Brickellia

Brickellia
Brickellia californica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Genus: Brickellia
Ell. 1823, conserved name not Raf. 1808 (Polemoniaceae)[1]
Species

About 100-110, see text

Brickellia is a North American genus of about 100[2] to 110[3] species of plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, known commonly as brickellbushes. They are found in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America.[2] Many species are native to the American southwest, especially Texas. Brickellia is among the more basal lineages of the Eupatorieae and should not be assigned to a subtribe pending further research.[4]

They are mostly woody perennial shrubs. Some species have a very strong pleasant scent, while others smell distasteful. All contain high amounts of essential oils. Germacrene D, a natural insecticide, is found in B. veronicifolia and probably other species, if not all.[5]

Regardless their chemical defense, brickellbushes are food for caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera. These include the noctuid moths Schinia trifascia, Schinia oleagina, which is known only from Brickellia, Schinia buta, which is only known from B. californica, and Schinia gracilenta, which is only known from B. eupatorioides.

The genus is named for John Brickell, 1748–1809, Irish-born physician and naturalist[2]

Classification

The genera Brickelliastrum (United States and Mexico), Asanthus (United States and Mexico), Dyscritogyne (Mexico), and Steviopsis have been separated from Brickellia by many 20th century authors (and all four combined into Steviopsis by some). Their correct placement is still debated,[6] but molecular phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence that Brickelliastrum, Asanthus, and Steviopsis (including Dyscritogyne, which is not distinct from Steviopsis) represent distinct lineages, and should be recognized as separate from Brickellia, while [Kuhnia], [Barroetea] and [Phanerostylis] should be treated as synonyms.[7][8]

Species[9][10][11][12]
Brickellia longifolia in Nevada
Brickellia eupatorioides
Brickellia atractyloides

References

  1. ↑ Tropicos search for Brickellia
  2. 1 2 3 "Brickellia". Flora of North America.
  3. ↑ Brickellia. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
  4. ↑ Schmidt, G. J. and E. E. Schilling. (2000). Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 87(5), 716-26. doi:10.2307/2656858 PMID 10811796
  5. ↑ Rivero-Cruz, B., et al. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the active components of the essential oil from Brickellia veronicaefolia by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Natural Products 69(8), 1172-76. PMID 16933870
  6. ↑ "Brickelliastrum". Flora of North America.
  7. ↑ Schilling, E. E., et al. (2013). Relationships of Asanthus (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae). Systematic Botany 38(1), 253-58.
  8. ↑ Schilling, E. E., et al. (2015). Bricklebush (Brickellia) phylogeny reveals dimensions of the great Asteraceae radiation in Mexico. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 85, Pages 161–170.
  9. ↑ The Plant List search for Brickellia
  10. ↑ Brickellia. ITIS.
  11. ↑ Brickellia species records. Flora of North America.
  12. ↑ GRIN Species Records of Brickellia. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  13. 1 2 Turner, B. L. (2010). Two new species of Brickellia (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytologia 92:1 15.
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