (地藏(金喬覺))[96]
  • Haiyu (無瑕海玉)[97]
  • Daxing (大兴和尚)[98]
  • Ciming (慈明法师)[99]
  • Mingjing (明净法师)[100]
  • Puwen (普文和尚)[101]
  • Renyi (仁义比丘尼) (nun)[102]
  • Kuande (宽德和尚)[103]
  • Liaozhen (了真大師)[104][105]
  • Zongsheng (释宗胜)[106]
  • Shengchuan (聖傳禪師)[107]
  • Guo'an (果安)[108]
  • Miaoshan (妙山)[109]
  • Yongsen (永森)[110]
  • Huang Yulan (黄玉兰) (laywoman)[111]
  • Renguang (仁光上人)[46]
  • Yongci (永慈)[112][113]
  • Yang Fuxin (楊福信)[114]
  • Wang Chunrong (王春荣) (laywoman)[115]
  • Lin Guanrong (林观荣) (layman)[116]
  • Yinlian (隐莲法师)[117]
  • Ko-xiang (柯象)[118]
  • Pu-Chao (普照法師)[119]
  • De-Hsiu (得修法師) (nun)[120]
  • K'ai-Feng (釋開豐)[121]
  • Wuming (悟明長老)[122]
  • Qingyan (清嚴)[123]
  • Yingmiao (瀛妙)[124]
  • Xu Gui-Mei (徐桂妹) (laywoman)[125]
  • Ming-chien (明潔上人)[126]
  • Xie Shide (化智上人) (folk)[127]
  • Ma Jinying (馬金瑛) (Taoist woman)[128]
  • Gao Bangniang (高榜娘) (laywoman)
  • Gao Guaniang (高瓜娘) (laywoman), sister of Gao Bangniang[129][130]
  • Miaozhi (妙智和尚)[131][132]
  • Chen Zhu (珠姑) (Zhaijiao nun)[133]
  • Zou Wubi (鄒公祖師)[44]
  • Wujinzhang (無盡藏比丘尼) (nun)[134]
  • Huineng[135][136]
  • Dantian (丹田禪師)[137]
  • Hanshan Deqing, teacher of Ouyi[138]
  • Bingong (賓公生佛)[139][140][141]
  • Yuet Kai (月溪法師)[142]
  • Chonghui (崇慧法师)[143][144]
  • Vũ Khắc Minh (武克明禪師)[145]
  • Vũ Khắc Trường (武克長禪師),[146] nephew of Vũ Khắc Minh
  • Chuyết Chuyết (拙公)[147]
  • Như Trí (如智禪師)[148]
  • Phochang (普淨法師)[149]

Vajrayana

Some names are lost[150][151][152]

See also

References

  1. 哪些人死后尸体不腐?
  2. Faure, Bernard (1994). The rhetoric of immediacy: a cultural critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-691-02963-6.
  3. CT Scan Reveals Mummified Monk Inside Ancient Buddha Statue
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 九华山肉身之谜
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  7. Mathews, Chris. "Ritual Self- Mummification."
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  9. 视频:佛教的成果肉身菩萨
  10. 華雨集第四冊07
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  16. The Cult of Thamanya Sayadaw
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  23. 文章
  24. Luang Phor Pinak - Thai Amulet Place
  25. 佛牌資料
  26. MYTHS & LEGENDS-4
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  29. 龍波撒懷(Luang Phor Sawai Wat Preedahrahm)
  30. 龍普再(Luang Pu Choy Wat Siutumpon)
  31. 龍波瑪下布(Luang Phor Mahapoh Wat Klongmor)
  32. 龍婆空(Tok Raja Watutamaram)
  33. 請佛堂佛像專門店
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  35. 六、念佛婆子 瑞應奇特
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  37. 中华佛教百科全书——【入定】
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  39. "坐化娘娘":西安一道士坐化肉身泥塑像令专家震惊
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 文献上の入定ミイラ
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  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 肉身和尚集
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  46. 1 2 3 清稗類鈔(清)徐珂编-方外類(13)_网络120
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 探索肉身之迷
  48. 常恩和尚肉身舍利
  49. 1 2 3 八卦掌起源再探究——实非董海川所创
  50. 来果禅师自行录
  51. 明代临济高僧楚山绍琦与成都石经寺
  52. 印光大师文钞(十)
  53. 裝神弄鬼殺人而祭海神宋朝氾濫成災的淫祠和巫風_星島環球網_文史
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  56. 1 2 清代两姐妹肉身不腐泉州“肉身佛”探秘-泉州网
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  58. 南安灵应寺 - 宝华寺
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  60. 泉州文史资料全文库
  61. 追寻高僧章公六全祖师的民间传奇-新华网
  62. 宝林寺_广东省佛山市顺德区_中国寺庙网
  63. 少年进士结交异僧 潜心修禅肉身不腐
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  66. Vietnamese Mummies
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  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mummies in Northern Japan即身仏一覧表
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  103. 肉身系列之八:农禅并重的宽德-游玩资讯-第一旅游网 中国旅游第一网络资讯平台 《中国旅游报》主办
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  145. 51- 75 - Quảng Đức
  146. Notes on Vietnam Pagodas
  147. 明清之际福建籍高僧拙公和尚的越南之行
  148. Kim Cương Bất Hoại - Nhục Thân Thiền Sư Như Trí Vẫn Còn Qua 300 Năm
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  160. "Choijin Lama museum. Place to visited in region of Mongolia. Sights of intersest". Legendtour.ru. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
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  170. История о нетленном теле калмыцкого монаха Багши Дангке (Russian)
  171. On the Monastic Archives of Kun-bde gling, Lhasa, Including a Preliminary Analytical Historical Study of the Monastery Itself
  172. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE A BRIEF HISTORY OF LADAKH
  173. Karsha Gompa, Monastery, Zanskar, Ladakh

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