Fled Bricrenn
Fled Bricrenn (Old Irish "Bricriu's Feast") is a story from the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. Bricriu, an inveterate troublemaker, invites the nobles of the Ulaid to a feast at his new house at Dún Rudraige (Dundrum, County Down), where he incites three heroes, Cúchulainn, Conall Cernach, and Lóegaire Búadach, to compete for the "champion's portion" of the feast. The three heroes perform several feats, and travel to Connacht to be judged by Ailill and Medb, and to Munster to be judged by Cú Roí, and on each occasion Cúchulainn is proclaimed champion, but the other two refuse to accept it. Eventually, back at Emain Macha, the three heroes are each challenged by a giant churl to cut off his head, on the condition that they allow him to cut off their heads in return. First Lóegaire, then Conall, takes up the challenge and cuts off the churl's head, only for him to pick it up and leave, but when the churl returns the following night they are nowhere to be seen. Only Cúchulainn lives up to his side of the bargain. The churl spares his life, reveals himself to be Cú Roí in disguise, and announces that Cúchulainn's bravery and honour make him undisputed champion.[1]
The story dates from the 8th century and is found in several manuscripts, including the Lebor na hUidre (c. 1106). The motif of warriors competing for the champion's portion is found in another Ulster Cycle tale, Scéla Mucce Maic Dathó ("The Tale of Mac Dathó's Pig"), and is reminiscent of descriptions of customs of the Celts of continental Europe as recorded by classical authors.[2] The beheading challenge also has classical parallels,[3] and also appears in later medieval literary works like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.[4]
Fled Bricrenn is not to be confused with Fled Bricrenn ocus Loinges mac nDuíl Dermait ("Bricriu's Feast, and the Exile of the sons of Dóel Dermait"), another Ulster Cycle tale which features Bricriu and a prestigious portion of food (airigid).
Manuscript sources
- Ed. XL: p. 69–76 (Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland).[5] 'Cennach ind Ruanada' only.
- Egerton 93: f. 20R-25V (London, British Library).[6] Fragment.
- MS 1336 (H 3.17): p. 683–710 (Dublin, Trinity College Library).[7] Fragment.
- MS 1337 (H 3.18): p. 607 (Dublin, Trinity College Library).[8] Glossed extracts.
- Codex Vossianus: f 3R-9V (Leiden).[9] Fragments. CELT
- MS 23 E 25 or Lebor na hUidre (LU): p. 99b–112b +H (Dublin, RIA).[10] End missing. Contains interpolations by H.
References
- ↑ Tom Peete Cross & Clark Harris Slover (eds.), Ancient Irish Tales, Henry Holt & Sons, 1936 (reprinted Barnes & Noble, 1996), pp. 254–280.
- ↑ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 4.40; Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 5.28
- ↑ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 4.40
- ↑ James MacKillop, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 209–210
- ↑ See John MacKechnie, Catalogue of Gaelic Manuscripts in Selected Libraries in Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1. Boston, 1973. 192–5
- ↑ Robin Flower, Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the British Museum. Vol. 2. London, 1926. 434–7.
- ↑ T. K. Abbott and E. J. Gwynn, Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the library of Trinity College. Dublin, 1921. 125–39 and 355–8.
- ↑ Abbott and Gwynn, ibidem, 140–58.
- ↑ Ludwig Christian Stern, "Le manuscrit Irlandais de Leide". Revue Celtique 13 (1892). 1–31.
- ↑ Kathleen Mulchrone, et al. Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, 1926–70. 3367–79.
Further reading
Editions and translations
- Windisch, Ernst (ed.). "Fled Bricrend, 'Das Fest des Bricriu'". Irische Texte mit Wörterbuch. Leipzig, 1880. 235–311 and 330–6. Based on LU and variants from Egerton 93 and H 3.17. Errata published in Revue Celtique 5: 238.
- Meyer, Kuno (ed. and tr.). "The Edinburgh version of the Cennach ind Rúanado (The bargain of the strong man).” Revue Celtique 14 (1893): 450–91. Based on Ed. XL.
- Henderson, George (ed. and tr.). Fled Bricrend. Irish Texts Society 2. London and Dublin, 1899. Based on LU 99b1-112b48, Ed. XL and variants. Available online here and here. Audiobook at Internet Archive.
- Stern, Ludwig Christian (ed.). "Fled Bricrend nach dem Codex Vossianus". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 4 (1903): 143–77. Leiden, Codex Vossianus. Available from CELT.
- Best, R.I. and Osborn Bergin (eds.), Lebor na hUidre. Book of the Dun Cow. Dublin, 1929. 50–3. Diplomatic edition of the Lebor na hUidre. Available from CELT
- Henderson, George (tr.), "Bricriu's Feast". In Ancient Irish tales, ed. T.P. Cross and C.H. Slover. New York, 1936. 254–80.
- Gantz, Jeffrey (tr.). Early Irish Myths and Sagas. New York, 1981. 219–55. Based on the Leiden and Edinburgh versions.
- Koch, John T. and Henderson, George (trs.). In The Celtic Heroic Age, ed. John T. Koch and John Carey. 3d ed. Andover, 2000. 76–105. Updated version of Henderson's translation.
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (tr.). "Der Streit um das Heldenstück". In Sagen aus dem alten Irland, ed. R. Thurneysen. Berlin, 1901. 25–57. (German)
- d'Arbois de Jubainville, Henry (tr.). "Festin de Bricriu". In: L'Épopée celtique en Irlande, ed. H. D'Arbois de Jubainville et al. Paris, 1892. 81–148. (French)
- Agrati, G. and M.L. Magini (trs.), La saga irlandese di Cu Chulainn, 'Il festino de Bricriu'. Milan, 1982. (Italian)
- Draak, Maartje and Frida de Jong (trs.). Het feestgelag van Bricriu. Amsterdam, 1986. (Dutch)
Secondary literature
- Krappe, Alexander Haggerty. "Le morceau du héros". Revue Celtique 38 (1931): 145–8.
- Mac Cana, Proinsias. "Varia V. An instance of modified narrative repetition in Fled Bricrenn". Ériu 28 (1977): 168–72.
- Mac Eoin, G. "The Dating of Middle Irish Texts". Proceedings of the British Academy 68 (1982): 109–37.
- Martin, B.K. "The Medieval Irish Stories about Bricriu's Feast and Mac Dátho's Pig". Parergon: Bulletin of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Renaissance Studies 10.1 (1992): 71–93.
- O'Brien, M.A. "Fled Bricrenn". In Irish Sagas, ed. Myles Dillon. Dublin, 1958. 67–78.
- O'Leary, Philip. "Honour-Bound: The Social Context of Early Irish Heroic geis". Celtica 20 (1988): 85–107.
- O'Leary, Philip. "Verbal Deceit in the Ulster Cycle". Éigse 21 (1986). 16–26.
- O'Leary, Philip. "Contention at Feasts in Early Irish Literature". Éigse 20 (1984): 115–127.
- Ó Riain, Padraig (ed). Fled Bricrenn: Reassessments. London, 2000. Contains the following essays: Maier, Bernhard, "Comparing Fled Bricrenn with Classical Descriptions of Continental Celts: Parallels, Problems and Pitfalls" (1–14); Koch, John T., "Fled Bricrenn's Significance within the Broader Celtic Context" (15–39); Jacobs, Nicolas, "Fled Bricrenn and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (40–55); Hellmuth, Petra S., "The Role of Cu Roi in Fled Bricrenn" (56–69); Mac Cana, Proinsias, "Notes on Structure and Syntax in Fled Bricrenn" (70–92).
- Sayers, William. "Úath mac Imomain (Fled Bricrend), Óðinn, and Why the Green Knight is Green.” Mankind Quarterly 30 (1990): 307–16.
- Slotkin, Edgar M. "The structure of Fled Bricrenn before and after the 'Lebor na hUidre' interpolations". Ériu 29 (1978): 64–77.
- Slotkin, Edgar M. "More on Modified Narrative Repetition in Fled Bricrenn". In Ildanach ildirech. A Festschrift for Proinsias Mac Cana, ed. John Carey, John T. Koch, and Pierre-Yves Lambert. Andover and Aberystwyth, Celtic Studies Publications, 1999. 231–44.
- Thurneysen, Rudolf. "Allerlei Irisches. VI. Die Interpolation von Fled Bricrend in LU". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 10 (1915): 440–4.
- Thurneysen, Rudolf. "Zu irischen Texten. 1. Die Überlieferung der Fled Bricrenn. 2. Zum Gedicht von St. Paul II." Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 4 (1903): 193–207.
- Zimmer, Heinrich. "Keltische Studien, V. Über den compilatorischen Charakter der irischen Sagentexte im sogennanten Lebor na hUidri, 6. Fled Bricrend". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 28 (1887): 623–61.