Borchert's Epochs

Borchert's epochs refer to five distinct periods in the history of American urbanization. Each epoch is characterized by the impact of a particular transport technology on the creation and differential rates of growth of American cities. This model was conceptualized by University of Minnesota geographer John R. Borchert in 1967. The five epochs identified by Borchert are:

• Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830);
• Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks;
• Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network;
• Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine;
• Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?), also called the High-Technology Epoch.

Borchert did not provide an ending date for his fifth epoch. Subsequent researchers (e.g., Phillips and Brunn) have proposed an extension of Borchert's model with new epochs to take into account late 20th-century developments in patterns of metropolitan growth and decline in the United States.

References

• Borchert, John R. (July 1967). "American Metropolitan Evolution". Geographical Review 57 (3): 301–332. doi:10.2307/212637. JSTOR 212637. 
• Phillips, Phillip D.; Brunn, Stanley D. (July 1978). "Slow Growth: A New Epoch of American Metropolitan Evolution". Geographical Review 68 (3): 274–292. doi:10.2307/215047. JSTOR 215047. 
• Kaplan, Wheeler, Holloway (2004). Urban Geography. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-35998-X. 
• de Blij, H.J. and Murphy, Alexander (2003). Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-44107-4. 

External links

• Macalester College: Concepts of Urbanization