Black and red ware culture

Black and Red Ware, Sonkh, Uttar Pradesh. Government Museum, Mathura.

Outline of South Asian history

Riwatian people (1,900,000 BCE)

Riwatian people (1,900,000 BP)

Soanian people (500,000 BCE)

Soanian people (500,000 BP)

Stone Age (50,000–3000 BCE)

Bhirrana Culture	(7570-6200 BCE)
Mehrgarh Culture	(7000–3300 BCE)

Bronze Age (3000–1300 BCE)

Indus Valley Civilisation	(3300–1700 BCE)
– Early Harappan Culture	(3300–2600 BCE)
– Mature Harappan Culture	(2600–1900 BCE)
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture	(from 2000 BCE)
Vedic period	(1750–1200 BCE)
– Late Harappan Culture	(1700–1300 BCE)
Swat culture	(1600–500 BCE)
– Black and Red ware culture	(1300–1200 BCE)

Iron Age (1200–230 BCE)

Vedic period	(1200–500 BCE)
– Black and Red ware culture	(1200–1000 BCE)
– Painted Grey Ware culture	(1200–600 BCE)
– Janapadas	(1200–600 BCE)
– Northern Black Polished Ware	(700–200 BCE)
Haryanka Kingdom	(684–424 BCE)
Three Crowned Kingdoms	(6th Century BCE - 1650 CE)
Maha Janapadas	(600–300 BCE)
Achaemenid Empire	(550–330 BCE)
Magadha Kingdom	(500–321 BCE)
Ror Kingdom	(450 BCE–489 CE)
Nanda Empire	(424–321 BCE)
Shishunaga Kingdom	(413–345 BCE)
Macedonian Empire	(330–323 BCE)
Maurya Empire	(321–184 BCE)
Seleucid Empire	(312–63 BCE)
Pandya Empire	(300 BCE–1345 CE)
Chera Kingdom	(300 BCE–1102 CE)
Chola Empire	(300 BCE–1279 CE)
Pallava Empire	(250 BCE–800 CE)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire	(250 BCE–400 CE)
Parthian Empire	(247 BCE–224 CE)

Classical period (230 BCE–1279CE)

Satavahana Empire	(230 BCE–220 CE)
Kuninda Kingdom	(200 BCE–300 CE)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom	(200 BCE–400 CE)
Shunga Empire	(185–73 BCE)
Indo-Greek Kingdom	(180 BCE–10 CE)
Kanva Empire	(75–26 BCE)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom	(21–130s CE)
Western Satrap Empire	(35–405 CE)
Kushan Empire	(60–240 CE)
Bharshiva Dynasty	(170–350 CE)
Nagas of Padmavati	(210–340 CE)
Sasanian Empire	(224–651 CE)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom	(230–360 CE)
Vakataka Empire	(250s–500s CE)
Kalabhras Empire	(250–600 CE)
Gupta Empire	(280–550 CE)
Kadamba Empire	(345–525 CE)
Western Ganga Kingdom	(350–1000 CE)
Kamarupa Kingdom	(350–1100 CE)
Vishnukundina Empire	(420–624 CE)
Maitraka Empire	(475–767 CE)
Huna Kingdom	(475–576 CE)
Rai Kingdom	(489–632 CE)
Shahi Empire	(500s–1026 CE)
Chalukya Empire	(543–753 CE)
Maukhari Empire	(550s–700s CE)
Harsha Empire	(606–647 CE)
Tibetan Empire	(618–841 CE)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom	(624–1075 CE)
Rashidun Caliphate	(632–661 CE)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire	(650–1036 CE)
Umayyad Caliphate	(661–750 CE)
Pala Empire	(750–1174 CE)
Rashtrakuta Empire	(753–982 CE)
Paramara Kingdom	(800–1327 CE)
Yadava Empire	(850–1334 CE)
Solanki Kingdom	(942–1244 CE)
Western Chalukya Empire	(973–1189 CE)
Lohara Kingdom	(1003–1320 CE)
Hoysala Empire	(1040–1346 CE)
Sena Empire	(1070–1230 CE)
Eastern Ganga Empire	(1078–1434 CE)
Kakatiya Kingdom	(1083–1323 CE)
Kalachuri Empire	(1130–1184 CE)

Late medieval period (1206–1596)

Delhi Sultanate	(1206–1526 CE)
– Mamluk Sultanate	(1206–1290 CE)
– Khilji Sultanate	(1290–1320 CE)
– Tughlaq Sultanate	(1320–1414 CE)
– Sayyid Sultanate	(1414–1451 CE)
– Lodi Sultanate	(1451–1526 CE)
Ahom Kingdom	(1228–1826 CE)
Reddy Kingdom	(1325–1448 CE)
Vijayanagara Empire	(1336–1646 CE)
Gajapati Kingdom	(1434–1541 CE)
Deccan Sultanates	(1490–1596 CE)

Early modern period (1526–1858)

Mughal Empire	(1526–1858 CE)
– Sur Empire	(1540–1556 CE)
Maratha Empire	(1674–1818 CE)
Sikh Empire	(1799–1849 CE)

Colonial period (1510–1961)

Portuguese India	(1510–1961 CE)
Dutch India	(1605–1825 CE)
Danish India	(1620–1869 CE)
French India	(1759–1954 CE)
Company Raj	(1757–1858 CE)
British Raj	(1858–1947 CE)
Partition of India	(1947 CE)

Other states (1102–1947)

Zamorin Kingdom	(1102–1766 CE)
Sutiya Kingdom	(1187-1673 CE)
Deva Kingdom	(1200s–1300s CE)
Chitradurga Kingdom	(1300–1779 CE)
Garhwal Kingdom	(1358–1803 CE)
Mysore Kingdom	(1399–1947 CE)
Keladi Kingdom	(1499–1763 CE)
Koch Kingdom	(1515–1947 CE)
Thondaiman Kingdom	(1650–1948 CE)
Madurai Kingdom	(1559–1736 CE)
Thanjavur Kingdom	(1572–1918 CE)
Marava Kingdom	(1600–1750 CE)
Sikh Confederacy	(1707–1799 CE)
Travancore Kingdom	(1729–1947 CE)

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka

Kingdom of Tambapanni	(543–505 BCE)
Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara	(505–377 BCE)
Anuradhapura Kingdom	(377 BCE–1017 CE)
Kingdom of Ruhuna	(200 CE)
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	(300–1310 CE)
Jaffna Kingdom	(1215–1624 CE)
Kingdom of Dambadeniya	(1220–1272 CE)
Kingdom of Yapahuwa	(1272–1293 CE)
Kingdom of Kurunegala	(1293–1341 CE)
Kingdom of Gampola	(1341–1347 CE)
Kingdom of Raigama	(1347–1415 CE)
Kingdom of Kotte	(1412–1597 CE)
Kingdom of Sitawaka	(1521–1594 CE)
Kingdom of Kandy	(1469–1815 CE)
Portuguese Ceylon	(1505–1658 CE)
Dutch Ceylon	(1656–1796 CE)
British Ceylon	(1815–1948 CE)

Nation histories

Regional histories

Specialised histories

The black and red ware culture (BRW) is an early Iron Age archaeological culture of the northern Indian subcontinent. It is dated to roughly the 12th – 9th century BCE, and associated with the post-Rigvedic Vedic civilization.

In some sites, BRW pottery is associated with Late Harappan pottery, and according to some scholars like Tribhuan N. Roy, the BRW may have directly influenced the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware cultures.^[1] BRW pottery is unknown west of the Indus Valley.^[2]

Use of iron, although sparse at first, is relatively early, postdating the beginning of the Iron Age in Anatolia (Hittites) by only two or three centuries, and predating the European (Celts) Iron Age by another two to three hundred years. Recent findings in Northern India show Iron working since 1800 BC According to Shaffer, the "nature and context of the iron objects involved [of the BRW culture] are very different from early iron objects found in Southwest Asia."^[3]

It is succeeded by the Painted Grey Ware culture.

Notes

↑ Shaffer, Jim. 1993, Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond. In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan.
↑ Shaffer, Jim. Mathura: A protohistoric Perspective in D.M. Srinivasan (ed.), Mathura, the Cultural Heritage, 1989, pp. 171-180. Delhi. cited in Chakrabarti 1992
↑ Shaffer 1989, cited in Chakrabarti 1992:171

References

Shaffer, Jim. Mathura: A protohistoric Perspective in D.M. Srinivasan (ed.), Mathura, the Cultural Heritage, 1989, pp. 171–180. Delhi.

External links

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Black and red ware culture

Notes

See also

References

External links